This document describes an Android app controlled pneumatic bench vice. It discusses the working principle, which involves compressed air from a compressor actuating pneumatic cylinders to open and close the vice and raise or lower a jack. The main pneumatic components are also described, including the compressor, pressure regulating components, solenoid valve, double acting cylinders, pneumatic pipes, and electrical components like the microcontroller and relay. Diagrams show the pneumatic circuit and symbols for components like the cylinders, valves, and non-return valve.
Conversion of dessert cooler into low cost air conditioner using peltier moduleeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes design and fabrication of dessert cooler with certain modifications so that it can be used as low cost air conditioner. The cooling in conventional cooler is done along Wet Bulb Temperature line that reduces Dry Bulb Temperature but simultaneously it increases specific humidly. This paper aims to reduce this humidity with the use of peltier module. This system provides better results than that of conventional cooler. The only disadvantage observed; is long time required to get the desired cooling effect. Keywords: Dessert Cooler, Peltier Module, Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet bulb Temperature
This document discusses helical springs and U-clamps. It defines springs and their main uses which include exerting force, providing flexibility, and storing energy. The most common spring materials are discussed along with the types of springs including helical, flat, and special shaped. Helical springs are further broken down into open coil, closed coil, torsion, and spiral varieties. U-clamps are metal clamps used to mount pipes and are made of stainless steel or mild steel for durability.
Advanced Manufacturing Processes PDF Full book by badebhauEr. Bade Bhausaheb
This document provides a syllabus for an advanced manufacturing processes course. The syllabus covers 6 units: 1) metal forming processes, 2) advanced welding, casting and forging, 3) advanced material processing techniques, 4) micro machining processes, 5) additive manufacturing processes, and 6) measurement techniques for micro machining. Some key processes discussed include roll forming, hydroforming, electromagnetic forming, friction stir welding, vacuum die casting, and additive manufacturing methods like powder bed fusion. Contact information is also provided.
This document analyzes the performance of a multiple evaporator refrigeration system. It discusses how such systems can meet various refrigeration loads at different temperatures through the use of multiple evaporators maintained at separate temperatures. The document describes the design and components of an experimental setup using a single compressor and three evaporators to maintain temperatures of -10°C, 0°C, and 10°C. Experimental results show that the system's coefficient of performance (COP) increases with increasing heat load on the evaporators, as the increase in total load is greater than the increase in power consumed by the compressor.
The document provides an introduction to materials handling. It defines materials handling as the loading, moving, and unloading of materials using tackles, gadgets, and equipment. Materials handling helps industries by improving production efficiency and reducing costs. Materials are broadly classified as gases, liquids, semi-liquids, and solids. Key characteristics of each type of material that impact handling methods are described. The document emphasizes the importance of considering an industry's materials handling needs as an integrated system.
This document provides information about disassembling and reassembling an internal combustion engine. It describes the key parts of the engine and their functions. The main steps taken to disassemble the engine are cleaning it, removing the cylinder head and other components. Assembly is done in reverse order. The four strokes of the engine cycle are also explained: intake, compression, ignition, and exhaust. Differences between this engine and others are noted, such as arrangement and valve design.
This document discusses hydraulic machines, specifically fluid couplings and fluid torque converters. It describes how fluid couplings work by using a pump impeller and turbine runner to transfer rotational energy between two shafts without a direct mechanical connection. The driven shaft speed is typically 2-4% lower than the driving shaft due to losses. Fluid couplings are 98% efficient and isolate vibrations. Fluid torque converters build on this design by adding a stationary reaction member, allowing variable torque transfer between shafts. They are commonly used in automatic transmissions for vehicles, marine propulsion, industrial machinery, and locomotives.
Conversion of dessert cooler into low cost air conditioner using peltier moduleeSAT Journals
Abstract This paper describes design and fabrication of dessert cooler with certain modifications so that it can be used as low cost air conditioner. The cooling in conventional cooler is done along Wet Bulb Temperature line that reduces Dry Bulb Temperature but simultaneously it increases specific humidly. This paper aims to reduce this humidity with the use of peltier module. This system provides better results than that of conventional cooler. The only disadvantage observed; is long time required to get the desired cooling effect. Keywords: Dessert Cooler, Peltier Module, Dry Bulb Temperature, Wet bulb Temperature
This document discusses helical springs and U-clamps. It defines springs and their main uses which include exerting force, providing flexibility, and storing energy. The most common spring materials are discussed along with the types of springs including helical, flat, and special shaped. Helical springs are further broken down into open coil, closed coil, torsion, and spiral varieties. U-clamps are metal clamps used to mount pipes and are made of stainless steel or mild steel for durability.
Advanced Manufacturing Processes PDF Full book by badebhauEr. Bade Bhausaheb
This document provides a syllabus for an advanced manufacturing processes course. The syllabus covers 6 units: 1) metal forming processes, 2) advanced welding, casting and forging, 3) advanced material processing techniques, 4) micro machining processes, 5) additive manufacturing processes, and 6) measurement techniques for micro machining. Some key processes discussed include roll forming, hydroforming, electromagnetic forming, friction stir welding, vacuum die casting, and additive manufacturing methods like powder bed fusion. Contact information is also provided.
This document analyzes the performance of a multiple evaporator refrigeration system. It discusses how such systems can meet various refrigeration loads at different temperatures through the use of multiple evaporators maintained at separate temperatures. The document describes the design and components of an experimental setup using a single compressor and three evaporators to maintain temperatures of -10°C, 0°C, and 10°C. Experimental results show that the system's coefficient of performance (COP) increases with increasing heat load on the evaporators, as the increase in total load is greater than the increase in power consumed by the compressor.
The document provides an introduction to materials handling. It defines materials handling as the loading, moving, and unloading of materials using tackles, gadgets, and equipment. Materials handling helps industries by improving production efficiency and reducing costs. Materials are broadly classified as gases, liquids, semi-liquids, and solids. Key characteristics of each type of material that impact handling methods are described. The document emphasizes the importance of considering an industry's materials handling needs as an integrated system.
This document provides information about disassembling and reassembling an internal combustion engine. It describes the key parts of the engine and their functions. The main steps taken to disassemble the engine are cleaning it, removing the cylinder head and other components. Assembly is done in reverse order. The four strokes of the engine cycle are also explained: intake, compression, ignition, and exhaust. Differences between this engine and others are noted, such as arrangement and valve design.
This document discusses hydraulic machines, specifically fluid couplings and fluid torque converters. It describes how fluid couplings work by using a pump impeller and turbine runner to transfer rotational energy between two shafts without a direct mechanical connection. The driven shaft speed is typically 2-4% lower than the driving shaft due to losses. Fluid couplings are 98% efficient and isolate vibrations. Fluid torque converters build on this design by adding a stationary reaction member, allowing variable torque transfer between shafts. They are commonly used in automatic transmissions for vehicles, marine propulsion, industrial machinery, and locomotives.
The document discusses different types of refrigeration systems including vapour absorption refrigeration (VAR) systems, vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) systems, and magnetic refrigeration systems. It provides details on the basic working principles of VAR systems including the use of an absorber, generator, condenser, and evaporator. Ammonia-water and lithium-bromide water are commonly used refrigerant-absorbent combinations. Absorption systems have advantages over compression systems like being quieter and able to operate using thermal energy. A domestic Electrolux refrigerator that uses the VAR principle is also described.
The document discusses key concepts related to chain drives, including:
1) It defines common terms used in chain drives like pitch, pitch circle diameter, and velocity ratio.
2) It describes different types of chains including hoisting/hauling chains, conveyor chains, and power transmitting chains like roller chains and silent chains.
3) It provides equations for calculating important chain drive dimensions and specifications like length of chain, center distance, factor of safety, power transmitted, and number of teeth on sprockets.
Compressor and types of compressors (Thermodynamics)Hasnain Yaseen
This document provides information about different types of compressors used in thermodynamics. It discusses dynamic compressors like centrifugal and axial compressors. It also discusses positive displacement compressors like rotary, reciprocating, and scroll compressors. It describes the working principles, applications, and types of each compressor in 1-3 sentences per section. The document is an assignment on compressors for a thermodynamics lab class. It includes sections on centrifugal compressors, axial compressors, rotary compressors like screw and vane compressors, reciprocating compressors, and multi-stage centrifugal compressors.
1. The document presents a project report on stress analysis of leaf springs used in a Tata Ace goods carrying vehicle.
2. A finite element analysis was conducted to analyze stresses in a steel leaf spring under a 4169N load and compare with analytical calculations.
3. The FEA results found a maximum bending stress of 185.651 MPa, which is below the analytically calculated value of 233.42 MPa and below the yield strength of the 65Si7 steel material used.
This presentation summarizes information about blowers and fans. It defines fans and blowers, describes common types like axial and centrifugal fans. It covers topics like fan components, system resistance, fan curves, and operating points. Metrics for comparing fan performance like peak efficiency and pressure rise are defined. Strategies for improving energy efficiency are outlined, including selecting the right fan size, reducing system resistance, and operating near the best efficiency point. The importance of regular maintenance is also emphasized.
Concentric or composite springs are used to obtain greater spring force in less space or ensure mechanism function if one spring fails. They have two or more same-length springs compressed equally. Concentric springs can also provide nonlinear spring force by using springs of different lengths, so the shorter spring engages after longer spring compresses. The coils wind in opposite directions to prevent binding. When using the same material, concentric springs are designed for equal stress by having the same spring index. A problem is presented involving calculating load sharing, dimensions, and coils of a concentric aircraft engine valve spring under given deflection, stress, spring index, and material properties.
A key connects a shaft to a pulley to prevent relative motion. Common key types include sunk, saddle, tangent, round, and splined keys. A rectangular sunk key is usually d/4 wide and d/6 thick, with a 1 in 100 taper on top. It transmits torque from the shaft to the pulley, withstanding both shearing and crushing stresses. The key length to transmit full shaft power is calculated as 1.571 times the shaft diameter.
Refrigeration and air conditioning notes for gateSoumith V
This document discusses key concepts in refrigeration systems including:
- Refrigeration effect is the amount of heat removed to maintain lower temperatures. Coefficient of performance (COP) represents system efficiency.
- A ton of refrigeration refers to the heat removal rate needed to freeze 907 kg of water per day. Refrigeration capacity is the heat removal rate.
- Common refrigeration cycles include reversed heat engine, reversed Carnot, and vapor compression cycles. Vapor compression is most widely used.
- System components like compressors, condensers, evaporators, and throttling devices are discussed. Sources of irreversibility and how they impact the cycle are covered.
- Advanced concepts
P=250 kW
N1=300 rpm
D1=1.2 m
θ=π rad
β=22.5°
d=50 mm
m=1.3 kg/m
Pmax=2.2 kN
μ=0.3
Overhang=0.5 m
Shear stress=40 MPa
The document discusses various types of belt and rope drives used to transmit power between rotating shafts. It describes different belt materials, types of belts, components of belt drives, factors affecting power transmission, and applications. It also covers rope drives, materials used for ropes, advantages and disadvantages of rope drives, and considerations in selecting wire ropes
Refrigeration and-air-conditioning-by-iit-kgpOlumide Daniel
Natural refrigeration methods have been used for centuries and include:
1) Transporting ice from colder regions or harvesting ice in winter and storing it for summer use in insulated ice houses.
2) Producing ice at night by exposing water to the cold night sky through radiation cooling.
3) Evaporative cooling methods like storing water in porous earthen pots or using wet straw mats.
4) Cooling water by dissolving salts in it, which causes an endothermic reaction that lowers the temperature.
Artificial refrigeration methods developed more recently include:
1) Vapour compression systems used initially for domestic refrigeration and later for air conditioning.
2) Vap
The document describes the design and specification of a pair of bevel gears. It outlines a problem to transmit 5 hp at 900 rpm through bevel gears at a 90 degree angle with a pinion diameter of 3.333 inches. It then shows the calculations to determine the key specifications of the gears, such as pitch, face, number of teeth, material, and heat treatment. The calculations are based on factors like torque, velocity, dynamic load, wear load, reliability, and strength. Based on the calculations, steel is selected as the material with a surface compressive strength of 135ksi and heat treatment is also determined.
This document discusses the fundamentals of fluid power systems including hydraulics and pneumatics. It covers topics such as the basic principles of hydraulics including Pascal's law, types of hydraulic fluids and their properties, hydraulic components like pumps, actuators and control valves. It also discusses pneumatic systems, fluid logic control, applications of fluid power systems in various industries and troubleshooting of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits. The document appears to be part of a course curriculum on hydraulics and pneumatics.
1. Shaft couplings are used to connect shafts that are manufactured separately or to introduce flexibility between shafts. The main types are rigid and flexible couplings.
2. Rigid couplings transmit torque without losses but require perfectly aligned shafts. Flexible couplings allow for misalignment. Common rigid couplings are sleeve, clamp, and flange couplings.
3. Flange couplings use separate cast iron flanges keyed to each shaft end and bolted together. The flanges and bolts are designed to transmit the torque between the shafts. Flexible couplings like bush pin couplings introduce mechanical flexibility.
This document summarizes different types of superchargers, including their construction, operation, components and advantages/disadvantages. It describes three main types - Roots, centrifugal, and screw (twin screw) superchargers. The Roots type uses a pair of meshing lobes to pump air from intake to exhaust. The centrifugal type increases boost via an engine-driven compressor wheel. The screw type uses two meshing screws to compress air as it moves from inlet to outlet. Key components of each type are identified. Advantages include increased power without lag, while disadvantages include reduced efficiency and increased engine strain.
This report presents the results of an investigation into the kinematics of a slider-crank mechanism in a single-cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engine. A theoretical expression for piston displacement as a function of crank angle was developed and found to agree with experimental measurements to within 3.3% of the piston stroke. Experimental results showed both intake and exhaust valves open simultaneously near top dead center between strokes. The report includes the apparatus, procedure, results, discussion, and conclusions of the experiment.
Pneumatics is a branch of science which utilizes pressure of air to distribute the power uniformly to all the components to perform the required task. it finds major applications in the fileds where cleanliness plays a major role like pharmaceutical companies, dairy products, Food and beverages companies like coco-cola, food processing industries,aerospace applications etc. This is helpful in automation industry.
Introduction to Pneumatic Systems:
Basic Requirements for Pneumatic System,Applications, Pneumatic fundamentals, Construction, working principle and operation of pneumatic power transmission system components like Power source, FRL unit, Actuators and control valves like DCV, FCV, PCV, time delay, quick exhaust, twin pressure, shuttle
The document discusses different types of refrigeration systems including vapour absorption refrigeration (VAR) systems, vapour compression refrigeration (VCR) systems, and magnetic refrigeration systems. It provides details on the basic working principles of VAR systems including the use of an absorber, generator, condenser, and evaporator. Ammonia-water and lithium-bromide water are commonly used refrigerant-absorbent combinations. Absorption systems have advantages over compression systems like being quieter and able to operate using thermal energy. A domestic Electrolux refrigerator that uses the VAR principle is also described.
The document discusses key concepts related to chain drives, including:
1) It defines common terms used in chain drives like pitch, pitch circle diameter, and velocity ratio.
2) It describes different types of chains including hoisting/hauling chains, conveyor chains, and power transmitting chains like roller chains and silent chains.
3) It provides equations for calculating important chain drive dimensions and specifications like length of chain, center distance, factor of safety, power transmitted, and number of teeth on sprockets.
Compressor and types of compressors (Thermodynamics)Hasnain Yaseen
This document provides information about different types of compressors used in thermodynamics. It discusses dynamic compressors like centrifugal and axial compressors. It also discusses positive displacement compressors like rotary, reciprocating, and scroll compressors. It describes the working principles, applications, and types of each compressor in 1-3 sentences per section. The document is an assignment on compressors for a thermodynamics lab class. It includes sections on centrifugal compressors, axial compressors, rotary compressors like screw and vane compressors, reciprocating compressors, and multi-stage centrifugal compressors.
1. The document presents a project report on stress analysis of leaf springs used in a Tata Ace goods carrying vehicle.
2. A finite element analysis was conducted to analyze stresses in a steel leaf spring under a 4169N load and compare with analytical calculations.
3. The FEA results found a maximum bending stress of 185.651 MPa, which is below the analytically calculated value of 233.42 MPa and below the yield strength of the 65Si7 steel material used.
This presentation summarizes information about blowers and fans. It defines fans and blowers, describes common types like axial and centrifugal fans. It covers topics like fan components, system resistance, fan curves, and operating points. Metrics for comparing fan performance like peak efficiency and pressure rise are defined. Strategies for improving energy efficiency are outlined, including selecting the right fan size, reducing system resistance, and operating near the best efficiency point. The importance of regular maintenance is also emphasized.
Concentric or composite springs are used to obtain greater spring force in less space or ensure mechanism function if one spring fails. They have two or more same-length springs compressed equally. Concentric springs can also provide nonlinear spring force by using springs of different lengths, so the shorter spring engages after longer spring compresses. The coils wind in opposite directions to prevent binding. When using the same material, concentric springs are designed for equal stress by having the same spring index. A problem is presented involving calculating load sharing, dimensions, and coils of a concentric aircraft engine valve spring under given deflection, stress, spring index, and material properties.
A key connects a shaft to a pulley to prevent relative motion. Common key types include sunk, saddle, tangent, round, and splined keys. A rectangular sunk key is usually d/4 wide and d/6 thick, with a 1 in 100 taper on top. It transmits torque from the shaft to the pulley, withstanding both shearing and crushing stresses. The key length to transmit full shaft power is calculated as 1.571 times the shaft diameter.
Refrigeration and air conditioning notes for gateSoumith V
This document discusses key concepts in refrigeration systems including:
- Refrigeration effect is the amount of heat removed to maintain lower temperatures. Coefficient of performance (COP) represents system efficiency.
- A ton of refrigeration refers to the heat removal rate needed to freeze 907 kg of water per day. Refrigeration capacity is the heat removal rate.
- Common refrigeration cycles include reversed heat engine, reversed Carnot, and vapor compression cycles. Vapor compression is most widely used.
- System components like compressors, condensers, evaporators, and throttling devices are discussed. Sources of irreversibility and how they impact the cycle are covered.
- Advanced concepts
P=250 kW
N1=300 rpm
D1=1.2 m
θ=π rad
β=22.5°
d=50 mm
m=1.3 kg/m
Pmax=2.2 kN
μ=0.3
Overhang=0.5 m
Shear stress=40 MPa
The document discusses various types of belt and rope drives used to transmit power between rotating shafts. It describes different belt materials, types of belts, components of belt drives, factors affecting power transmission, and applications. It also covers rope drives, materials used for ropes, advantages and disadvantages of rope drives, and considerations in selecting wire ropes
Refrigeration and-air-conditioning-by-iit-kgpOlumide Daniel
Natural refrigeration methods have been used for centuries and include:
1) Transporting ice from colder regions or harvesting ice in winter and storing it for summer use in insulated ice houses.
2) Producing ice at night by exposing water to the cold night sky through radiation cooling.
3) Evaporative cooling methods like storing water in porous earthen pots or using wet straw mats.
4) Cooling water by dissolving salts in it, which causes an endothermic reaction that lowers the temperature.
Artificial refrigeration methods developed more recently include:
1) Vapour compression systems used initially for domestic refrigeration and later for air conditioning.
2) Vap
The document describes the design and specification of a pair of bevel gears. It outlines a problem to transmit 5 hp at 900 rpm through bevel gears at a 90 degree angle with a pinion diameter of 3.333 inches. It then shows the calculations to determine the key specifications of the gears, such as pitch, face, number of teeth, material, and heat treatment. The calculations are based on factors like torque, velocity, dynamic load, wear load, reliability, and strength. Based on the calculations, steel is selected as the material with a surface compressive strength of 135ksi and heat treatment is also determined.
This document discusses the fundamentals of fluid power systems including hydraulics and pneumatics. It covers topics such as the basic principles of hydraulics including Pascal's law, types of hydraulic fluids and their properties, hydraulic components like pumps, actuators and control valves. It also discusses pneumatic systems, fluid logic control, applications of fluid power systems in various industries and troubleshooting of hydraulic and pneumatic circuits. The document appears to be part of a course curriculum on hydraulics and pneumatics.
1. Shaft couplings are used to connect shafts that are manufactured separately or to introduce flexibility between shafts. The main types are rigid and flexible couplings.
2. Rigid couplings transmit torque without losses but require perfectly aligned shafts. Flexible couplings allow for misalignment. Common rigid couplings are sleeve, clamp, and flange couplings.
3. Flange couplings use separate cast iron flanges keyed to each shaft end and bolted together. The flanges and bolts are designed to transmit the torque between the shafts. Flexible couplings like bush pin couplings introduce mechanical flexibility.
This document summarizes different types of superchargers, including their construction, operation, components and advantages/disadvantages. It describes three main types - Roots, centrifugal, and screw (twin screw) superchargers. The Roots type uses a pair of meshing lobes to pump air from intake to exhaust. The centrifugal type increases boost via an engine-driven compressor wheel. The screw type uses two meshing screws to compress air as it moves from inlet to outlet. Key components of each type are identified. Advantages include increased power without lag, while disadvantages include reduced efficiency and increased engine strain.
This report presents the results of an investigation into the kinematics of a slider-crank mechanism in a single-cylinder, four-stroke internal combustion engine. A theoretical expression for piston displacement as a function of crank angle was developed and found to agree with experimental measurements to within 3.3% of the piston stroke. Experimental results showed both intake and exhaust valves open simultaneously near top dead center between strokes. The report includes the apparatus, procedure, results, discussion, and conclusions of the experiment.
Pneumatics is a branch of science which utilizes pressure of air to distribute the power uniformly to all the components to perform the required task. it finds major applications in the fileds where cleanliness plays a major role like pharmaceutical companies, dairy products, Food and beverages companies like coco-cola, food processing industries,aerospace applications etc. This is helpful in automation industry.
Introduction to Pneumatic Systems:
Basic Requirements for Pneumatic System,Applications, Pneumatic fundamentals, Construction, working principle and operation of pneumatic power transmission system components like Power source, FRL unit, Actuators and control valves like DCV, FCV, PCV, time delay, quick exhaust, twin pressure, shuttle
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PNEUMATIC STEERING CONTROL SYSTEM FOR AUTOMOTIVE VE...IRJET Journal
The document describes the design and development of a pneumatic steering control system for automotive vehicles. It discusses how pneumatic systems use compressed air to power actuators that control machinery. The proposed system uses a pneumatic actuator connected to wheels via links to control steering. It also includes a pneumatic cylinder, solenoid valve, hoses, and other components to regulate air pressure and control steering. The system is intended to make driving easier by providing power steering using compressed air rather than hydraulic fluid.
Air Compression and Electricity Generation by Using Speed Breaker with Rack A...IJMER
On roads, speed breakers provided to control the speed of traffic in rushed areas. The
potential energy in terms of weight of vehicle is loss on speed breaker can be utilized for useful
purposes. This paper describes the potential energy of such type of energy available on roads and its
utilization for useful work. The stages of development of a speed breaker device are described and the
mechanism to generate electricity using rack, pinion and speed increasing gear box and generator
and store compressed air with the help of piston cylinder compressor arrangement. Whenever the
vehicle is allowed to pass over the speed breaker dome, it gets pressed downwards. As the springs are
attached to the dome, they get compressed and the rack, which is attached to the bottom of the dome,
moves down in reciprocating motion. Since rack has teeth connected to pinion there is conversion of
reciprocating motion of rack in to rotary motion of pinion, but the two gears rotate in opposite
direction. So that shafts will rotate with certain RPM these shafts are connected through a belt drive
to the generators, which converts the mechanical energy into electrical energy. The rack is attached
to piston rod of cylinder so downward stroke of rack we can use for air compression in reservoir, with
help of piston cylinder arrangement. Simultaneously reciprocating piston cylinder arrangement
compresses the air and stores it in the reservoir. We can use the generated electricity and compressed
air for different purpose
This document discusses the design of pneumatic circuits. It begins by introducing pneumatics as the transmission of power through compressed air. The basic components of a pneumatic system are then outlined, including compressors, filters, control valves, and actuators. Common pneumatic circuits like single and double acting cylinders are described. The document concludes by discussing considerations for pneumatic circuit design and some applications of pneumatic systems.
Abstract: The shearing machine and bending machine is most important in sheet metal industry. This machine should be used for straight cutting machine with wide application. But in some industry hand sheet cutter and hand bender are used. For that machine to operate the human effort are required. The machine should be simple to operate and easy to maintain, hence we tried out to develop the Pneumatic Shearing and Bending Machine.
In shearing operation as the punch descends upon the metal, the pressure exerted by the punch first cause the plastic deformation of the metal. Since the clearance between the punch and the die is very small, the plastic deformation takes place in a localized area and the metal adjacent to the cutting edges.
In bending operation the bend has been made with the help of punch which exerts large force on the work clamped on the die. The bending machine is designed in such a way that, it works automatically. The machine is designed by observing the factors to improve the efficiency and to reduce the cycle time by producing quality output. Automation of machine is achieved with the help of pneumatic system.
This paper involves the design of an efficient system which reduces the human effort and help to increase production output. It also includes pneumatic system, pneumatic component and shearing die and bending die.
This document presents a project on a three axis modern tipper. It discusses the major parts of the tipper including the air compressor, direction control valve, air tank, and cylinders. It explains how pneumatics are used, including the production of compressed air and the principle of operation. Advantages include low cost, easy maintenance and handling, while disadvantages include higher initial cost and need for separate air supply. Applications include material unloading where space is limited.
1) Pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power and create motion in machines. Common components include cylinders, valves, and compressors.
2) A pneumatic system consists of input, processing, control, and power components interacting to control air flow and signals. Compressors produce compressed air which is transported via pipes to pneumatic components.
3) Execution components like cylinders consume compressed air to provide linear or rotary motion. Directional control valves control air flow between ports to open and close circuits.
Pneumatic circuits:
Basic pneumatic circuits, Development of single Actuator Circuits, Development of multiple Actuator Circuits, Cascade method for sequencing
This document describes a student project to fabricate an automatic gear shifting system. A group of 6 students designed and built the system to fulfill requirements for a Diploma in Mechanical Engineering. The system uses pneumatic components like cylinders, valves, and fittings to automatically shift gears in a vehicle. The document outlines the construction, working principle, component details, drawings, applications, advantages, and conclusions of the automatic gear shifting system project.
A pneumatic system is a system that uses compressed air to transmit and control energy.
Pneumatic systems are used in controlling train doors, automatic production lines, mechanical clamps, etc.
The document describes a compressed air engine that uses compressed air as fuel instead of gasoline or diesel. The engine utilizes a compressor to provide compressed air, a programmable logic controller (PLC) to control solenoid valves that regulate air flow, and a heating element to increase the pressure and power output of the expanded air driving the pistons. An experimental system was built to test the output power and efficiency of the compressed air engine operated by the PLC system.
This document consists of information regarding the concepts of a complete Pneumatic System and its different elements which are:-
a. Pneumatic Power Generating Elements - Pumps & Air Compressors
b. Pneumatic Power Controlling Elements - Valves
c. Pneumatic Power Utilising Elements - Cylinders
d. Pneumatic Power Conveying Elements - Hoses, Pipes, and Fittings
e. Pneumatic Accessories - Air Receiver Tank, Air Dryer, and FRL unit
with proper working and diagrams which also includes the Pneumatic circuit diagram used in industries.
Pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit power and motion. They have advantages like force multiplication, flexibility, durability, and suitability for harsh environments. Pneumatic systems typically use lower power applications compared to hydraulic systems. Main pneumatic components include compressors to produce air, filters and regulators to condition air, cylinders and motors to provide motion, and valves to control flow. Directional control valves are used to switch airflow between ports to actuate cylinders. Common pneumatic circuits are designed using symbolic representations of components to achieve automated control functions.
This document describes the design of an automatic brick making machine. It uses various components like a control unit, worm gear, induction motor, pneumatic cylinder, screw conveyor, brick die, blade, and proximity sensor to automate the brick making process. The machine is intended to increase efficiency and reduce labor costs compared to manual brick making. It provides details on the functioning of each component, such as how the pneumatic cylinder uses compressed air to push out and retract the rod. The automatic brick making machine aims to achieve mass production of bricks through automation.
Pneumatics Circuits Components (Circuit details)S K
This are the slides of pneumatic circuits based.Copyright of this slides are not allowed without my permission. In case of that, strongly actions will taken.
Pneumatic systems use compressed air to transmit and control energy. They are commonly used to control things like train doors and production lines. The document discusses the main components of pneumatic systems including compressors, filters, regulators, cylinders, valves and more. It covers the advantages like durability, safety and adaptability to harsh environments, as well as disadvantages like lower accuracy and load capacity compared to other systems. Pneumatic components work together to produce, transport, and use compressed air to generate motion or other effects.
This document provides details on the fabrication of a mini water service station. It includes chapters on the introduction, literature review, description of equipment like pneumatic cylinders, solenoid valves, air compressors, and non-return valves. It discusses the design, working principle, merits and demerits, applications, material list, and cost estimation. The station uses a hand operated pump to pressurize water in a tank using compressed air, which is then delivered through a nozzle at high pressure for cleaning purposes.
This document defines pneumatic power transmission and describes its components and basic circuits. It discusses:
1) The differences between hydraulic and pneumatic systems and their common applications. Pneumatics uses compressed air and is well-suited for applications requiring quick response, low precision, and light loads.
2) The main components of pneumatic systems including compressors, cylinders, directional control valves, and other valves. Compressors produce compressed air, cylinders provide motion, and valves control airflow.
3) Basic pneumatic circuits which use symbols to represent components and show how they are connected to control airflow and component operation. Standard rules are followed when drawing pneumatic diagrams.
IRJET- Design and Fabrication of Pneumatic Stirrup Making MachineIRJET Journal
The document describes the design and fabrication of a pneumatic stirrup making machine. The machine aims to automate the production of stirrups used in concrete construction to reduce human effort. It utilizes a pneumatic cylinder powered by compressed air to perform the bending operation. An Arduino board and solenoid valve control the pneumatic actuator. The machine is designed to be faster acting than hydraulic machines and lighter weight than electric models. It is intended to semi-automate the stirrup making process and increase production rates for small construction sites.
Similar to Android App Controlled Pneumatic Bench vice (20)
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Android App Controlled Pneumatic Bench vice
1. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 1
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
An incredible range of manufacturing systems use the force and power of fluids
such as water, oil and air. Powered clamps open and close with the force of pressurized
air or oil, large presses shape and form metal with hydraulic pressure, and assembly
torque tools fasten components with pressurized air. In each example, fluid power
provides the energy necessary to exert significant mechanical forces. Systems that use air
are called pneumatic systems while systems that use liquids like oil or water are called
hydraulic system. The pneumatic systems will be the subject of the first three sessions in
the course starting from this session. Pneumatics is all about using compressed air to
make a process happens. Compressed air is simply the air we breathe squeezed into a
small space under pressure. You might remember that air under pressure possesses
potential energy which can be released to do useful work. Their principle of operation is
similar to that of the hydraulic power systems. An air compressor converts the mechanical
energy of the prime mover into, mainly, pressure energy of the compressed air. This
transformation facilitates the transmission, storage, and control of energy. After
compression, the compressed air should be prepared for use. A pneumatic system consists
of a group of pneumatic components connected together so that a signal (compressed air)
is passed through the system to make something happen at the output. These groups of
components can be divided into five categories according to their function in the
pneumatic circuit as follows:
1. Supply elements: these elements are the sources of power that drives the system
which are the compressors.
2. Input elements: these elements are used to send signals to the final control elements
and come in two forms; either as components that is actuated by the operator like
push buttons or sensors that determine the status of the power elements such as limit
switches and proximity sensors.
3. Processing elements: these elements may perform operations on the input signals
before sending the signal to the final control elements such as non-return valves,
directional control valves and presser control valves.
2. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 2
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
4. Final control elements: to control the motion of actuators such as directional control
valves.
5. Power elements (actuators): these are the outputs of the pneumatic system which
use the stored potential energy to perform a certain task such as pneumatic cylinders
and motors.
3. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 3
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
CHAPTER 2
WORKING PRINCIPLE
The compressed air from the compressor reaches the solenoid valve. The solenoid
valve changes the direction of flow according to the signals from the control unit.
The compressed air pass through the solenoid valve and it is admitted into the
front end of the both the pneumatic cylinders. The air pushes the pistons of the
cylinders forward. At the end of the stroke air from the solenoid valve reaches the
rear end of the cylinder block. The pressure remains the same but the area is less
due to the presence of piston rod. This exerts greater pressure on the piston,
pushing it at a faster rate thus enabling faster return stroke.
By the forward action of the pistons, the vice is moved front and the work piece
that is held in the vice is clamped rigidly. On the other hand, the jack is moved
upwards. The height of the jack is based on the stroke length of the piston.
When the control unit sends signals to the solenoid valve, the solenoid valve
reverses the flow of the air in the pneumatic cylinder.
Due to this, the piston of the cylinder moves backwards such that the vice is
released and the jack is lowered.
Since the two pneumatic cylinders are controlled by a single solenoid valve,
individual controlling of components is impossible in our project
4. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 4
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
2.1 Block Diagram of the electrical Module
5. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 5
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
CHAPTER 3
MAIN PNEUMATIC COMPONENTS
Main Component of App Controlled Pneumatic Vice
1. Microcontroller
2. Bluetooth Module
3. Relay
4. Compressor
5. Pressure Regulating component
6. Solenoid operated Direction Control Valve
7. Double Acting Cylinder
8. Bench Vice
9. Pneumatic Pipe
10. Power Supply
11. Step down Transformer
Pneumatic components can be divided into two categories:
1. Components that produce and transport compressed air.
2. Components that consume compressed air.
All main pneumatic components can be represented by simple pneumatic
symbols. Each symbol shows only the function of the component it represents, but not its
structure. Pneumatic symbols can be combined to form pneumatic diagrams. A pneumatic
diagram describes the relations between each pneumatic component, that is, the design of
the system.
(a) Compressor
A compressor can compress air to the required pressures. It can convert the
mechanical energy from motors and engines into the potential energy in compressed air
(Fig. 2). A single central compressor can supply various pneumatic components with
compressed air, which is transported through pipes from the cylinder to the pneumatic
components. Compressors can be divided into two classes: reciprocator and rotary.
6. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 6
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
(a) Compressor used in laboratories (b) Pneumatic symbol of the air compressor
7. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 7
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
(b) Pressure regulating component
Pressure regulating components are formed by various components, each of which
has its own pneumatic symbol:
i. Filter – can remove impurities from compressed air before it is fed to the
pneumatic components.
ii. Pressure regulator – to stabilize the pressure and regulate the operation of
pneumatic components
iii. Lubricator – To provide lubrication for pneumatic components.
8. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 8
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
(c) Pneumatic symbols of the pneumatic components within a pressure regulating
component
The consumption of compressed air Examples of components that consume
compressed air include execution components (cylinders), directional control valves and
assistant valves.
(a) Execution component Pneumatic execution components provide rectilinear or
rotary movement. Examples of pneumatic execution components include cylinder
pistons, pneumatic motors, etc. Rectilinear motion is produced by cylinder
pistons, while pneumatic motors provide continuous rotations. There are many
kinds of cylinders, such as single acting cylinders and double acting cylinders.
(i) Single acting cylinder
Therefore, it can only produce thrust in one direction (Fig. 4). The piston rod is
propelled in the opposite direction by an internal spring, or by the external force provided
by mechanical movement or weight of a load.
9. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 9
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
(b) Symbol for Single acting Pneumatic Cylinder
The thrust from the piston rod is greatly lowered because it has to overcome the
force from the spring. Therefore, in order to provide the driving force for machines, the
diameter of the cylinder should be increased. In order to match the length of the spring,
the length of the cylinder should also be increased, thus limiting the length of the path.
Single acting cylinders are used in stamping, printing, moving materials, etc.
(ii) Double acting cylinder
In a double acting cylinder, air pressure is applied alternately to the relative
surface of the piston, producing a propelling force and a retracting force (Fig. 6). As the
effective area of the piston is small, the thrust produced during retraction is relatively
weak. The impeccable tubes of double acting cylinders are usually made of steel. The
working surfaces are also polished and coated with chromium to reduce friction.
10. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 10
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
(b) Pneumatic symbol of a double
Double acting cylinder acting cylinder
(c) Directional control valve
Directional control valves ensure the flow of air between air ports by opening,
closing and switching their internal connections. Their classification is determined by the
number of ports, the number of switching positions, the normal position of the valve and
its method of operation. Common types of directional control valves include 2/2, 3/2, 5/2,
etc. The first number represents the number of ports; the second number represents the
number of positions. A directional control valve that has two ports and five positions can
be represented by the drawing in Fig. 8, as well as its own unique pneumatic symbol.
Describing a 5/2 directional control valve
11. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 11
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
(i) 2/2 Directional control valve
The structure of a 2/2 directional control valve is very simple. It uses the thrust
from the spring to open and close the valve, stopping compressed air from flowing
towards working tube ‘A’ from air inlet ‘P’. When a force is applied to the control axis,
the valve will be pushed open, connecting ‘P’ with ‘A’ (Fig. 9). The force applied to the
control axis has to overcome both air pressure and the repulsive force of the spring. The
control valve can be driven manually or mechanically, and restored to its original position
by the spring.
The above figure shows the 2/2 DCV Here is the Pneumatic symbol for
the DCV
(ii) 3/2 Directional control valve :
A 3/2 directional control valve can be used to control a single acting cylinder (Fig.
10). The open valves in the middle will close until ‘P’ and ‘A’ are connected together.
Then another valve will open the sealed base between ‘A’ and ‘R’ (exhaust). The valves
can be driven manually, mechanically, electrically or pneumatically. 3/2 directional
control valves can further be divided into two classes: Normally open type (N.O.) and
normally closed type (N.C.) (Fig. 11).
12. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 12
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
3/2 directional control valve
The Cross Section of the above DCV
13. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 13
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
(iii) 5/2 Directional control valve
When a pressure pulse is input into the pressure control port ‘P’, the spool will
move to the left, connecting inlet ‘P’ and work passage ‘B’. Work passage ‘A’ will then
make a release of air through ‘R1’ and ‘R2’. The directional valves will remain in this
operational position until signals of the contrary are received. Therefore, this type of
directional control valves is said to have the function of ‘memory’.
(a) Cross section
The above figure is the pneumatic symbol
(b) Control valve:
A control valve is a valve that controls the flow of air. Examples include no return
valves, flow control valves, shuttle valves, etc.
(i) Non-return valve
A non-return valve allows air to flow in one direction only. When air flows in the
opposite direction, the valve will close. Another name for non-return valve is poppet
valve (Fig. 13).
14. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 14
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
A non-return valve
Pneumatic Symbol of a non – returning valve
15. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 15
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
(ii) Flow control valve
A flow control valve is formed by a non-return valve and a variable throttle (Fig. 14).
(a) Flow control valve
Cross section of the flow control valve
The Pneumatic symbol for the control valve
16. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 16
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
Pneumatic Systems Diagram
17. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 17
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
Relay:
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
mechanically operate a switch, but other operating principles are also used, such as solid-
state relays. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a separate low-
power signal we use a relay of 9Volts, as shown below.
A simple electromagnetic relay consists of a coil of wire wrapped around a soft
iron core (a solenoid), an iron yoke which provides a low reluctance path for magnetic
flux, a movable iron armature, and one or more sets of contacts (there are two contacts in
the relay pictured). The armature is hinged to the yoke and mechanically linked to one or
more sets of moving contacts. The armature is held in place by a spring so that when the
relay is de-energized there is an air gap in the magnetic circuit. In this condition, one of
the two sets of contacts in the relay pictured is closed, and the other set is open. Other
relays may have more or fewer sets of contacts depending on their function. The relay in
the picture also has a wire connecting the armature to the yoke. This ensures continuity of
the circuit between the moving contacts on the armature, and the circuit track on
the printed circuit board (PCB) via the yoke, which is soldered to the PCB.
When an electric current is passed through the coil it generates a magnetic
field that activates the armature, and the consequent movement of the movable contact(s)
either makes or breaks (depending upon construction) a connection with a fixed contact.
If the set of contacts was closed when the relay was de-energized, then the movement
opens the contacts and breaks the connection, and vice versa if the contacts were open.
18. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 18
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
When the current to the coil is switched off, the armature is returned by a force,
approximately half as strong as the magnetic force, to its relaxed position. Usually this
force is provided by a spring, but gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor
starters. Most relays are manufactured to operate quickly. In a low-voltage application
this reduces noise; in a high voltage or current application it reduces arcing.
When the coil is energized with direct current, a diode is often placed across the
coil to dissipate the energy from the collapsing magnetic field at deactivation, which
would otherwise generate a voltage spike dangerous to semiconductor circuit
components. Such diodes were not widely used before the application of transistors as
relay drivers, but soon became ubiquitous as early germanium transistors were easily
destroyed by this surge. Some automotive relays include a diode inside the relay case.
If the relay is driving a large, or especially a reactive load, there may be a similar
problem of surge currents around the relay output contacts. In this case a snubber circuit
(a capacitor and resistor in series) across the contacts may absorb the surge. Suitably rated
capacitors and the associated resistor are sold as a single packaged component for this
commonplace use.
If the coil is designed to be energized with alternating current (AC), some method
is used to split the flux into two out-of-phase components which add together, increasing
the minimum pull on the armature during the AC cycle. Typically this is done with a
small copper "shading ring" crimped around a portion of the core that creates the delayed,
out-of-phase component, which holds the contacts during the zero crossings of the control
voltage.
19. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 19
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
Pneumatic Pipes:
The Pipes are basically high-pressure pipes which are used to transfer pressurized air.
The technology is still used on a smaller scale. While its use for communicating
information has been superseded, pneumatic tubes are widely used for transporting small
objects, where convenience and speed in a local environment are important.
In the United States, drive-up banks often use pneumatic tubes to transport cash
and documents between cars and tellers. Some U.S. hospitals have a computer-controlled
pneumatic tube system to deliver drugs, documents and specimens to and from
laboratories and nurses' stations. Many factories use them to deliver parts quickly across
large campuses. Many larger stores use systems to securely transport excess cash from
checkout stands to back offices, and to send change back to cashiers. NASA's
original Mission Control Center had pneumatic tubes connecting controller consoles with
staff support rooms. Denver International Airport uses many pneumatic tube systems,
including a 25 cm diameter system for moving aircraft parts to remote concourses, a
10 cm system for United Airlines ticketing, and a robust system in the parking toll
collection system with an outlet at every booth.
20. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 20
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
Power supply:
A power supply is a component that supplies power to at least one electric load.
Typically, it converts one type of electrical power to another, but it may also convert a a
different form of energy.
The step Down transformer is connected to the main power supply socket and as
the relay needs a continuous DC supply of 12V which can only be supplied through the
battery .
Battery used here is a Lead Acid Battery:
In the discharged state both the positive and negative plates become lead (II)
sulfate (PbSO
4), and the electrolyte loses much of its dissolved sulfuric acid and becomes primarily
water. The discharge process is driven by the conduction of electrons from the negative
plate back into the cell at the positive plate in the external circuit.
The sum of the molecular masses of the reactants is 642.6 g/mol, so theoretically a
cell can produce two faradays of charge (192,971 coulombs) from 642.6 g of reactants, or
83.4 ampere-hours per kilogram (or 13.9 ampere-hours per kilogram for a 12-volt
battery). For a 2 volts cell, this comes to 167 watt-hours per kilogram of reactants, but a
lead–acid cell in practice gives only 30–40 watt-hours per kilogram of battery, due to the
mass of the water and other constituent parts.
Charging:
In the fully charged state, the negative plate consists of lead, and the positive
plate lead dioxide, with the electrolyte of concentrated sulfuric acid.
Overcharging with high charging voltages generates oxygen and hydrogen gas
by electrolysis of water, which is lost to the cell. The design of some types of lead-acid
battery allow the electrolyte level to be inspected and topped up with any water that has
been lost.
Due to the freezing-point depression of the electrolyte, as the battery discharges
and the concentration of sulfuric acid decreases, the electrolyte is more likely to freeze
during winter weather when discharged.
21. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 21
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
Step Down Transformer:
The transformer is static electrical equipment which transforms electrical energy
(from primary side windings) to the magnetic energy (in transformer magnetic core) and
again to the electrical energy (on these secondary transformer side). The operating
frequency and nominal power are approximately equal on primary and secondary
transformer side because the transformer is a very efficient equipment, while the voltage
and current values are usually different. Essentially, that is the main task of the
transformer, converting high voltage (HV) and low current from the primary side to the
low voltage (LV) and high current on the secondary side and vice versa. Also, a
transformer with its operation principle provides galvanic isolation in the electrical
system. With those features, the transformer is the most important part of the electrical
system and provides economical and reliable transmission and distribution of electrical
energy.
The step down transformer is used to provide this low voltage value which is
suitable for electronics supplying. It transforms home voltage (230/120 V) from primary
to a low voltage on the secondary side which is used for the electronic supplying. If
electronic devices are designed to have higher nominal power, transformers with high
operating frequency are used (kHz-s). The transformers with higher nominal power value
and 50/60 Hz nominal frequency would be too large and heavy. Also, the daily used
battery chargers use the step-down transformer in its design.
22. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 22
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
The step-down transformers have a very important function in power system.
They lower the voltage level and adapt it for energy consumers. It is performed in several
steps described below:
A long distance energy transmission system should have voltage level as high as
possible. With high voltage and low current, the transmission power loss
Will be significantly decreased. A power grid is designed that has to be connected
with the transmission system with the different voltage levels. Step-down transformers
are used in interconnection of transmission systems with different voltage level. They
decrease voltage level from high to lower value (e.g. 765/220 kV, 410/220 kV, 220/ 110
kV). These transformers are huge and have very high nominal power (even 1000 MVA).
In this case, when the transformer turns ratio is not high the auto transformers are usually
installed.
The next voltage level transformation step is adapting transmission voltage to the
distribution level. The characteristic voltage ratios in this case are 220/20 kV,
110/20 kV (also the LV secondary voltages 35 kV and 10 kV can be found). The
nominal power of those transformers is up to 60 MVA (usually 20 MVA). The on-
load tap changer is almost always installed in these transformers. A voltage
regulation is the main function of tap changer. In USA the tap changer is based on
LV side, and in rest of the world mostly on the HV transformer side.
The final voltage transformation step is adapting the voltage to the home voltage
level
These transformers are known as small distribution transformers with nominal
power up to 5 MVA (mostly below of 1 MVA) and with nominal voltage values
35, 20, 10 kV on HV side and 400/200 V on LV side. It is noticeable that those
transformers have high turns ratio. They usually have de-energized tap changer
with 5 tap position (+/- 2 tap position) and do not have on load tap changer.
23. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 23
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
CHAPTER 4
PROCEDURE OF THE PROJECT
Step 1:
We have taken a 10 bar double acting cylinder, which looks like this, one end it is
screwed with a flat plate which acts as movable jaw.
Step 2:
This cylinder which has a plate screwed to the rod is fixed on a small table:
24. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 24
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
Step 3:
Electronic components:
Microcontroller:
A microcontroller is a compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific
operation in an embedded system. A typical microcontroller includes a processor,
memory and input/output (I/O) peripherals on a single chip. We use 8051 Microcontroller
unit.
Technically called as Intel MCS-51 Architecture, the 8051 microcontroller series
was developed by Intel in the year 1980 and were very popular in the 80’s (still are
popular).
8051 Microcontroller has many features like Serial Communication, Timers,
Interrupts, etc. and hence many students and beginners start their work on the concept of
Microcontrollers with 8051 Microcontroller (although this trend seems to be changed
with the introduction of Arduino).
25. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 25
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
Even though 8051 Microcontroller might seem a little bit out of fashion, we feel
that it is one of the best platforms to get started with Microcontrollers, Embedded
Systems and Programming (both C and Assembly).
So, in this post, you’ll be given an introduction to 8051 microcontroller and some
of the basics of 8051 Microcontroller.
But before going in to the Introduction and Basics of 8051 Microcontroller, we
need to a little bit about what a Microcontroller is and Difference between
Microprocessor and Microcontroller.
26. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 26
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
What is a Microcontroller?
A Microcontroller is a VLSI IC that contains a CPU (Processor) along with some
other peripherals like Memory (RAM and ROM), I/O Ports, Timers/Counters,
Communication Interface, ADC, etc.
On the contrary, a Microprocessor (which was developed before Microcontroller)
is just a Processor (CPU) and doesn’t have the above mentioned peripherals. In order to
make it work or build a system around it, we need to interface the peripherals separately.
27. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 27
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
Until the development of Microcontrollers, almost all process and control tasks
were implemented using Microprocessors. As Microprocessor need the additional
peripherals to work as a system, the overall cost of the control system was high.
But with the development of Microcontroller, the situation has changed
completely including the world of Embedded Systems.
Applications of 8051 Microcontroller
Even with the development of many advanced and superior Microcontrollers,
8051 Microcontroller is still being used in many embedded system and applications.
Some of the applications of 8051 Microcontroller are mentioned below:
Consumer Appliances (TV Tuners, Remote controls, Computers, Sewing
Machines, etc.)
Home Applications (TVs, VCR, Video Games, Camcorder, Music Instruments,
Home Security Systems, Garage Door Openers, etc.)
Communication Systems (Mobile Phones, Intercoms, Answering Machines, Paging
Devices, etc.)
Office (Fax Machines, Printers, Copiers, Laser Printers, etc.)
Automobiles (Air Bags, ABS, Engine Control, Transmission Control, Temperature
Control, Keyless Entry, etc)
Aeronautical and Space
Medical Equipment
Defense Systems
Robotics
28. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 28
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
Bluetooth Module:
HC‐05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module,
designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. The HC-05 Bluetooth Module
can be used in a Master or Slave configuration, making it a great solution for wireless
communication. This serial port Bluetooth module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR
(Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and
baseband. It uses CSR Blue core 04‐External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS
technology and with AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature).
Hardware Features
Typical ‐80dBm sensitivity.
Up to +4dBm RF transmit power.
3.3 to 5 V I/O.
PIO (Programmable Input/Output) control.
UART interface with programmable baud rate.
With integrated antenna.
With edge connector.
Program for HC-05 Bluetooth Module:
The program given below is the HC-05 Bluetooth module program. This process
is quite different from others since we are going to use android mobile to control and
communicate with Arduino. Here the Bluetooth module acts as an interface between our
mobile and Arduino board. Before getting into the execution process, follow the given
procedure:
29. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 29
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
First of all, the user should install an application called BLUETOOTH SSP PRO from
the play store which is a free application.
After installation, pair the Bluetooth module to your mobile as like connecting one
device to other using Bluetooth. The default pairing code is 1234.
Upload the given program to the Arduino Uno board. After uploading the code,
unplug the USB from the Arduino.
Now use external power adapter to power the Uno board.
The Bluetooth SPP PRO has three types of communication mode. Here Byte stream
mode is used to communicate. So select that mode and give the input as 1, as soon as
the input has given the led will turn on and for 0 led will turn off.
The above shown is the procedure to connect an android phone to the Bluetooth Arduino.
30. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 30
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
CHAPTER 5
ADVANTAGE OF PNEUMATIC VICE
Quick operation.
Stable and rigid design.
Extremely high clamping force.
High accuracy and repeatability.
Reduces production costs.
Design is compact and very simple to operate requiring almost no maintenance.
Can be mounted horizontally or vertically.
The Advantages of Pneumatic Systems
Pneumatic control systems are widely used in our society, especially in the
industrial sectors for the driving of automatic machines. Pneumatic systems have a lot of
advantages.
High effectiveness
Many factors have equipped their production lines with compressed air supplies
and movable compressors. There is an unlimited supply of air in our atmosphere to
produce compressed air. Moreover, the use of compressed air is not restricted by distance,
as it can easily be transported through pipes. After use, compressed air can be released
directly into the atmosphere without the need of processing.
High durability and reliability
Pneumatic components are extremely durable and cannot be damaged easily.
Compared to electromotive components, pneumatic components are more durable and
reliable.
Simple design
The designs of pneumatic components are relatively simple. They are thus more
suitable for use in simple automatic control systems.
31. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 31
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
High adaptability to harsh environment
Compared to the elements of other systems, compressed air is less affected by
high Temperature, dust, corrosion, etc.
Safety
Pneumatic systems are safer than electromotive systems because they can work in
inflammable environment without causing fire or explosion. Apart from that, overloading
in pneumatic system will only lead to sliding or cessation of operation. Unlike
electromotive components, pneumatic components do not burn or get overheated when
overloaded.
Easy selection of speed and pressure
The speeds of rectilinear and oscillating movement of pneumatic systems are easy
to adjust and subject to few limitations. The pressure and the volume of air can easily be
adjusted by a pressure regulator.
Environmental friendly
Environmental friendly the operation of pneumatic systems does not produce
pollutants. The air released is also processed in special ways. Therefore, pneumatic
systems can work in environments that demand high level of cleanliness. One example is
the production lines of integrated circuits.
Economical
As pneumatic components are not expensive, the costs of pneumatic systems are
quite low. Moreover, as pneumatic systems are very durable, the cost of repair is
significantly lower than that of other systems.
32. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 32
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
Disadvantage of Pneumatic Systems
Although pneumatic systems possess a lot of advantages, they are also subject to
many limitations.
Relatively low accuracy As pneumatic systems are powered by the force provided
by compressed air, their operation is subject to the volume of the compressed air.
As the volume of air may change when compressed or heated, the supply of air to
the system may not be accurate, causing a decrease in the overall accuracy of the
system.
Low loading As the cylinders of pneumatic components are not very large, a
pneumatic system cannot drive loads that are too heavy.
Processing required before use Compressed air must be processed before use to
ensure the absence of water vapour or dust. Otherwise, the moving parts of the
pneumatic components may wear out quickly due to friction.
Uneven moving speed As air can easily be compressed, the moving speeds of the
pistons are relatively uneven.
Noise will be produced when compressed air is released from the pneumatic
components.
33. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 33
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
CHAPTER 6
THE APPLICATION OF PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS
The application of pneumatic systems is very extensive. The following are some
examples.
(a) Transport system:
Figure shows a simplified industrial transport system. When the button switch is
pushed, the cylinder will push one of the goods from the shelf onto the transfer belt.
When the button switch is released, the cylinder will retract automatically. Fig. 34b shows
the circuit diagram of the transport system.
(a) Operation of a pneumatic transport system
(b) Pneumatic circuit diagram of a pneumatic transport system
34. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 34
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
(b) Vehicle door operation system
Pneumatic systems can be used to operate the doors of public vehicles. Assuming
that the opening and closing of the doors are controlled by two button switches ON and
OFF. When the button switch ON is pressed, the doors will open. When the button switch
OFF is pushed, the doors will close. Figure shows a pneumatic system that can be used to
operate the doors of vehicles.
(a) Operation of a pneumatic system that
(b) Pneumatic circuit diagram controls the movement of vehicle doors.
35. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 35
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
CHAPTER 7
SAFETY MEASURES WHEN USING PNEUMATIC
CONTROL SYSTEMS
1. Compressed air can cause serious damage to the human body if they enter the
body through ducts like the oral cavity or ears.
2. Never spray compressed air onto anyone.
3. Under high temperature, compressed air can pass through human skin.
4. Compressed air released from the exhaust contains particles and oil droplets,
which can cause damage to eyes.
5. Even though the pressure of compressed air in pipes and reservoirs is relatively
low, when the container loses its entirety, fierce explosions may still occur.
6. Before switching on a compressed air supply unit, one should thoroughly inspect
the whole circuit to see if there are any loose parts, abnormal pressure or damaged
pipes.
7. A loose pipe may shake violently due to the high pressure built up inside it.
Therefore, each time before the system pressure is increased, thorough inspection
of the entire circuit is required to prevent accidents.
8. As the force produced by pneumatic cylinders is relatively large, and the action is
usually very fast, you may suffer serious injuries if you get hit by a cylinder.
9. Switches should be installed on the compressed air supply unit to allow easy and
speedy control of air flow.
10. In case of a leakage, the compressed air supply unit should be turned off
immediately.
11. The compressed air supply unit must be turned off before changes can be made to
the system.
12. Stay clear of the moving parts of the system. Never try to move the driving parts
in the mechanical operation valve with your hand.
36. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 36
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
CHAPTER 8
CALCULATION
37. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 37
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
COSTING
• There are three elements of any products are:
Material (2) Labor (3) Expenses
Material:
• Direct material:
Material which is processed for final product but it is a part of the product is direct
material cost is this material is called direct from market.
• In – direct material:
Material which does not forms part of the final product but it is a must be for processing
direct material is called in-direct material e.g. – Cotton waste, oil, etc.
Labor:
• Direct labor:
The worker who actually performed the work on the directly material rather mechanically
of by machine is called direct labor.
• In-direct labor: It supervised the activity of the direct labor.
Expenses:
• Direct Expenses:
The expenses, which can be directly changed on the particular product, are called
expenses.
• In – Direct Expenses:
The expenses that cannot be directly or confidently changed on particular products are
called in-direct expenses.
38. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 38
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
CHAPTER 9
COST ESTIMATION
Sl. No. Name Of the Component Cost
1. Metallic Frame 800/-
2. Pneumatic Cylinder 2000/-
3. Pneumatic Inlet Port Manifold 500/-
4. Pneumatic Pipes 300/-
5. Battery 900/-
6. Battery connector 250/-
7. Bluetooth Module 480/-
8. Step Down Transformer 350/-
9. 8051 Microcontroller 400/-
10. Power supply Board with capacitors 100/-
11. Wiring 180/-
12. 5/2 Direction control valve 1,091/-
13. Led Indicators 180/-
14. Relay for 8051 MCU 100/-
15. Other (Welding , Painting ) 500/-
39. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 39
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
CONCLUSION
The project thus gives a system that can easily fix the workpiece & work on it.
The pneumatic vice provides extremely high clamping force & High accuracy and
repeatability. Pneumatic system can get high production rate. The operation of pneumatic
systems does not produce pollutants.
In addition to the pneumatic system this android app which works on Bluetooth
basis helps to operate the vice in long range distance also.
After studying this report we have known that how the pneumatic bench vice will
work, and knowing the construction and how the mechanism works. We learnt how the
theoretical design is possible in practical. Other bench vice require operator to manually
perform the process but this proposed arrangement does it automatically, this bench vice
has lighter weight compared to other vices. The cost of bench vice is less and easy to
operate so it is affordable for all industries and institutions.
40. ANDROID APP CONTROLLED PNEUMATIC BENCH VICE
Department of Mechanical Engineering Page 40
PDA College of Engineering, Kalaburagi
REFERENCES
[1] “Pneumatic system” by S.R. Mujumdar
[2] “Fluid Power with Applications” by Anthony Esposito
[3] “Microcontroller 8051” by Mazidi
[4] Bentzley, Craig (2011). "Installing a Bench Vise"
[5] Haan, E. R. (October 1954), "Selecting and using a bench vise", Popular
Mechanics, 102 (4): 233–235, ISSN 0032-4558.
[6] http://www.reliableplant.com/Read/1625/tool-misuse
[7] http://www.homedepot.com/catalog/pdfImages/85/85db41ac-3902-450b-b875-
d0a1ebff68a9.pdf