Malaria is a preventable and treatable disease caused by plasmodium parasites and transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes. It is estimated to cause 300-500 million cases and over one million deaths each year, mostly among African children under 5 years old. The document discusses the history and epidemiology of malaria, including key historical milestones in understanding and treating the disease, as well as current statistics on prevalence globally and in specific regions like India and Tamil Nadu. It identifies at-risk groups and challenges in controlling drug-resistant strains of the parasite.

1. WELCOME

2. MALARIA

3. What is malaria? One of the oldest diseases Protozoal disease – plasmodium sp. Female anopheles mosquito Malaria is a preventable and treatable disease. It is a public health problem today in more than 100 countries inhabited by some 2,400 million people -- 40 percent of the world's population. Malaria is estimated to cause 300- 500 million clinical cases and over one million deaths each year. Every 30 seconds, a child somewhere dies of malaria. In any given year, nearly ten percent of the global population will suffer a case of malaria. Most survive after an illness of 10-20 days.

4. HISTORY OF MALARIA Mal-bad , aria-air----originally thought to be acquired from marshes and stagnant swamps 5th century B.c- Hippocrates classified into quotidian , tertian and quartan Roman soldiers too camped away from swamps during war times Alphonse Laveran – 1 st person to try associate malaria to mosquitoes Sir Ronald Ross- confirmed mosquitoes as hosts for malarial parasite in India

5. HISTORICAL MILESTONES-I MALARIA PARASITES AND TRANSMISSION 1 ST defn. by Celsus 1880 –Laveran malarial parasites in blood 1897 –Ronald Ross, P.falciparum and its life cycle in sparrows 1922- P.ovale – Stephens TREATMENT 1600- Juan Lopez peruvian tree bark 1934-chloroquine 1979 -82 chloroquine Resistant sp. 1989 halofantrine ,1991-98 artemisinins established

6. HISTORICAL MILESTONES-II EPIDEMIOLOGICAL CONTROL 1899- Ross ,antilarval measures in sierra leone 1927 – A.albimanu eradicated in africa 1935-39 India , 1 st large scale pyrethrum spraying- control rural malaria 1953-National anti-malarial program 1957- concept and practice of malarial eradication –WHO 1998-WHO Roll back malaria

7. Problem statement WORLD about 109 countries endemic 3.3 billion at risk 247 cases in 2006 97 % from african nations Deaths 8,87,000- 91 % africa!! 85%- children <5 yrs- mainly cerebral malaria Incidence increasing in south Asia Drug resistance – Bhutan,Thailand,myanmar & indonesia

8. Prevalence map of malaria

9. Problem statement INDIA P.falciparum main organism N.E. states,chattisgarh , M.P , A.P ,gujarat are most affected Most of the areas remote and involves tribal population 2005- total—1.80 mn , Pf -0.79 mn 2006- total –1.67 mn , Pf-0.75 mn No of deaths remains same

10. PROBLEM STATEMENT TAMILNADU Urban more significant Chennai, Erode , salem , dindigul , tuticorin Rural- villupuram , krishnagiri , dharmapuri, areas around saathanur dam , rameswaram ( chloroquine resistant ) Chennai City contributes 60–70% malaria of Tamil Nadu

11. Endemic regions of Tamilnadu

12. Major epidemiological types in india Tribal -limited health infrastructure & lack of drugs Rural -irrigated areas , moderate health infrastructure Urban -moderate to low endemicity , P.vivax Malaria in project areas- in areas where there is inflow of people due to construction activities Border malaria- along state and international borders, poor administrative control

13. OTHER TYPES Therapeutic malaria or malariotherapy-in the 1920s Julius wagner-jauregg intentionally induced malaria to treat diseases like neurosyphilis Transfusion malaria is spread through blood transfusion , onset is early within 3 weeks Imported malaria- immigrants from endemic areas moving into non-endemic areas spread the disease

14. WORLD MALARIA DAY 25 th april Instituted by world health assembly in may,2007 Countries to learn , share and support each other in anti-malarial measures Anti-malarial month- june