This document reviews the friction stir welding (FSW) process. FSW is a solid-state welding technique invented in 1991 that uses a rotating tool to generate heat and plasticize materials being joined, allowing them to bond without melting. It can weld materials like aluminum alloys that are difficult to weld using conventional fusion welding. The document discusses the principles of FSW, factors that affect weld microstructure and properties like tool parameters and heat flow, and summarizes several studies that examined the effects of FSW parameters and post-weld treatments on mechanical properties and microstructure of welded aluminum alloys.
Friction Stir Welding of steels: AReview PaperIOSR Journals
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state joining process that can be applied to a number of
materials including aluminium, magnesium, copper and steels. A number of researches have been conducted in
Friction Stir Welding of steels and it is the focus of this paper to make a comprehensive review of the work that
has been done. Ultra-low carbon steels, low carbon steels, medium carbon steels, high carbon steels and ultrahigh
carbon steels have been considered and several aspects of FSW of steels have been outlined. These are
tools, mechanical properties and microstructure. It was determined that carbon content, welding speed as well
as rotational speed affect both mechanical properties and microstructure of the joint.
Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on the Hardness of Welded Joints of Aluminium A...ijsrd.com
Aluminum alloys are used in engineering design for their light weight, high strength-to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and relatively low cost. Aluminum is available in various compositions, including “pure†metal, alloys for casting, and alloys for the manufacture of wrought products wrought Alloys. Most aluminum alloys used for wrought products contain Less than 7 percent of alloying elements. By the regulation of the amount and type of elements added, the properties of the aluminum can be enhanced and its working characteristics improved. In this welding process we have study that two pieces of aluminum alloy (6063) were welded with the help of friction stir welding process and here in this welding process we have found that the microstructure of weld zone was characterized by dynamic recrastallization producing fine grain structure. The vickers hardness testing results obtained for welded specimens and we have observed that the hardness is increases and decreases on different parameters like tool rotation speed. But we have obtained that as the tool rotating speed is increases the hardness will aslo increases. Finally we obtained the max. hardness(Hv-40) on max. Tool rotation speed of (rpm-1800).
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
Experimental Analysis to Optimize parameters of Friction Stir Welding of Alum...IJSRD
This paper is a review of research work in the last decade on friction stir welding. In many industrial applications steel is readily replaced by non-ferrous alloys like aluminum alloys. Aluminum alloys having good mechanical properties as equated structural steel and low weight that allows a significant reduction in weight. But the welding of aluminum alloys by regular processes can causes serious problems. The difficulties are like loss of alloying elements and presence of separation and porosities in the weld joint. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process, which removes all these problems of solidification related with the conventional fusion welding processes. In this research work an attempt has been made to develop an the relationship between FSW variables (tool rotation and tilt angle) and tensile strength and yield strength of number of pass friction stir welded aluminium alloy AA 6082 butt joints. Taguchi method is used for analysing the problem in which several independent variables influence the response. A three-parameter -three-level central composite design was used to determine the optimal factors of friction stir welding process for aluminium alloy.
A study on characterization of Al-18%Si alloy by centrifuge castingdbpublications
Aluminum-silicon alloy are characterized by light weight, good strength –to-weight ratio, ease of fabrication of at reasonable cost, high strength at elevated temperature, good thermal conductivity, excellent castability, good weldability, excellent corrosion and wear resistance property. Thus, these types of alloys are well suited for automotive industries, aerospace structural and military applications. In centrifuge casting solidification rate is faster compared to gravity casting, but still solidification depends on various process parameters like, cooling temperature of molten metal, rotational speed of the die and also wall thickness of die. In centrifuge casting the silicon deposition in aluminum varies from top to bottom. Here Al-Si functionally graded material is used and developed under centrifuge casting. The method used in this work to produce functionally graded material is totally different from other centrifugal casting which helped in producing solid cylindrical parts. This report describes about mechanical characterization of Al-18%Si at different temperature. At 950°C casting shows good ultimate tensile strength and harder metal compared to other casting.
Friction Stir Welding of steels: AReview PaperIOSR Journals
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a solid state joining process that can be applied to a number of
materials including aluminium, magnesium, copper and steels. A number of researches have been conducted in
Friction Stir Welding of steels and it is the focus of this paper to make a comprehensive review of the work that
has been done. Ultra-low carbon steels, low carbon steels, medium carbon steels, high carbon steels and ultrahigh
carbon steels have been considered and several aspects of FSW of steels have been outlined. These are
tools, mechanical properties and microstructure. It was determined that carbon content, welding speed as well
as rotational speed affect both mechanical properties and microstructure of the joint.
Effect of Tool Rotation Speed on the Hardness of Welded Joints of Aluminium A...ijsrd.com
Aluminum alloys are used in engineering design for their light weight, high strength-to weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and relatively low cost. Aluminum is available in various compositions, including “pure†metal, alloys for casting, and alloys for the manufacture of wrought products wrought Alloys. Most aluminum alloys used for wrought products contain Less than 7 percent of alloying elements. By the regulation of the amount and type of elements added, the properties of the aluminum can be enhanced and its working characteristics improved. In this welding process we have study that two pieces of aluminum alloy (6063) were welded with the help of friction stir welding process and here in this welding process we have found that the microstructure of weld zone was characterized by dynamic recrastallization producing fine grain structure. The vickers hardness testing results obtained for welded specimens and we have observed that the hardness is increases and decreases on different parameters like tool rotation speed. But we have obtained that as the tool rotating speed is increases the hardness will aslo increases. Finally we obtained the max. hardness(Hv-40) on max. Tool rotation speed of (rpm-1800).
Fatigue Performance in Grinding and Turning: An OverviewIJMER
This paper analysis the influence of Abrasive Flow Machining (AFM), Turning and Grinding on
fatigue performance of Fe250. Surface condition has a strong effect on fatigue life, and that most surfaces
produced by conventional manufacturing operations such as machining and forging have poor fatigue
behavior than polished surfaces commonly used for laboratory specimens. It is found that the surfaces
produced with different machining process and having the same surface roughness having different fatigue
performances. High –cycle fatigue data was obtained for Fe 250 using three types of machining process
viz, AFM, Turning and Grinding .S-N curve is plotted for the samples obtained with all the three process. It
was found that the samples produced with AFM having the highest fatigue life.
Experimental Analysis to Optimize parameters of Friction Stir Welding of Alum...IJSRD
This paper is a review of research work in the last decade on friction stir welding. In many industrial applications steel is readily replaced by non-ferrous alloys like aluminum alloys. Aluminum alloys having good mechanical properties as equated structural steel and low weight that allows a significant reduction in weight. But the welding of aluminum alloys by regular processes can causes serious problems. The difficulties are like loss of alloying elements and presence of separation and porosities in the weld joint. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process, which removes all these problems of solidification related with the conventional fusion welding processes. In this research work an attempt has been made to develop an the relationship between FSW variables (tool rotation and tilt angle) and tensile strength and yield strength of number of pass friction stir welded aluminium alloy AA 6082 butt joints. Taguchi method is used for analysing the problem in which several independent variables influence the response. A three-parameter -three-level central composite design was used to determine the optimal factors of friction stir welding process for aluminium alloy.
A study on characterization of Al-18%Si alloy by centrifuge castingdbpublications
Aluminum-silicon alloy are characterized by light weight, good strength –to-weight ratio, ease of fabrication of at reasonable cost, high strength at elevated temperature, good thermal conductivity, excellent castability, good weldability, excellent corrosion and wear resistance property. Thus, these types of alloys are well suited for automotive industries, aerospace structural and military applications. In centrifuge casting solidification rate is faster compared to gravity casting, but still solidification depends on various process parameters like, cooling temperature of molten metal, rotational speed of the die and also wall thickness of die. In centrifuge casting the silicon deposition in aluminum varies from top to bottom. Here Al-Si functionally graded material is used and developed under centrifuge casting. The method used in this work to produce functionally graded material is totally different from other centrifugal casting which helped in producing solid cylindrical parts. This report describes about mechanical characterization of Al-18%Si at different temperature. At 950°C casting shows good ultimate tensile strength and harder metal compared to other casting.
PARAMETERS OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING ALONG WITH REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITIO...Journal For Research
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a novel technique used for the enhancing the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the material and also to make composites of the material. In this study, an attempt is made to synthesize the composites of AA6063 and tungsten carbide particles with 5 µm particle size were added reinforcement. The tool shoulder is varied from 16 mm to 20 mm. The other parameters such as tool rotational speed of 1400 rpm and transverse speed of 50 mm/min are kept constant. The friction stir processing tool is made of high chromium high carbon steel with a pin length of 4 mm and pin diameter of 6 mm is used. The 18 mm shoulder diameter produces much finer grain size with tungsten carbide reinforced particles rather than the tools having shoulder 16 mm and 20 mm diameter. The maximum tensile strength and micro hardness achieved is 260 N/mm2 and 135 Hv respectively. In case of the tool having 16 mm diameter produces less amount of heat due to lesser contact with the workpiece material and the tool having 20 mm diameter, over heat the workpiece material due to more contact area with the workpiece and causes no proper plastization and flow of the material within the processed zone by friction stir processing and produces courser grain size.
Effect Of Process Parameters On Mechanical Properties Of Friction Stir.Welded...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an advance joining process for different similar and dissimilar materials. It is
commonly used for joining of Aluminum alloys. However it is necessary to overcome some challenges for its
wide-spread uses. Tool design and the selection of process parameters are critical issues in the usage of this
process. This study focuses on the process parameters that is required for producing effective friction stir
welding of two similar aluminum alloys (AA6101T6 to AA6101T6) and dissimilar Aluminum alloys
(AA6101T6 alloy to AA6351T6) . Three different tool diameters such as 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm with three
different tool rotational speeds such as 600 rpm, 800 rpm and 1200 rpm have been used to weld the joints. The
welded samples were tested for mechanical properties as well as microstructure. It was observed that 30 mm
tool gives better weld quality for friction stir welding of similar aluminum alloy but 25 mm tool with 1200 rpm
rotational speed gave satisfactory weld quality for friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys. It is one
of the important welding process that can adopted for welding of aluminum alloys with excellent mechanical
properties. The results were confirmed by further experiments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Friction stir welding of aluminium 5086 alloyseSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a solid state attachment method used for welding of metals of same and different metals. This process of friction stir welding (FSW) is widely using for the reason it can produces sound welds and doesn't have common issues like solidification and liquefaction cracking connected to the fusion techniques. The Friction stir welding of Al 5086 alloys had been commercialized and up to date interest is targeted on change of integrity with different metals. Thus on commercialize this method, analysis studies are required to characterize. particularly, FSW has impressed researchers to aim modification of integrity different metals like aluminum 5086 that differ in properties and sound welds with none or restricted inter metallic bonding of components has been done. In this paper we have to make a research on the current analysis state of FSW between aluminum 5086 with attention on the resulting welding and tensile strength, microstructure, elongation and the tools are used to produce the welds and also an insight into future analysis during this process of study the project of friction welding. By this process in our project we got an idea of going to maintain the rotational speed (rpm) 450 to 1400 and also by changing welding rpm (speed). This friction stir welding is used in nasa for joining of two totally different or same types of materials. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Tool, Welding parameters, and Mechanical properties etc…
Optimization of friction stir welding process parameter using taguchi method ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is relatively new solid state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly and versatile. Welding is a multiinput-output process in which quality of welded joint is depends upon a input parameter. Therefore optimization of input process parameter is required to achieve good quality of welding. There are so many methods of optimization in which Taguchi method and Response surface methodology are selected for optimization of process parameter. In this review the effect of process parameter on welded joint studied and optimizes the parameter by using Taguchi method and Response surface methodology. The study of Friction stir welding of Aluminium alloy and High density polyethylene sheets shows the improvement in welded joint quality by optimization of process parameter. The main process parameters which affect the strength of welded joint is tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin profile. Keywords: Friction stir welding (FSW), Optimization, Taguchi Method Response surface Methodology Prediction models
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A356 BASED COMPO...sathish sak
Recently friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective tool for enhancing sheet metal properties through microstructure modification. Significant grain refinement and homogenization can be achieved in a single FSP pass leading to improved formability, especially at elevated temperatures.
FSP is a solid-state process where the material within the processed zone undergoes intense plastic deformation resulting in dynamically recrystallized grain structure.
Most of the research conducted on FSP focuses on aluminum alloys. Despite the potential weight reduction that can be achieved using Titanium dioxide(B4C) alloys.
In this work, we examine the possibility of using FSP to modify the microstructure and properties of commercial A356-B4C alloy particles. The effect of various process parameters on thermal histories, resulting microstructure and properties to be investigated.
Microhardness of Friction Stir Processed Aluminium-6063ijsrd.com
Aluminum alloy are in great demand in the field of defense, automobile, and aerospace industries. These alloys are known for its light weight, high thermal conductivity, and low coefficient of thermal expansion, high wear resistance, and high strength. Composites materials are the multi-functional materials that are having better properties. They can be utilized for the requirements of any application. In this study, Aluminum oxide were united by using Friction Stir Processing(FSP) into the commercially aluminum alloy-6063. Samples were subjected to the various tool rotating with aluminum oxide powder. Microhardness observations were carried out. The result showed that increasing rotating speed more uniform distribution of Aluminum oxide particles. The microhardness of produced alloy was improved as compared to that of base aluminum alloy.
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
This welding is a novel process used to join metallic alloys. Friction stir welding is in vogue in aerospace, automotive and other industrial establishments for connecting alloys like aluminum, magnesium and copper. Rotational speed, welding speed and the angle of attack are important in the process of FSW. They analyze the weld quality. FSW produces stronger weld joint then the original material in selected parameters. FSW is a solid-state process, where metal is not melted uses a cylindrical shouldered tool with a profiled pin rotated and gradually plunged into the weld joint between two metal parts of plate or sheet that are to be welded together.
Experimental Investigation of Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum Aa6061 Alloy ...iosrjce
The combination of wrought aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy confirming to aluminum AA6061
alloy widely accepted because of light weight fabrication structures, high strength to weight ratio and good
corrosion resistance. Friction Stir Welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which
the material that is being welded does not melt and recast when compared to fusion welding process that are
routinely used for joining structural aluminum alloys. In this FSW process a non consumable tool is used to
generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. Experiments for surface roughness, Rockwell hardness and
tensile tests are carried out and reported in this paper. The base material used for friction stir welding is
aluminum AA 6061 alloy. Surface roughness values decreases with the increase in speed of the tool and also
there exists an optimum speed to have the good surface finish. Hardness increases with decrease in speed of the
tool but increases after reaching a certain value. Tensile strength increases with the increase in speed of the
tool and also there exists an optimum values for particular feed of the tool.
Surface hybrid nanocomposites via friction stir processingmohammed noor
Friction stir Processing (FSP) is a new innovative technology developed based on the principle of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique.
In FSP, the ceramic particulates are reinforced into the base metal by adding it into the groove and Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is performed.
In this study, the aluminum alloy 6061 is chosen as the base metal, alumina and graphite Nano powder as reinforcement.
The process parameters such traverse speed of 64 mm/min and the tool rotational speed of 1060 rpm and tilt angle of 2deg were selected, The Friction Powder Processing was carried out on vertical milling machine.
New parameters such as powder type and number of passes were involved and we also study the effect of heat treatment.
The influence of FSP was checked using some tests such as the microstructure analysis that was carried out using optical microscope (OM) and the mechanical characteristics were analyzed using tensile test and hardness test.
The micrograph results revealed that powder particulates were evenly distributed in the stir zone and reduction in grain size also observed; the reason for the grain size reduction was stirring action of the FPP tool’s pin.
The tensile strength results showed a significant improvement in strength by a percent of
50% compared to base metal but when T6 heat treatment is applied, the tensile strength decreased.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
A Review on Effect of Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of Friction Stir...ijsrd.com
Friction stir welding (FSW) is an innovative solid state joining process. This paper discuss about the friction stir welding of joining heat treated aluminum alloys for Aerospace and Automobile industries. These welded joints have higher tensile strength to weight ratio and finer micro structure. FSW of aluminum alloys have the potential to hold good mechanical and metallurgical properties. An attempt is made to determine and evaluate the influence of the process parameters of FSW on the weldments. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of process parameters on the tensile strength of the welded joints.
Ahmed ibrahim razooqi -- study the microstructure and mechanical properties ...ahmed Ibrahim
Ahmed Ibrahim Razooqi ---
Study the microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir spot welding of carbon steel 1006 to aluminum alloy aa2024-t3.
Friction stir spot welding-FSSW has been suggested as effectual process to welding difficult materials such as dissimilar materials and
thin sheet of metal alloys. In this study, using dissimilar materials were welded carbon steel-1006 on upper plate and aluminum alloy
AA2024-T3 on lower plate. Macrostructure, micro-structural analysis and mechanical properties of the joints are done. The effect of
penetration depth, dwell time and spindle speed on tensile shear load are investigated with invariable of other parameter during welding
process. The maximum tensile shear load (3.31KN) was occurred when using 0.4mm of penetration depth, 10 sec of dwell time and 1400
rpm of spindle speed. Also, two type of failure shape was observed interfacial fracture of carbon steel sheet and pull -out fracture of
AA2024-T3 sheet.
PARAMETERS OF FRICTION STIR PROCESSING ALONG WITH REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITIO...Journal For Research
Friction stir processing (FSP) is a novel technique used for the enhancing the mechanical and metallurgical properties of the material and also to make composites of the material. In this study, an attempt is made to synthesize the composites of AA6063 and tungsten carbide particles with 5 µm particle size were added reinforcement. The tool shoulder is varied from 16 mm to 20 mm. The other parameters such as tool rotational speed of 1400 rpm and transverse speed of 50 mm/min are kept constant. The friction stir processing tool is made of high chromium high carbon steel with a pin length of 4 mm and pin diameter of 6 mm is used. The 18 mm shoulder diameter produces much finer grain size with tungsten carbide reinforced particles rather than the tools having shoulder 16 mm and 20 mm diameter. The maximum tensile strength and micro hardness achieved is 260 N/mm2 and 135 Hv respectively. In case of the tool having 16 mm diameter produces less amount of heat due to lesser contact with the workpiece material and the tool having 20 mm diameter, over heat the workpiece material due to more contact area with the workpiece and causes no proper plastization and flow of the material within the processed zone by friction stir processing and produces courser grain size.
Effect Of Process Parameters On Mechanical Properties Of Friction Stir.Welded...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an advance joining process for different similar and dissimilar materials. It is
commonly used for joining of Aluminum alloys. However it is necessary to overcome some challenges for its
wide-spread uses. Tool design and the selection of process parameters are critical issues in the usage of this
process. This study focuses on the process parameters that is required for producing effective friction stir
welding of two similar aluminum alloys (AA6101T6 to AA6101T6) and dissimilar Aluminum alloys
(AA6101T6 alloy to AA6351T6) . Three different tool diameters such as 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm with three
different tool rotational speeds such as 600 rpm, 800 rpm and 1200 rpm have been used to weld the joints. The
welded samples were tested for mechanical properties as well as microstructure. It was observed that 30 mm
tool gives better weld quality for friction stir welding of similar aluminum alloy but 25 mm tool with 1200 rpm
rotational speed gave satisfactory weld quality for friction stir welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys. It is one
of the important welding process that can adopted for welding of aluminum alloys with excellent mechanical
properties. The results were confirmed by further experiments.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Friction stir welding of aluminium 5086 alloyseSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a solid state attachment method used for welding of metals of same and different metals. This process of friction stir welding (FSW) is widely using for the reason it can produces sound welds and doesn't have common issues like solidification and liquefaction cracking connected to the fusion techniques. The Friction stir welding of Al 5086 alloys had been commercialized and up to date interest is targeted on change of integrity with different metals. Thus on commercialize this method, analysis studies are required to characterize. particularly, FSW has impressed researchers to aim modification of integrity different metals like aluminum 5086 that differ in properties and sound welds with none or restricted inter metallic bonding of components has been done. In this paper we have to make a research on the current analysis state of FSW between aluminum 5086 with attention on the resulting welding and tensile strength, microstructure, elongation and the tools are used to produce the welds and also an insight into future analysis during this process of study the project of friction welding. By this process in our project we got an idea of going to maintain the rotational speed (rpm) 450 to 1400 and also by changing welding rpm (speed). This friction stir welding is used in nasa for joining of two totally different or same types of materials. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Tool, Welding parameters, and Mechanical properties etc…
Optimization of friction stir welding process parameter using taguchi method ...eSAT Journals
Abstract Friction stir welding (FSW) is relatively new solid state joining process. This joining technique is energy efficient, environment friendly and versatile. Welding is a multiinput-output process in which quality of welded joint is depends upon a input parameter. Therefore optimization of input process parameter is required to achieve good quality of welding. There are so many methods of optimization in which Taguchi method and Response surface methodology are selected for optimization of process parameter. In this review the effect of process parameter on welded joint studied and optimizes the parameter by using Taguchi method and Response surface methodology. The study of Friction stir welding of Aluminium alloy and High density polyethylene sheets shows the improvement in welded joint quality by optimization of process parameter. The main process parameters which affect the strength of welded joint is tool rotational speed, welding speed, axial force and tool pin profile. Keywords: Friction stir welding (FSW), Optimization, Taguchi Method Response surface Methodology Prediction models
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION AND MATERIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A356 BASED COMPO...sathish sak
Recently friction stir processing (FSP) has emerged as an effective tool for enhancing sheet metal properties through microstructure modification. Significant grain refinement and homogenization can be achieved in a single FSP pass leading to improved formability, especially at elevated temperatures.
FSP is a solid-state process where the material within the processed zone undergoes intense plastic deformation resulting in dynamically recrystallized grain structure.
Most of the research conducted on FSP focuses on aluminum alloys. Despite the potential weight reduction that can be achieved using Titanium dioxide(B4C) alloys.
In this work, we examine the possibility of using FSP to modify the microstructure and properties of commercial A356-B4C alloy particles. The effect of various process parameters on thermal histories, resulting microstructure and properties to be investigated.
Microhardness of Friction Stir Processed Aluminium-6063ijsrd.com
Aluminum alloy are in great demand in the field of defense, automobile, and aerospace industries. These alloys are known for its light weight, high thermal conductivity, and low coefficient of thermal expansion, high wear resistance, and high strength. Composites materials are the multi-functional materials that are having better properties. They can be utilized for the requirements of any application. In this study, Aluminum oxide were united by using Friction Stir Processing(FSP) into the commercially aluminum alloy-6063. Samples were subjected to the various tool rotating with aluminum oxide powder. Microhardness observations were carried out. The result showed that increasing rotating speed more uniform distribution of Aluminum oxide particles. The microhardness of produced alloy was improved as compared to that of base aluminum alloy.
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
This welding is a novel process used to join metallic alloys. Friction stir welding is in vogue in aerospace, automotive and other industrial establishments for connecting alloys like aluminum, magnesium and copper. Rotational speed, welding speed and the angle of attack are important in the process of FSW. They analyze the weld quality. FSW produces stronger weld joint then the original material in selected parameters. FSW is a solid-state process, where metal is not melted uses a cylindrical shouldered tool with a profiled pin rotated and gradually plunged into the weld joint between two metal parts of plate or sheet that are to be welded together.
Experimental Investigation of Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum Aa6061 Alloy ...iosrjce
The combination of wrought aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy confirming to aluminum AA6061
alloy widely accepted because of light weight fabrication structures, high strength to weight ratio and good
corrosion resistance. Friction Stir Welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which
the material that is being welded does not melt and recast when compared to fusion welding process that are
routinely used for joining structural aluminum alloys. In this FSW process a non consumable tool is used to
generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. Experiments for surface roughness, Rockwell hardness and
tensile tests are carried out and reported in this paper. The base material used for friction stir welding is
aluminum AA 6061 alloy. Surface roughness values decreases with the increase in speed of the tool and also
there exists an optimum speed to have the good surface finish. Hardness increases with decrease in speed of the
tool but increases after reaching a certain value. Tensile strength increases with the increase in speed of the
tool and also there exists an optimum values for particular feed of the tool.
Surface hybrid nanocomposites via friction stir processingmohammed noor
Friction stir Processing (FSP) is a new innovative technology developed based on the principle of Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technique.
In FSP, the ceramic particulates are reinforced into the base metal by adding it into the groove and Friction Stir Processing (FSP) is performed.
In this study, the aluminum alloy 6061 is chosen as the base metal, alumina and graphite Nano powder as reinforcement.
The process parameters such traverse speed of 64 mm/min and the tool rotational speed of 1060 rpm and tilt angle of 2deg were selected, The Friction Powder Processing was carried out on vertical milling machine.
New parameters such as powder type and number of passes were involved and we also study the effect of heat treatment.
The influence of FSP was checked using some tests such as the microstructure analysis that was carried out using optical microscope (OM) and the mechanical characteristics were analyzed using tensile test and hardness test.
The micrograph results revealed that powder particulates were evenly distributed in the stir zone and reduction in grain size also observed; the reason for the grain size reduction was stirring action of the FPP tool’s pin.
The tensile strength results showed a significant improvement in strength by a percent of
50% compared to base metal but when T6 heat treatment is applied, the tensile strength decreased.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Mechanism of Fracture in Friction Stir Processed Aluminium AlloyDr. Amarjeet Singh
Aluminium alloys are used for important
applications in reducing the weight of the component and
structure particularly associated with transport, marine,
and aerospace fields. Grain refinement by scandium (Sc)
addition can eliminate the casting defects and increase the
resistance to hot tearing for high strength aluminium alloys.
FSP for cast aluminium alloys have been focused and it has
great advantages including solid state microstructural
evolution, altering mechanical properties by optimizing
process parameters. These parameters are tool rotational
speeds (720, and 1000 rpm), traverse speeds (80, and 70
mm/min), and axial compressive force at 15 kN, etc. The
mechanical properties had been evaluated on FSPed
aluminium alloy with different microstructural conditions.
Fracture properties of aluminium alloys are very important
for industrial applications. Tensile and fracture toughness
properties were correlated to microstructural and
fractographic features of the aluminium alloys need to
explore their essential failure mechanisms.
A Review on Effect of Process Parameters on Tensile Strength of Friction Stir...ijsrd.com
Friction stir welding (FSW) is an innovative solid state joining process. This paper discuss about the friction stir welding of joining heat treated aluminum alloys for Aerospace and Automobile industries. These welded joints have higher tensile strength to weight ratio and finer micro structure. FSW of aluminum alloys have the potential to hold good mechanical and metallurgical properties. An attempt is made to determine and evaluate the influence of the process parameters of FSW on the weldments. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of process parameters on the tensile strength of the welded joints.
Ahmed ibrahim razooqi -- study the microstructure and mechanical properties ...ahmed Ibrahim
Ahmed Ibrahim Razooqi ---
Study the microstructure and mechanical properties of dissimilar friction stir spot welding of carbon steel 1006 to aluminum alloy aa2024-t3.
Friction stir spot welding-FSSW has been suggested as effectual process to welding difficult materials such as dissimilar materials and
thin sheet of metal alloys. In this study, using dissimilar materials were welded carbon steel-1006 on upper plate and aluminum alloy
AA2024-T3 on lower plate. Macrostructure, micro-structural analysis and mechanical properties of the joints are done. The effect of
penetration depth, dwell time and spindle speed on tensile shear load are investigated with invariable of other parameter during welding
process. The maximum tensile shear load (3.31KN) was occurred when using 0.4mm of penetration depth, 10 sec of dwell time and 1400
rpm of spindle speed. Also, two type of failure shape was observed interfacial fracture of carbon steel sheet and pull -out fracture of
AA2024-T3 sheet.
A STUDY OF EFFECT PROCESS PARAMETERS ON TENSILE STRENGTH IAEME Publication
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a comparatively innovative solids-state joining
process. This joining mechanism is very energy efficient, environment friendly and
multitalented. The aim of this paper is improvement an affiliation between in the welding
parameters and mechanical properties of the AA6061T-6 type of aluminum alloy using
the friction stir welding mechanism .The effects of the various processing parameters
they are, tool rotational speed, traverse speed, axial force and geometry play tool they
are play an important role on the quality of welded joining. The FSW joints mechanism
have advanced tensile strength to the heaviness ratio. The present work of this paper is
done to think about the impact of the contribution parameters on the tensile strength.
The tensile welding parameters mainly influenced by the following variables they are
weld speed, feed, and tilt angle. The parameters are take these of the examiner attributes
they are the attributes are rotational speed, weld speed, axial force, shoulder diameter
and tilt angle. From this examination it is found that the square tool pin profile
producers are mechanically sound defect free welds compare to the tool to pin effects
A STUDY OF EFFECT PROCESS PARAMETERS ON TENSILE STRENGTHIAEME Publication
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a comparatively innovative solids-state joining
process. This joining mechanism is very energy efficient, environment friendly and
multitalented. The aim of this paper is improvement an affiliation between in the welding
parameters and mechanical properties of the AA6061T-6 type of aluminum alloy using
the friction stir welding mechanism .The effects of the various processing parameters
they are, tool rotational speed, traverse speed, axial force and geometry play tool they
are play an important role on the quality of welded joining. The FSW joints mechanism
have advanced tensile strength to the heaviness ratio. The present work of this paper is
done to think about the impact of the contribution parameters on the tensile strength.
The tensile welding parameters mainly influenced by the following variables they are
weld speed, feed, and tilt angle. The parameters are take these of the examiner attributes
they are the attributes are rotational speed, weld speed, axial force, shoulder diameter
and tilt angle. From this examination it is found that the square tool pin profile
producers are mechanically sound defect free welds compare to the tool to pin effects
Characterization and mechanical behaviour of similar and dissimilar parts joi...Barhm Mohamad
This work is a contribution to the study of the rigidity of rotational friction welding of cylindrical specimens made on a parallel lathe. We performed welding of three combinations of parts: steel / steel, aluminium / aluminium and steel / aluminium according to three numbers of rotations of the spindle (900, 1250 and 1800 rpm). To control the rigidity and quality of these assemblies, tensile tests are used followed by ultrasonic testing to ensure that the tips are welded and that there are no internal defects. Hardness profile of the welded zone according to the welding parameters was obtained. Metallographic observations have detected the profile of the various zones welded and affected thermally. The results of the mechanical tests showed that a rotation speed of 1250 rpm can produce a very good weld, with other parameters kept constant.
Characterization and mechanical behaviour of similar and dissimilar parts joi...Barhm Mohamad
This work is a contribution to the study of the rigidity of rotational friction welding of cylindrical specimens made on a parallel lathe. We performed welding of three combinations of parts: steel / steel, aluminium / aluminium and steel / aluminium according to three numbers of rotations of the spindle (900, 1250 and 1800 rpm). To control the rigidity and quality of these assemblies, tensile tests are used followed by ultrasonic testing to ensure that the tips are welded and that there are no internal defects. Hardness profile of the welded zone according to the welding parameters was obtained. Metallographic observations have detected the profile of the various zones welded and affected thermally. The results of the mechanical tests showed that a rotation speed of 1250 rpm can produce a very good weld, with other parameters kept constant.
EFFECT OF FORGE FORCE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISSIMILAR METAL FRICTION W...IAEME Publication
Several structural applications demand use of steels like low carbon steels and stainless steels because their sound weldability and ductility. Fusion welding of these steels especially in dissimilar metal combination attracts many problems such as cracking, porosity, low ductility etc. To overcome these problems, solid-state welding processes such as friction welding has to be employed as it can provide a solution to the recurrent problems arising in fusion welding. An attempt is made in this work to study the effect of forge force on mechanical properties such as tensile strength and impact toughness of the similar and dissimilar metal friction welds of stainless steel and low carbon steel. It is observed that tensile strength of dissimilar metal welds increased with increase in the forge force while the impact toughness decreased with increase in the forge force.
Study of Pitting Corrosion Behavior of FSW weldments of AA6101- T6 Aluminium ...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a promising solid state joining process widely used generally for Al alloys,
especially in aerospace, marine and automobile applications. In present work, the microstructure and corrosion
behavior of friction stir welded AA6101 T6 Al alloy is studied. The friction stir welding was carried using
vertical milling machine with different tool rotational speeds and welding speeds. The microstructure at weld
nugget or stir zone (SN), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal
were observed using optical microscopy. The corrosion tests of base alloy and welded joints were carried out in
3.5% NaCl solution at temperature of 30º C. Corrosion rate and emf were determined using cyclic polarization
measurement.
Experimental Investigation of Tensile Strength and Deflection Characteristics...IOSR Journals
Aluminum alloys are used in many applications in which the combination of high strength and low
weight is attractive; ship building, air frame, transportation industry etc. are some areas in which the low
weight can be significant value. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new welding technique particularly well suited
to aluminum alloys though this technique is also used for other materials. Friction stir welding promises joints
with low porosity, fine microstructures, minimum phase transformation and low oxidation compared to
conventional welding techniques. It is capable of joining combinations of alloys not amenable to conventional
welding.Experiments for tensile and deflection tests were carried out and reported in this research paper. The
base material used for friction stir welding was AA 6351–T4 Aluminum alloy. Tensile strength and breaking
loads were increased with increase of rotational speed of the tool but it drops after attaining marginal speed.
Deflections of friction stir welded specimens and base materials were compared and they exhibited almost
similar trends at different load conditions and deflections of all the specimens were increased with increment of
load
A REVIEW ON OPTIMIZATION OF RESISTANCE SPOT WELDING OF ALUMINUM COMPONENTS US...AM Publications
Resistance Spot welding (RSW) is one of the common welding processes used for sheet joining especially in the automobile and aerospace industry. It is used in a wide range of industries but notably for the assembly of sheet steel vehicle bodies. This is a type of resistance welding where the spot welds are made at regular intervals on overlapping sheets of metal. Spot welding is primarily used for joining parts that are normally up to 3 mm in thickness. The joint quality can be defined in terms of properties such as weld-bead geometry, mechanical properties and distortion.The objective of the research is to determine the optimum combination of parameters responsible for better quality of joints. The complicated behavior of the process must be analyzed to set the optimum parameters to get the optimum weld quality. The paper also presents the FEA simulation of the RSW process.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
1. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470
www.ijtsrd.com
254
IJTSRD | May-Jun 2017
Available Online @www.ijtsrd.com
A Review of Friction Stirs Welding
Danail Abdullah
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University Malaysia, Malaysia
ABSTRACT
Through this paper an attempt is made to study and
review a special welding technology of friction stir
welding (FSW) which is a solid-state joining process.
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a recent advanced
technique, invented by The Welding Institute (TWI)
in 1991, that utilizes a non consumable rotating
welding tool to generate frictional heat and plastic
deformation at the welding location; thereby,
affecting the formation of a joint while the material is
in the solid state. In particular, FSW can be used to
join high-strength aerospace aluminum alloys and
other high temperature metallic alloys that are
difficult to weld by conventional fusion welding
method. FSW is considered to be the most significant
development in metal joining process in a decade The
comprehensive body of knowledge that has built up
with respect to the friction stir welding (FSW) of
aluminum alloys. This study addresses the current
state of understanding and development of the FSW
process. The principles of weld formation, welding
parameters, design principles, including metal flow
and thermal history, before discussing how process
parameters affect the weld microstructure.
KEYWORDS
Friction stir welding, metal flow, process parameters,
mechanical properties, Microstructure.
I. INTRODUCTION
The welding of aluminum and its alloys has always
represented a great challenge for researchers and
technologists. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new
welding process that has produced low-cost and high-
quality joints of aluminum alloys. For carrying out
research work in any area, the first and an important
phase are to review the available literature on the
selected topic and the research problem can be
formulated with clear objectives. In order to formulate
the present research problem along with the
methodology that could be adopted for accomplishing
this research work, the selective review of the relevant
literature surveyed is presented briefly. It is worth
mentioning The Tanta University, Egypt is one of the
first university and research centers that has worked in
the field of friction stir welding pipes of aluminum
alloys since 2013.
Thomas (1997) focuses on this study the relatively
new joining technology, friction stir welding (FSW).
Friction stir welding can be used to join most
aluminium alloys and surface oxide presents no
difficulty to the process. On the basis of this study it
was recommend that number of light weight materials
suitable for the automotive, rail, marine and aerospace
transportation industries can be fabricated by FSW.
Ying et al., (1999) used FSW to join the plates of
2024 Al and 6060 Al having thickness of 0.6 cm each.
The tool rotation speed was varied between 400 to
1200 rpm. Dislocation spirals and loops are observed
in the 2024 Al intercalation regions within the weld
zones at higher speeds (>800 rpm). Micro hardness
profiles follow microstructural variations which result
in a 40% reduction in the 6061 Al workpiece micro
hardness and a 50% reduction in the 2024 Al
workpiece micro hardness just outside the FSW zone.
Sutton et al., (2002) prepared the weld joints of 7 mm
thickness using 2024-T351 aluminium rolled sheet
material by Friction stir welding. Metallurgical,
hardness and quantitative energy dispersive X-ray
measurements were performed. The tests
demonstrated a segregated, banded, microstructure
consisting of alternating hard particles. Since the band
spacing is directly correlated with the welding tool
advance per revolution, the results indicated that the
opportunity exists to manipulate the friction stir weld
process parameters in order to modify the weld
microstructure and improve a range of material
properties, including fracture resistance.
Lee et al., (2003) welded A356 alloys sheets using
friction-stir-welding to observe the effect of
mechanical properties at the weld zone by varying the
welding speeds. The microstructures of the weld zone
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470
www.ijtsrd.com
255
IJTSRD | May-Jun 2017
Available Online @www.ijtsrd.com
are composed of SZ (stir zone), TMAZ (thermo-
mechanical affected zone) and BM (base metal). The
microstructure of the SZ is very different from that of
the BM. But the microstructure of TMAZ, where the
original grains were greatly deformed, is
characterized by dispersed eutectic Si particles
aligned along the rotational direction of the welding
tool. The mechanical properties of the weld zone are
greatly improved in comparison to that of the BM.
Mustafa and Adem (2004) prepared the weld joints
of Al 1080 alloy using five different stirrers, one of
them square cross-sectioned and the rest were
cylindrical with 0.85, 1.10, 1.40 and 2.1 mm screw
pitch. The stirrers pitched 1.40 and 2.0 mm acted like
a drill rather than a stirrer and compelled the weld
metal outward in the form of chips. Bonding could be
affected with square cross section stirrer but poor
mechanical and metallographic properties were
observed. The specimen welded with cross-section
stirrer has 60 N/mm2 Tensile Strength and the
fracture took place within the weld metal. This type of
stir sweeps a large amount of metal from the
plasticized zone and results in an inhomogeneous
structure. But the specimen welded using 0.85 and
1.10 mm pitched stirrers, have 110 N/mm2 UTS. The
higher strength of the weld metal can be attributed to
heat generation during stirring.
Ahmed. M. El-Kassas et al. (2015) in this study
effect to the mechanical properties in order to
demonstrate the feasibility of friction stir welding for
joining Al 6061 aluminum pipes with different
thickness 2 to 4mm, rotational speeds 485 to 1400
RPM and a traverse speed 4 to 10 mm/min was
applied. This work focuses on two methods such as
artificial neural networks(ANN) using software
(Pythia) and response surface methodology (RSM) to
predict the tensile strength, the percentage of
elongation and hardness of friction stir welded 6061
aluminum alloy. An artificial neural network (ANN)
model was developed for the analysis of the friction
stir welding parameters of Al 6061aluminum pipe.
Response surface methodology (RSM) also developed
and the values obtained for the response Tensile
strengths, the percentage of elongation and hardness
are compared with measured values.
Chena et al., (2006) used friction stir welding (FSW)
for 2219-O and 2219-T6 aluminium alloy to
investigate the effects of the base material conditions
on the FSW characteristics. The experimental results
indicated that the base material condition has a
significant effect on weld morphologies, weld defects,
and mechanical properties of joints. The strength
efficiency of 2219-O joints is found to be 100%,
while that of 2219-T6 joints is only up to 82%.
A M Khourshid and I. Sabry(2013) in this study
effect Friction stir welding for pipes on Al 6063
alloy. The tool rotation 485 to 1400 rpm with a
traverse speed 4 mm/min was applied. The
Mechanical properties of welded joints were
investigated using different mechanical tests including
destructive test. Based on the stir welding experiments
conducted in this The resultant microstructure was
characterized using optical microscopy.
Hirata et al., (2007) developed the relationship
between the microstructure of stir zone and the
mechanical properties of FS-welded 5083 aluminium
alloy. The microstructures of the stir zones consisted
of fine equiaxed grains at various FSW conditions.
The grain size of the stir zone decreased with the
decrease in friction heat flow during FSW. The results
shown that the micro structure and mechanical
properties of the FS-welded 5083 Al alloy joints were
improved by the refinement of grain size of the stir
zone.
Cabibbo et al., (2007) investigated the microstructure
and mechanical properties of a friction stir welded
6056-T6 aluminium alloy plates. The microstructure
revealed different grain morphologies in the thermo-
mechanically affected zones, in proximity of the weld
nugget. The advancing side had fairly elongated, bent
grains, whilst the broader retreating side had more
elongated, narrower grains. Tensile tests showed yield
and ultimate strength slightly lower across the weld as
compared to the parent material. Reduction in
ductility of the weld region was also observed.
Kumara and Kailas (2008) investigated the
influence of axial load and the effect of position of the
interface with respect to the tool axis on tensile
strength of the friction stir welded joint of aluminium
alloy 7020-T6. The axial load is continuously varied
by linearly increasing the interference between the
tool shoulder and the surface of the base material. It is
found that there is an optimal axial load, above which
the weld is defect-free, with joint efficiency of 84%.
Lombard et al., (2008) in this research work present
a systematic approach to optimizing FSW process
3. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470
www.ijtsrd.com
256
IJTSRD | May-Jun 2017
Available Online @www.ijtsrd.com
parameters (tool rotational speed and feed rate).
Eleven experiments were conducted by varying the
tool rotational speed and welding speed. The tensile
strength of the joint was increased from 289 to 313
MPa by varying the tool rotational speed from 400
rpm to 200 rpm at the constant welding speed of 85
mm/min. The tensile strength of the joint increased
from 254 MPa to 315 MPa by varying the tool
rotational speed from 635 rpm to 254 rpm at the
constant welding speed 135 mm/min. The work
indicates that the tool rotational speed is the key
parameter governing the tensile strength.
Ibraheem sabry et al., (2017) Aluminum can't
successfully be arc welded in an air environment, due
to the affinity for oxygen. If fusion welded in normal
atmosphere oxidization readily happens and this
outcome in both slag inclusion and porosity in the
weld, greatly reducing its mechanical properties. To
overcome these problems one of the most common
ways of welding aluminum has been to a suggestion
the friction stir welding. To work in this area needs to
do a tremendous amount of experience and this thesis
has provided general Specification of the process of
friction stir welding pipes using three methods
regression analysis (RA),Response surface
methodology(RSM) and artificial neural networks
(ANN) to infer the mechanical properties has this
Specification so for the thickness of 2 to 4 mm,
depending on the rotational speed from 485 to
1800(RPM) travel speed from 4 to 10 (mm/min to
work comparative between three method ( (RA),
(RSM) and (ANN)) through total error.
Rajakumar et al., (2011) explored the influence of
process and tool parameters on tensile strength
properties of AA7075-T6 joints produced by friction
stir welding. Tensile strength of the joints were
evaluated and correlated with the microstructure,
micro hardness of weld nugget. From this
investigation it is found that the joint fabricated at a
tool rotational speed of 1400 rpm, welding speed of
60 mm/min, axial force of 8 kN, using the tool with
15 mm shoulder diameter, 5 mm pin diameter, 45
HRC tool hardness yielded higher strength properties
compared to other joints.
Chen et al., (2005) investigated that, the tensile
strength of the FSW joints of 2219-O aluminium alloy
significantly improved by the PWHT process. The
tensile properties of the joints welded at different
welding speeds, before and after the heat treatment
were evaluated. The results indicate that the heat-
treated joints possess a higher tensile strength and a
lower elongation than the as-welded joints. The as
welded joints fracture in the base material zone, while
the heat-treated joints fracture in the weld zone (WZ).
This implies that the PWHT process has a significant
effect on the fracture locations of the joints.
Elangovana and Balasubramanian (2008) reported
that the influences of various post-weld heat treatment
procedures on tensile properties of friction stir-welded
AA6061 aluminium alloy joints. Solution treatment,
an artificial aging treatment and a combination of both
were given to the welded joints. Mechanical
properties such as yield strength, tensile strength,
elongation and joint efficiency were evaluated. A
simple artificial aging treatment was found to be more
beneficial than other post weld treatment methods
Singh et al., (2011) reported the effect of post weld
heat treatment (T6) on the microstructure and
mechanical properties of friction stir welded 7039
aluminium alloy joints. FSW parameters were
optimized by making welds at constant rotary speed
of 635 rpm and welding speed of 8 and 12 mm/min. It
was observed that the thermo-mechanically affected
zone (TMAZ) showed coarser grains than that of
nugget zone. As welded joint has highest joint
efficiency (92.1%). Post weld heat treatment lowers
yield strength, ultimate tensile strength but improves
percentage elongation.
Wang et al., (2008) reported the effect of welding
processes (FSW and TIG) on the fatigue properties of
5052 aluminium-welded joints was analyzed based on
fatigue testing. The results show that the fatigue
properties of FSW welded joints are better than those
of TIG welded joints.
Cabello et al., (2008) made a comparative study on
microstructural and mechanical characteristics of
fusion welds (TIG) and solid-state welds (FSW) of
Al–4.5 Mg–0.26 Sc heat-treatable aluminium alloy.
The corresponding mechanical properties are
evaluated through micro hardness measurements and
tensile tests. The effect of a post-weld heat treatment
on both microstructure and mechanical properties is
further examined. The results suggest that hardening
precipitates are comparatively more affected by the
TIG than by the FSW process. This results in a
substantial reduction of mechanical properties of TIG
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470
www.ijtsrd.com
257
IJTSRD | May-Jun 2017
Available Online @www.ijtsrd.com
welds that can be partially recovered through a post-
weld heat treatment.
Zhao et al., (2010) welded Al–Mg–Sc alloy plates by
FSW and TIG welding. The effect of welding
processes on mechanical and metallurgical properties
of welded joints was analyzed. The results shown that
the mechanical properties of FSW welded joint are
much better than those of TIG welded joint.
Moreover, tensile strength and yield strength of FSW
joint are 19% and 31% higher than those of TIG joint,
respectively. Due to the low welding temperature
during FSW process and the excellent thermal
stability of Al3(Sc,Zr) particles, the cold working
microstructures can be well preserved.
Zhen et al., (2011) made a comparative study of the
mechanical and metallurgical properties of Al-Mg-
Mn-Sc-Zr alloy weld joints prepared by FSW and TIG
welding. The strength of FSW and TIG welded joints
decreased as compared to the base metal but strength
of FSW welded joints higher than the TIG welded
joints. The loss of substructure strengthening and a
very little loss of precipitation strengthening of
Al3(Sc, Zr) cause the decreased strength of FSW
welded joint. But for the TIG welded joint, the
disappearance of both the strain hardening and most
precipitation strengthening effect of Al3(Sc, Zr)
particles contributed to its softening. At the same
time, the grains in weld nugget zone of FSW welded
joints were finer than those in the molten zone of TIG
welded joints
Lakshminarayanan and Balasubramanian (2008)
applied Taguchi approach to determine the most
influential control factors which will yield better
tensile strength of the joints of friction stir welded
RDE-40 aluminium alloy. Through the Taguchi
parametric design approach, the optimum levels of
process parameters (tool rotational speed, traverse
speed and axial force) were determined. The results
indicate that the rotational speed, welding speed and
axial force are the significant parameters in deciding
the tensile strength of the joint.
Sarsilmaz and Çaydaş (2008) applied the full
factorial experimental design to study the effect of
friction-stir welding (FSW) parameters such as
spindle rotational speed, traverse speed, and stirrer
geometry on mechanical properties of AA 1050/AA
5083 alloy. Ultimate tensile strength (UTS) and
hardness of welded joints were determined for this
purpose. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and main
effect plot were used to determine the significant
parameters and set the optimal level for each
parameter. A linear regression equation was derived
to predict each output characteristic.
Ibraheem Sabry (2017) discusses the cost analysis of
pipe friction stir welding spicily aluminum 6061.cost
estimation were performed on pipe with different
thickness 2 to 4 mm. rotational speeds 485 to 1800
RPM and a travel speed 4 to 10 mm/min. The each
cost component of joining Al 6061 aluminum pipe
welding was each component cost (Labor cost, Power
cost, Machine cost and Tooling cost) has been closely
analyzed and major cost components have been
included in the cost model. We used these cost models
to predict the cost of friction stir welded pipe joints.
Initial results show that the rotational speed, material
thickness and travel speed increased due to increase
the total cost.
Ibraheem Sabry (2017) In this Work, a
comprehensive practical study in total cost estimation
of welded Aluminum 6061 pipes using three different
types of welds, Metal Inert Gas (MIG), Tungsten Inert
Gas (TIG) and Friction Stir Welding (FSW) . The cost
component of joining Al 6061 aluminum pipe
welding was each component cost (labor cost, Power
cost, Ma-chine cost, shield gas cost(MIG,TIG), filler
metal cost(MIG,TIG) and Tool cost(FSW)) has been
closely analyzed and major cost components have
been included in the cost model. We used these cost
models to predict the cost of Metal Inert Gas (MIG),
Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) and friction stir welded pipe
joints. Initial results show that MIG and TIG welding
were less cost effective compared to FS welding, but
it is possible that the cost of reduced friction stirs
welding with quantitative prediction.
CONCLUSIONS
Still friction stir welding needs more research and
study through the influence of the thickness of the
metal, as well as the work of standardization of
friction stir welding .
REFERENCES
[1] Misra and Kate N. Nagaraj,”Security in Wireless
Ad Hoc Networks”, in Book The Handbook of
Ad-Hoc Wireless Networks (Chapter 30), CRC
Press LLC, 2003.
5. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470
www.ijtsrd.com
258
IJTSRD | May-Jun 2017
Available Online @www.ijtsrd.com
[2] Thomas, W.M., Nicholas, E.D., Needham, J.C.,
Murch, M.G., Templesmith, P. and Dawes, C.J.
(1992). Improvements relating to friction
welding. European Patent Specification 0 615
480 (PCT/GB92/02203).
[3] The Welding Institute, Cambridge, 27 Nov. 1992.
M. Sutton, B. Yang, A. Reynolds, and R. Taylor.
“Microstructural studies of Fiction stir welds in
2024-T3 aluminum”. Materials Science and
Engineering A 323 (2002) pp. 160-166.
[4] Lee WB, Yeon YM, Jung SB "Evaluation of the
microstructure and mechanical properties of
fiction stir welded 6005 aluminum alloy",Mater
Sci Technol(2003).
[5] A.M., El-Kassas, A. M. Khourshid and I. Sabry,
“Optimization of friction stir welding parameters
for joining Aluminum pipes using regression
analysis”. International Journal of Civil,
Mechanical and Energy Science (IJAMES).2016
[6] Mustafa Kemal Kulekci experimental comparison
of mig and friction stir welding processes for en
aw-6061-t6 (aL mG1sI cU) aluminum alloy, The
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering,
Volume 35, Number 1B2010, pp 321-328.
[7] Chen, G., P. Yang, G.W. Kattawar, and M.I.
Mishchenko, 2006: Scattering phase functions of
horizontally oriented hexagonal ice crystals. J.
Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer, 100, 91-102,
doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2005.11.029.
[8] Ibraheem Sabry, Ahmed. M. El-Kassas “Total
Error Analysis Role of Predicting Mechanical
Properties by Friction Stir Welded Aluminum
pipes “International journal of advanced
production and industrial engineering(IJAPIE),
Vol. 2, No. 1, 2017.
[9] Hirata, H., Hinoda, Y., Nakajima, K., Kawamoto,
K., Kikuno, N., Kawakami, K., Yamamura, S.,
Ueno, K., Majid, S., and Saini, S. (2009). Wnt
antagonist gene DKK2 is epigenetically silenced
and inhibits renal cancer progression through
apoptotic and cell cycle pathways. Clin Cancer
Res. 15, 5678-5687.
[10]Cabibbo M., Mc Queenb H. J., Evangelista E.,
Spigarelli S., Paola M. D., Falchero A., (2007),
“Micros tructure and mechanical property studies
of AA6056 friction stir welded plate”, Materials
Science and Engineering A, 460 – 461, pp. 86 –
94.
[11]K. Kumar, Satish V. Kailas" The role of friction
stir welding tool on material flow and weld
formation" Materials Science and Engineering A
485 (2008) 367–374 Received 30 January 2007;
received in revised form 30 July 2007; accepted 8
August 2007
[12] Lombard H, Hattingh D G, Steuwer A, James M
N 2008 Optimising FSW process parameters to
minimize defects and maximise fatigue life in
5083-H321 aluminium alloy, Eng. Fracture
Mech. 75: 341–354
[13]A.M.Khourshid, I.Sabry “analysis, and design of
Friction stir welding” International Journal of
mechanical engineering and robotics research,
Vol. 2, No. 3, 2013.
[14]Rajkumar, S., Muralidharan, C.,
Balasubramanian ,V., "Optimization of the
friction stir- welding process and the tool
parameters to attain a maximum tensile strength
of the AA7075-T6 aluminum alloy". J Eng
Manuf,2010,pp.1175–91.
[15]C.M. Chen, R. Kovacevic ,Finite element
modeling of friction stir welding—thermal and
thermomechanical analysis, International Journal
of Machine Tools & Manufacture 43 (2003)
1319– 1326, Received 12 May 2003; accepted
10 June 2003
[16]Elangovan K. , Balasubramanian V. , Babu b S. ,
Predicting tensile strength of friction stir welded
AA6061 aluminium alloy joints by a
mathematical model, Materials and Design 30
(2009) 188 – 193
[17]Singh et. al. (2013), ―Experimental
Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Joints
Fabricated by FSW Of Aluminum Alloys 5083
And 6063 With Round And Square Tool Pin
Profiles, International Conference on
Advancements and Futuristic Trends in
Mechanical and Materials Engineering (October
3 -6, 2013).
[18]Wang, D. A., Chao, C. W., Lin, P. C. & Uan, J.
Y., 2010. Mechanical characterization of friction
stir spot microwelds. Journal of Materials
Processing Technology, Volume 210, p. 1942–
1948
[19]A.Cabello et.al., Comparision of TIG welded and
friction stir welded Al-4.5Mg-0.26Sc alloy
Journal of Materials processing Tech nology
vol.197, 2008, pp337-343.
[20]Y.H. Zhao, S.B. Lin, Lin Wu, F.X. QuThe
influence of pin geometry on bonding and
mechanical properties in friction stir weld 2014
Al alloy
6. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, Volume 1(4), ISSN: 2456-6470
www.ijtsrd.com
259
IJTSRD | May-Jun 2017
Available Online @www.ijtsrd.com
[21]Yong zhao et.al.(2014),Microstructure and
mechanical properties of Friction stir welded
MG- 2Nd- 0.3Zn- 0.4Zr
Mgalloy,ASMinternational JMEPEG 2 3:4136-
4142.
[22]Lakshminarayanan, A.K., Balasubramanian, V.
Tensile and Impact Toughness Properties of Gas
Tungsten Arc Welded and Friction Stir Welded
Interstitial Free Steel Joints 2010, Journal of
Materials Engineering and Performance , pp.8
(Available online).
[23]Sarsilmaz F, ÇaydaşU, Hasçalik A, Tanriover L
(2010a). The joint properties of dissimilar
aluminum plates joined by friction stir welding.
Int. J. Mat. Res., 101: 692-699.
[24]Jian Qing Su et al, Microstructural evolu tion
during ESW/FSP of high strength aluminum
alloys, Material science and Engineering vol.A
405, 2005, pp277-286.
[25]Ibraheem Sabry, Ahmed M El-Kassas " Cost
estimation of Pipe friction stirs Welding
"International Journal of Advance Research and
Innovation, Volume 5, Issue 1 (2017) 19-23
[26] Ahmed M. El-Kassas and Ibraheem Sabry" A
Comparison between FSW, MIG and TIG based
non Total Cost Estimation for Aluminum Pipes"
European Journal of Advances in Engineering
and Technology, 2017, 4 (3): 158-163