The selection of proper material for each application is a critical part in every manufacturing industry.
In the field of aerospace and automobile the major requirement is light weight yet strong material which
can possess every aspect of design parameters. Magnesium alloy one of the major raw material used in
these industries due to its light weight, good thermal conductivity etc. Also Friction stir welding is the
joining process that is being used in these industries as it is a solid state joining process. This paper
gives a detailed review about Friction Stir welding of Mg alloys. The review period is considered from
2009 to 2015.A detailed review about Friction stir welding of Mg alloys has not been done before in this
manner. This review work may be a ready reference for subsequent researchers.
Friction-stir welding is an advanced solid-state joining process (the metal is not melted) which involves the use of a third body tool to join two facing surfaces. Heat is generated between the tool and material which leads to a very soft region near the FSW tool. It then mechanically intermixes the two pieces of metal at the place of the joint, then the softened metal (due to the elevated temperature) can be joined using mechanical pressure (which is applied by the tool), much like joining clay, or dough. It is primarily used on aluminium, and most often on extruded aluminium (non-heat treatable alloys), and on structures which need superior weld strength without a post weld heat treatment.
It was invented and experimentally proven at The Welding Institute UK in December 1991.
A STUDY ON FRICTION STIR WELDING OF VARIOUS ALUMINIUM ALLOYSIJARIIT
The comprehensive body of knowledge that has built up with respect to the friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys since the technique was invented in 1991 is reviewed on this paper. The basic principles of FSW are described, including metal flow and thermal history, before discussing how process parameters affect the weld microstructure and the likelihood of defects. Finally, the range of mechanical properties that can be achieved is discussed. It is demonstrated that FSW of aluminum is becoming an increasingly mature technology with numerous commercial applications. Keywords - Friction stir welding, metal flow, process parameters, mechanical properties
FRICTION STIR WELDING is a very latest tchnology of welding process .Its a green method of solid state joining, and also a defect free method .
To know more about this you can also watch this animation https://youtu.be/kEEST5cgOao
Experimental Investigation of Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum Aa6061 Alloy ...iosrjce
The combination of wrought aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy confirming to aluminum AA6061
alloy widely accepted because of light weight fabrication structures, high strength to weight ratio and good
corrosion resistance. Friction Stir Welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which
the material that is being welded does not melt and recast when compared to fusion welding process that are
routinely used for joining structural aluminum alloys. In this FSW process a non consumable tool is used to
generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. Experiments for surface roughness, Rockwell hardness and
tensile tests are carried out and reported in this paper. The base material used for friction stir welding is
aluminum AA 6061 alloy. Surface roughness values decreases with the increase in speed of the tool and also
there exists an optimum speed to have the good surface finish. Hardness increases with decrease in speed of the
tool but increases after reaching a certain value. Tensile strength increases with the increase in speed of the
tool and also there exists an optimum values for particular feed of the tool.
Friction-stir welding is an advanced solid-state joining process (the metal is not melted) which involves the use of a third body tool to join two facing surfaces. Heat is generated between the tool and material which leads to a very soft region near the FSW tool. It then mechanically intermixes the two pieces of metal at the place of the joint, then the softened metal (due to the elevated temperature) can be joined using mechanical pressure (which is applied by the tool), much like joining clay, or dough. It is primarily used on aluminium, and most often on extruded aluminium (non-heat treatable alloys), and on structures which need superior weld strength without a post weld heat treatment.
It was invented and experimentally proven at The Welding Institute UK in December 1991.
A STUDY ON FRICTION STIR WELDING OF VARIOUS ALUMINIUM ALLOYSIJARIIT
The comprehensive body of knowledge that has built up with respect to the friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminum alloys since the technique was invented in 1991 is reviewed on this paper. The basic principles of FSW are described, including metal flow and thermal history, before discussing how process parameters affect the weld microstructure and the likelihood of defects. Finally, the range of mechanical properties that can be achieved is discussed. It is demonstrated that FSW of aluminum is becoming an increasingly mature technology with numerous commercial applications. Keywords - Friction stir welding, metal flow, process parameters, mechanical properties
FRICTION STIR WELDING is a very latest tchnology of welding process .Its a green method of solid state joining, and also a defect free method .
To know more about this you can also watch this animation https://youtu.be/kEEST5cgOao
Experimental Investigation of Friction Stir Welding Of Aluminum Aa6061 Alloy ...iosrjce
The combination of wrought aluminum-magnesium-silicon alloy confirming to aluminum AA6061
alloy widely accepted because of light weight fabrication structures, high strength to weight ratio and good
corrosion resistance. Friction Stir Welding(FSW) process is an emerging solid state joining process in which
the material that is being welded does not melt and recast when compared to fusion welding process that are
routinely used for joining structural aluminum alloys. In this FSW process a non consumable tool is used to
generate frictional heat in the abutting surfaces. Experiments for surface roughness, Rockwell hardness and
tensile tests are carried out and reported in this paper. The base material used for friction stir welding is
aluminum AA 6061 alloy. Surface roughness values decreases with the increase in speed of the tool and also
there exists an optimum speed to have the good surface finish. Hardness increases with decrease in speed of the
tool but increases after reaching a certain value. Tensile strength increases with the increase in speed of the
tool and also there exists an optimum values for particular feed of the tool.
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
This welding is a novel process used to join metallic alloys. Friction stir welding is in vogue in aerospace, automotive and other industrial establishments for connecting alloys like aluminum, magnesium and copper. Rotational speed, welding speed and the angle of attack are important in the process of FSW. They analyze the weld quality. FSW produces stronger weld joint then the original material in selected parameters. FSW is a solid-state process, where metal is not melted uses a cylindrical shouldered tool with a profiled pin rotated and gradually plunged into the weld joint between two metal parts of plate or sheet that are to be welded together.
Heat Generation Performance of a Homemade Friction Stir Welding Tool Irfan Hilmy
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is getting its popularity because it is considered as an environmentally friendly manufacturing. Homemade FSW tool to be attached to a conventional milling machine was designed and fabricated. Experimental investigation of FSW process of the Aluminum alloy work piece to observe its heat generation was performed. Since heat generation is the main objective in a FSW process, the importance of identification of heat generation performance in a welded specimen is paramount. Heat generation of a welded specimen during FSW was measured using infra red thermal camera. The limitation of the measurement is it only captured the heat generation at surrounding area and surface of the welded specimen. Therefore, the heat generation inside contact area could not be identified. To overcome this problem, a finiteelement model of the FSW process was developed. A model consists of a solid model of half the welded specimen since the symmetrical behavior of the geometry and boundary condition was assumed. Heat transfer analysis of a solid body model of a work piece was computed. It was observed that FSW parameters which involved dominantly in the heat generation were spindle speed, feeding rate and normal force. The heat generation model of FSW process was validated with the one from the experimental investigation. Good agreement between the numerical and the experimental investigation result has been made.
Friction Stir Welding along the circumference of Al pipesSubed Satyal
In this project, two similar Al 6063 Alloy pipes are welded along the circumference by using high speed steel tool with Taper and Cylindrical Tool profiles. The tool is attached at the jig of the vertical milling machine. The pipes are rotated by the help of the motor.
After changing certain welding parameters like tool pin profile, plunge depth, rpm of the tool, pin length and shoulder diameter, it is found that a good quality weld is achieved at 700 RPM, 14 mm shoulder diameter with taper tool pin profile.
For the prevention of the Exit hole defect, sacrificial material can be used which is held by a fixture mounted near the circumference of the pipe. After the weld is completed, it can be safely removed by a suitable cutting operation.
Fsw optimization for dissimilar aluminium alloys (Presentation)Dr. Bikram Jit Singh
The basic principle of FSW involves simultaneous application of pressure and relative motion, generally in a rotational mode, between the components to be joined. From the available literature, it has been observed that the effect of welding parameters on desired characteristics was determined by taking into consideration one parameter at a time or by using conventional methods like, One Factor at a Time (OFAT) technique. So without ignoring the limitations of earlier researches, the main focus in this study has been kept on welding of dissimilar alloys (specifically AA6061 and AA5086) by using Design of Experiments (DoE) which is quite rarely used Multi-Factor at a Time (MFAT) technique. Therefore, the ultimate objective of the work is to optimize critical to process parameters (CPPs) of FSW process for achieving mechanical characteristics within ranges. This book contains quite rare information as far as FSW is concerned.
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF ALUMINIUM ALLOYS - A REVIEWIAEME Publication
This welding is a novel process used to join metallic alloys. Friction stir welding is in vogue in aerospace, automotive and other industrial establishments for connecting alloys like aluminum, magnesium and copper. Rotational speed, welding speed and the angle of attack are important in the process of FSW. They analyze the weld quality. FSW produces stronger weld joint then the original material in selected parameters. FSW is a solid-state process, where metal is not melted uses a cylindrical shouldered tool with a profiled pin rotated and gradually plunged into the weld joint between two metal parts of plate or sheet that are to be welded together.
Heat Generation Performance of a Homemade Friction Stir Welding Tool Irfan Hilmy
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is getting its popularity because it is considered as an environmentally friendly manufacturing. Homemade FSW tool to be attached to a conventional milling machine was designed and fabricated. Experimental investigation of FSW process of the Aluminum alloy work piece to observe its heat generation was performed. Since heat generation is the main objective in a FSW process, the importance of identification of heat generation performance in a welded specimen is paramount. Heat generation of a welded specimen during FSW was measured using infra red thermal camera. The limitation of the measurement is it only captured the heat generation at surrounding area and surface of the welded specimen. Therefore, the heat generation inside contact area could not be identified. To overcome this problem, a finiteelement model of the FSW process was developed. A model consists of a solid model of half the welded specimen since the symmetrical behavior of the geometry and boundary condition was assumed. Heat transfer analysis of a solid body model of a work piece was computed. It was observed that FSW parameters which involved dominantly in the heat generation were spindle speed, feeding rate and normal force. The heat generation model of FSW process was validated with the one from the experimental investigation. Good agreement between the numerical and the experimental investigation result has been made.
Friction Stir Welding along the circumference of Al pipesSubed Satyal
In this project, two similar Al 6063 Alloy pipes are welded along the circumference by using high speed steel tool with Taper and Cylindrical Tool profiles. The tool is attached at the jig of the vertical milling machine. The pipes are rotated by the help of the motor.
After changing certain welding parameters like tool pin profile, plunge depth, rpm of the tool, pin length and shoulder diameter, it is found that a good quality weld is achieved at 700 RPM, 14 mm shoulder diameter with taper tool pin profile.
For the prevention of the Exit hole defect, sacrificial material can be used which is held by a fixture mounted near the circumference of the pipe. After the weld is completed, it can be safely removed by a suitable cutting operation.
Fsw optimization for dissimilar aluminium alloys (Presentation)Dr. Bikram Jit Singh
The basic principle of FSW involves simultaneous application of pressure and relative motion, generally in a rotational mode, between the components to be joined. From the available literature, it has been observed that the effect of welding parameters on desired characteristics was determined by taking into consideration one parameter at a time or by using conventional methods like, One Factor at a Time (OFAT) technique. So without ignoring the limitations of earlier researches, the main focus in this study has been kept on welding of dissimilar alloys (specifically AA6061 and AA5086) by using Design of Experiments (DoE) which is quite rarely used Multi-Factor at a Time (MFAT) technique. Therefore, the ultimate objective of the work is to optimize critical to process parameters (CPPs) of FSW process for achieving mechanical characteristics within ranges. This book contains quite rare information as far as FSW is concerned.
Friction stir welding of aluminium 5086 alloyseSAT Journals
Abstract Friction Stir welding (FSW) is a solid state attachment method used for welding of metals of same and different metals. This process of friction stir welding (FSW) is widely using for the reason it can produces sound welds and doesn't have common issues like solidification and liquefaction cracking connected to the fusion techniques. The Friction stir welding of Al 5086 alloys had been commercialized and up to date interest is targeted on change of integrity with different metals. Thus on commercialize this method, analysis studies are required to characterize. particularly, FSW has impressed researchers to aim modification of integrity different metals like aluminum 5086 that differ in properties and sound welds with none or restricted inter metallic bonding of components has been done. In this paper we have to make a research on the current analysis state of FSW between aluminum 5086 with attention on the resulting welding and tensile strength, microstructure, elongation and the tools are used to produce the welds and also an insight into future analysis during this process of study the project of friction welding. By this process in our project we got an idea of going to maintain the rotational speed (rpm) 450 to 1400 and also by changing welding rpm (speed). This friction stir welding is used in nasa for joining of two totally different or same types of materials. Keywords: Friction stir welding, Tool, Welding parameters, and Mechanical properties etc…
Simulation of chained processes: Laser Cladding, Heat Treatment and MachiningGeonx
The present lecture aims to:
1. Apply the welding simulation methodology to additive layer manufacturing simulation
2. Demonstrate the feasibility and pertinence of manufacturing chaining simulation using Virfac.
3. Perform sensitivity studies on the operating conditions and check the influence on quality criteria in terms of residual distortions.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE WELD STRENGTH IN FRICTION STIR WELDING (FSW) OF ...IAEME Publication
This research deals with the determination of the weld strength of the aluminum alloy of different grades in friction stir welding (FSW). The different grades of the plates are welded by the
different tool geometry namely as cylindrical tool and the tapered threaded tool. During the welding the rotational speed of tool and feed rate of the tool are kept constant. Testing of the specimens is carried out by ASME –SEC-IX and the weld strengths are compared.As a result it is found that the
threaded tool geometry gives the better weld strength and also the surface finish.
The Bible is the most copied, translated, and studied book ever written. It was composed by more than 40 authors from a variety of backgrounds and is used in many religions. But how many people have actually read it? Bible stories are often referenced or portrayed in the media today but it may be worth looking at the origins or those stories. In this talk we will examine the structure and layout of the Bible and give an overview of the history it provides. We'll also look over some of the more interesting stories that it tells.
From the Un-Distinguished Lecture Series (http://ws.cs.ubc.ca/~udls/). The talk was given Jun. 1, 2007.
Advanced (Fusion & Friction) Welding Simulation with Morfeo by SnecmaGeonX S.A.
Lecture given by F. Pichot and F. Corpace about the Advanced Welding Simulation with Morfeo from GeonX during the SNS2014 workshop in Paris, 27 March 2014.
FRICTION STIR WELDING OF AA6063- EXPERIMENTATION AND TESTINGijiert bestjournal
Generally,for joining process for soft materials s uch as aluminum alloys and also for hard materials like steels friction stir welding is usedas it avoids ma ny of the common problems obtained in fusion weldin g. Also if we gone through joining of aluminum alloys could be usually faced problems in many cases available in various fields like automotive,aerosp ace,ship building industries,electronics etc. whe re fusion welding is not possible due to large differe nce in physical and chemical properties of the components to be joined. Mainly the problems occurr ed in the welding processes like porosity formation,solidification cracking,and chemical reaction may arise during fusion welding of dissimilar materials . Even if good welded joints may be obtained in some limited cases with special attentions to the joint design and preparation,process parameters and fill er metals. For avoiding the drawbacks of fusion welding friction stir welding (FSW) seems to be a v ery reliable technique as it permits welding of aluminum alloys.To avoid the majorly obtained healt h defects observed during traditional welding methods or fusion welding it can be used. The produ ctions of ultraviolet rays and the gases produced i n the process which are harmful to human beings are minim ized to large extent. The parts produces in FSW of aluminum alloys have been becoming increasingly sig nificant in industrial applications because of thei r technical and economicbenefits.
Experimental Analysis to Optimize parameters of Friction Stir Welding of Alum...IJSRD
This paper is a review of research work in the last decade on friction stir welding. In many industrial applications steel is readily replaced by non-ferrous alloys like aluminum alloys. Aluminum alloys having good mechanical properties as equated structural steel and low weight that allows a significant reduction in weight. But the welding of aluminum alloys by regular processes can causes serious problems. The difficulties are like loss of alloying elements and presence of separation and porosities in the weld joint. Friction stir welding (FSW) is a solid state welding process, which removes all these problems of solidification related with the conventional fusion welding processes. In this research work an attempt has been made to develop an the relationship between FSW variables (tool rotation and tilt angle) and tensile strength and yield strength of number of pass friction stir welded aluminium alloy AA 6082 butt joints. Taguchi method is used for analysing the problem in which several independent variables influence the response. A three-parameter -three-level central composite design was used to determine the optimal factors of friction stir welding process for aluminium alloy.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
esearch Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
friction stir welding is a joining process that has exhibited many advantages over traditional welding process including greatly reducing distortion and eliminating solidification. In this process welding using fiction as the major resource, due to the frictional heating & Mechanical deformation
EFFECT OF FORGE FORCE ON MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF DISSIMILAR METAL FRICTION W...IAEME Publication
Several structural applications demand use of steels like low carbon steels and stainless steels because their sound weldability and ductility. Fusion welding of these steels especially in dissimilar metal combination attracts many problems such as cracking, porosity, low ductility etc. To overcome these problems, solid-state welding processes such as friction welding has to be employed as it can provide a solution to the recurrent problems arising in fusion welding. An attempt is made in this work to study the effect of forge force on mechanical properties such as tensile strength and impact toughness of the similar and dissimilar metal friction welds of stainless steel and low carbon steel. It is observed that tensile strength of dissimilar metal welds increased with increase in the forge force while the impact toughness decreased with increase in the forge force.
Study of Pitting Corrosion Behavior of FSW weldments of AA6101- T6 Aluminium ...IJERA Editor
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is a promising solid state joining process widely used generally for Al alloys,
especially in aerospace, marine and automobile applications. In present work, the microstructure and corrosion
behavior of friction stir welded AA6101 T6 Al alloy is studied. The friction stir welding was carried using
vertical milling machine with different tool rotational speeds and welding speeds. The microstructure at weld
nugget or stir zone (SN), thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), heat affected zone (HAZ) and base metal
were observed using optical microscopy. The corrosion tests of base alloy and welded joints were carried out in
3.5% NaCl solution at temperature of 30º C. Corrosion rate and emf were determined using cyclic polarization
measurement.
Modelling and Simulation of Composition and Mechanical Properties of High Ent...msejjournal
Magnesium alloys are high potential materials for application in the aerospace and automotive industries
due to their lightweight properties. They can help to lower dead weight and fuel consumption to contribute
to sustainability and efficiency. It is possible to achieve high specific strength and high stiffness of the
alloys by varying compositions of alloying elements. Applications of magnesium are limited due to its low
strength and relatively low stiffness. This research focuses on a recipe of multi component alloys of
magnesium with varied percentages of Mg, Al, Cu, Mn and Zn obtained from literature and optimizes the
percentage compositions to obtain for high specific strength and specific stiffness. Relationships among
percentage constituents of the alloy components are examined in Matlab R2022b using multiple linear
regression. Optimization is achieved using genetic algorithm to determine the specific strengths and
stiffness. The resulting optimal alloy component percentages by weight are used for microstructure
simulation of thermodynamic properties, diffusion and phase transformations of proposed alloy is done in
MatCalc software version 6.04. Results show potential for improved mechanical properties resulting from
disordered structure in the high entropy magnesium alloy. Future research should focus on production and
characterization of the proposed alloy.
Thermal and Metrological Studies on YTTRIA Stabilized Zirconia Thermal Barrie...msejjournal
Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs), routinely prepared from Ceramic based compositions (typically
8%Y2O3-ZrO2or 8YSZ) are being engineered to protect the metallic components from degradation in
applications like gas turbines, jet and automotive engines. With a goal of finding improved TBC materials
a wide variety of ceramics are being researched worldwide. Before physically preparing the TBCs of
uncommon compositions in the laboratory, their suitability to perform can be predicted. Limited
accessibility to detailed and realistic information on the influence of newer compositions (other than 8YSZ)
on TBCs warrants methods to obtain this information.
In this paper, 8YSZ TBCs coated onto aluminium substratesare studied for thermal fatigue, thermal barrier
and materials characteristics to determine the reliability of the coating configuration to withstand the
harshness of test conditions under the framework of experiments. Thereafter, the results have been used to
corroboratethe developed simulation model. Results obtained via thermal tests confirm the suitability of the
model and we can predict the thermal barrier effects of TBCs when prepared from materials other than
YSZ.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
New Experiment System for the Interaction Between Soft Rock and Water : A Cas...msejjournal
The strength of rock strongly depends on the water content especially when the rocks contain clay
materials. The interaction between soft rock and water always threaten the soft rock engineering projects.
For this problem, new sets of laboratory experiment systems are developed to simulate the interaction
between soft rock and water or vapor. In this paper, the principles of experiment systems are introduced
with particular reference to the application on soft rock in Mogao Grottoes, one of the world famous
ancient sites in China. Two kinds of rock samples, the sandstone and muddy sandstone, are obtained by insitu sampling system. Then the laboratory experiments are performed under different environment
conditions. By the specific boundary conditions design, the physical-chemical effect and mechanic effect on
water absorption of rock samples are separated for further mechanism study by the experiment system, and
the different hydrological actions of water and vapor under variable experiment environment are obtained.
The interaction mechanism is discussed with assistant methods, such as SEM (Scanning Electron
Microscope), mercury injection test, X-ray diffraction analysis and etc. With the relation between water
content and soft rock strength, the study may provide guidance and basis for the soft rock engineering in
the future.
International Conference on Embedded Systems and VLSI (EMVL 2023)msejjournal
International Conference on Embedded Systems and VLSI (EMVL 2023) will provide an excellent International forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of Embedded Systems.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
Modeling, Analyzing and Safety Aspects of Torsion and Noise Effects on Round ...msejjournal
Each material has its own effect and behavior on external impacts like heat, force, tension, compression,
torsion etc. It is important to study and analyze these behaviors before selecting a material for an
engineering application in the design aspects itself. If predicted values analyzed by both mathematical and
software are available it is easy to get the reliable details in the pre design itself. By this one can ensure the
safety of the component and the system also. In this investigation, the effects of torsional loads on mild steel
round shafts with various diameters and lengths have been analyzed. The additional effects like angle of
rotation, rpm and duration also considered to find the optimum predicted value. The data observed by
various experiments are analyzed by design of experiments especially by response surface methodology.
Minitab software is used for canalization. The data are tabulated and kept for future reference. Noise effect
due to the gradual torsional load performed in the gear box and other rotating components is also studied
for healthy working environment. The nature and characteristics of material also be explained by this noise
analysis.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
On Decreasing of Dimensions of Field-Effect Transistors with Several Sourcesmsejjournal
We analyzed mass and heat transport during manufacturing field-effect heterotransistors with several
sources to decrease their dimensions. Framework the result of manufacturing it is necessary to manufacture
heterostructure with specific configuration. After that it is necessary to dope required areas of the heterostructure by diffusion or ion implantation to manufacture the required type of conductivity (p or n). After
the doping it is necessary to do optimize annealing. We introduce an analytical approach to prognosis mass
and heat transport during technological processes. Using the approach leads to take into account nonlinearity of mass and heat transport and variation in space and time (at one time) physical parameters of these
processes
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Using Advanced Inspection Method (Three-Dimensional Ultrasonic) in Recognitio...msejjournal
In this study, using Harfang Code 32 device, the slag catcher pipelines in one of the South Pars phases
were tested. In radiography method of these lines, no clear defect was observed in radiographic films due
to the high thickness of 40 mm. However, marvelous results were obtained using advanced ultrasonic.
Review and analysis of the results will result in high potential of three-dimensional ultrasonic method in
identifying defects in pipelines with high thicknesses and preventing financial and life-threatening risks
during the use of these refineries in the future.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
RESULTS OF FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS FOR INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE REINFORCED THERM...msejjournal
The double cantilever beam (DCB) is widely used for fracture toughness testing and it has become popular
for opening-mode (mode I) delamination testing of laminated composites. Delamination is a crack that
forms between the adjacent plies of a composite laminate at the brittle polymer resin. This study was
conducted to emphasize the need for a better understanding of the DCB specimen of different fabric
reinforced systems (carbon fibers) with a thermoplastic matrix (EP, PEI), by using the extended finite
element method (X-FEM). It is well known that in fabric reinforced composites fracture mechanisms
include microcracking in front of the crack tip, fiber bridging and multiple cracking, and both contribute
considerably to the high interlaminar fracture toughness measured. That means, the interlaminar fracture
toughness of a composite is not controlled by a single material parameter, but is a result of a complex
interaction of resin, fiber and interface properties.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Flammability Characteristics of Chemical Treated Woven Hemp Fabricmsejjournal
Woven hemp fabric was treated with sodium hydroxide, commercial flame retardant chemical, and
combination of both to increase its fire-retardant properties. Treatments of fire-retardant changed the
properties of woven hemp fabric such as increased its fabric shrinkage and density of fibres which ranges
from 0.67 to 5% and 1.43 to 1.53 g/cm3
respectively. After the treatment, the fire retardancy of the fabric
increased tremendously which was observed by the burning, thermogravimetry and limiting oxygen index
tests. Some of the samples were not burnt when exposed to flame source and the burning rate needed to be
measured under exaggeration of flame at longer time. The limiting oxygen index value increased from 18.6
to 51 after the treatments which explained the scenario happened in the burning tests. Nevertheless, its
mechanical properties decreased slightly that ranges from 18 to 32% and 23 to 39% for warp and weft
respectively compared to untreated fibre.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ)msejjournal
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ) is a quarterly open access peer-reviewed journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of the Materials Science and Engineering. The journal is devoted to the publication of high quality papers on theoretical and practical aspects of Materials Science and Engineering.
The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on Materials Science and Engineering advancements, and establishing new collaborations in these areas. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews are invited for publication in all areas of Materials Science and Engineering.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Friction Stir Welding of Magnesium Alloys - A Review
1. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
DOI : 10.5121/msej.2015.2402 7
FRICTION STIR WELDING of MAGNESIUM ALLOYS -
A REVIEW
Unnikrishnan M A1Edwin Raja Dhas2
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Noorul Islam University,Thuckalay, 629180,
Tamil Nadu
2
Department of Automobile Engineering, Noorul Islam University, Thuckalay, 629180,
Tamil Nadu
ABSTRACT:
The selection of proper material for each application is a critical part in every manufacturing industry.
In the field of aerospace and automobile the major requirement is light weight yet strong material which
can possess every aspect of design parameters. Magnesium alloy one of the major raw material used in
these industries due to its light weight, good thermal conductivity etc. Also Friction stir welding is the
joining process that is being used in these industries as it is a solid state joining process. This paper
gives a detailed review about Friction Stir welding of Mg alloys. The review period is considered from
2009 to 2015.A detailed review about Friction stir welding of Mg alloys has not been done before in this
manner. This review work may be a ready reference for subsequent researchers.
KEYWORDS:
Friction stir welding, Magnesium alloy
1.INTRODUCTION
The modern technologies are gaining more and more importance in almost every field and
Manufacturing industry not an exception. .Welding has been a constant part of every
manufacturing industry in which Automobile industry is the major partner. More and more
research has been going on related to welding techniques [1]. Friction stir welding is one of the
latest welding techniques that have found a major part in automotive sector. Friction stir welding
is a solid state joining technique invented and developed by The Welding Institute (TWI), UK.
Firstly Friction stir welding was used for welding Aluminium alloys. Later had found application
in welding Magnesium, Copper alloys etc. Some materials such as Aluminium 7xxx series, 2xxx
series which were considered un weld able are now possible with Friction stirwelding.
In FSW a cylindrical shouldered tool with a profiled pin is rotated and plunged into the joint area
between two plates. For proper welding the plates must be clamped during the process.[1]
Friction Stir welding is a solid state joining process and the heat generated during the rotation of
the tool will cause the materials to get joined without reaching melting point. The plasticized
material is transferred to the trailing edge of the tool pin, is forged with the tool shoulder and pin.
2. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
8
2. MAGNESIUM ALLOY
Magnesium alloys are promising alternatives for Aluminium , steel etc. due to its outstanding
properties. The stiffness to weight ratio, low density, high damping capacity etc is some of
them. These properties had enabled them to become a major part of automotive industry. A
reduction of 20- 70% of total weight of the components can be achieved. Mg alloys are having
a hexagonal lattice structure and therefore during plastic deformation there are some
complications when compared to Cu etc.[2] Mechanical properties of Mg alloys are improved by
adding rare earth elements. Mg alloys are characterized with low melting point, large thermal
expansion and therefore welding of Mg alloys using conventional methods will lead to cracks,
pores etc. Commercial Mg alloys contain Al (3-13wt%) Mn (0.1-0.4wt %), Zn (0.5-3wt %) and
some are hardeneble by heat treatment. Mg alloys are often designated by 2 numbers. Letters
denote the main alloying elements and numbers represents nominal composition of alloying
elements. Addition of zinc and calcium alloys will increase the chance of occurring
solidification cracking. Addition of zinc upto 2% is normal but further increase will cause poor
weld ability.
3. FRICTION STIRWELDING
Friction Stir Welding (FSW) is an innovative solid state welding technique which was first
invented by The Welding Institute (TWI), UK in 1991.This technique was developed aiming
Aluminium alloys but later it had found profound application in welding of Mg alloys, Cu alloys
etc.[3] These alloys once considered unweldable are now possible by FSW.This method utilizes a
non-consumable rotating tool to produce frictional heat and thus producing plastic
deformation at the location of welding. FSW process consists of a rotating tool with a shoulder
and probe arrangement. The heat is developed due to friction between the work piece surface and
the tool[3]. The heat thus produced is used to soften the work piece before reaching its melting
point.
The heat generated during the process is about 80-90% of the melting temperature. With FSW
traditional components current and voltage are not present as the heat input is purely mechanical
replaced by force, friction etc. The quality of an FSW joint is always better than other fusion
welding processes. In this process the FSW material consists of four distinct microstructural zones
namely Nugget zone (NZ),Thermo mechanically affected zone(TMAZ),Heat affected zone (HAZ)
and Base material (BM).The process parameters chosen during FSW process has great
influence on these zones.[4]
3.1 Welding Parameters
The welding parameters are key players during every welding technique and FSW is no
exception. Proper selection of welding parameters influences the final weld quality and resulting
microstructure. In FSW the parameters chosen are tool rotational speed, welding speed, tilting
angle, pin profiles, axial down force (Z-axis) etc. The down force will ensure the generation of
frictional heat to soften the material. An increase in the tool rotational speed and decrease in
tool travel speed will cause a hotter weld. For a good quality weld the welding temperature must
be sufficient and it should not be too less or too high. Some other influencing parameters are the
work material dimension, chemical Composition etc. The tool rotational time is another
3. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
9
important factor though look less important it plays a major part in the weld microstructure.
The more the welding tool is rotated and moved the more will the microstructural change will
take place. The grain arrangement will change abruptly with increasing rotations. Proper fixtures
are needed for work material arrangement otherwise during tool rotation there are chances for
misalignment. Majority of studies are concentrated on tool rotational speed, welding speed , tool
pin profile and axial force.
3.2Welding tool
Welding tool design is critical in FSW processes Optimizing tool geometry will produce more heat
there by breaking the oxide layer, higher welding speeds etc. Tool material should possess high
hardness at elevated temperatures and should maintain that hardness till the end of the process.
Weld quality and tool wear are two important considerations in the selection of tool material, the
properties of which may affect the weld quality by influencing heat generation and dissipation.
The weld microstructure may also be affected as a result of interaction with eroded tool
material.H13 tool steel is usually used for FSW .The shape of the pin design depends on the
material thickness, ability to break the oxide layer formation, heat generation etc. A non-
profiled tool is capable of producing enough heat. The various types of pin profiles used are
cylindrical, cylindrical threaded pin, conical etc. The shape of pin profile greatly influences the
final weld microstructure, grain refinement etc. FSW has several advantages over conventional
welding techniques. Bending and tensile tests can be done rigidly and from the economical point
of view FSW has many cost reducing benefits such as low energy consumption, no welding
consumables etc.
This review mainly focuses on FSW of Mg alloys. Such a review in this area has not been done in
this manner yet. Effort has been done to identify the FSW process parameters on Mg alloys and
its resultant details. The period of review was from 2009-2015.The influence of various process
parameters on final weld quality, microstructure analysis, Optimization techniques used etc are
focused on the paper. Thorough literature review has been done to point out every single detail
in FSW of Mg alloys. This paper will be helpful for forthcoming researchers.
4. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
10
5. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
11
6. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
12
7. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
13
8. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
14
The review of Friction stir welding of Mg alloys is in between 2009 and 2015.early researches
were concentrated on the effect of selected process parameters on final weld quality and on
mechanical properties.G.Padmanabhan and V.Balasubramanian [14] in 2009 done experimental
investigations on fourteen joints using different levels of Tool rotational speed, welding speed
etc. A tool rotational speed of 1600 rpm, welding speed of 0.67mm/sec and an axial force of 3KN
yielded superior joints. The tensile properties of the welded joints were also been found out and
optimum values were obtained. Formation of finer grains, optimum level of heat generation and
higher hardness were the main reasons for increased tensile strength.K.L.Harikrishna et.al.[13] in
2010 concentrated on Friction stir welding of ZM 21 Mg alloy which is having a nominal
composition of Mg-2-Zn-1Mn(in wt. %).Proper selection of process parameters obtained a defect
free good grain structured welds. Bend performance of the welds was satisfactory. The work
reveals that friction stir welding is possible for joining ZM21 Mg alloys for thickness up to
25mm.
A.Razal Rose et .al.[12] work in 2011 is focusing on the influences of welding speed on tensile
properties of Friction stir welded AZ61A Mg alloy.( in wt. %, Al -5.9,Mn-0.17,Zn-1.28,bal
Mg)Welding speed has been found to have great influence on Grain size of stir zone, hardness etc.
Among the selected values a tool rotational speed of 1200 rpm, axial force of 5KN exhibited
maximum tensile strength.S.H.Chowdhury et.al.[11] in 2012 analyzed the influence of process
parameters during friction stir welding of AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy(wt.% Al 2.5-3.5,Zn 0.7-1.3,Mn
0.2-1.0 bal Mg) Tool having a pin length of 1.65mm and pin diameter of 3.175mm is used.
Lowest hardness was obtained at the center of Stir zone .The welding speed and rotational rate had
stronger influence on yield strength .A welding speed of 20mm/s , rotational rat of 1000 rpm
produced higher yield strength welds.S.Rajakumar et.al [10] in 2013 showed a relationship
between process parameters and tensile strength. Response surface methodology was used for
the formation of empirical relationship.AZ61A Mg alloy was used for experimentation (in wt.
% Al 5.96,Zn 1.28,Mn 0.17,bal Mg).Tool rotational speed, traverse speed, stirrer geometry were
considered. Optimization was done with the help of Response surface methodology. A tool
rotational speed of 1194rpm, welding speed of 92.19mm/min, axial force of 5.05KN yielded
maximum tensile strength.Inderjeet Singh et.al [9] in 2014 studied the effects of welding
parameters on similar friction stir welded joints of AZ31B-O Mg alloy (in wt. %
Si<0.1,Fe /,0.005,Cu 0.05,Mn 0.2- 0.5,Zn 0.5-1.5,Al 2.5-3.5,Ni 0.05,Co/,0.05,bal Mg).The
mechanical properties and microstructure were investigated. At a high welding pitch of 0.050mm/rev
with a shoulder diameter of 20mm yielded a 91% increase in tensile strength that the base metal.
All joints show an improvement in impact toughness, a maximum harness value of 67.25Hv was
observed at the same weld pitch and shoulder diameter.S.Ugender et.al. [8] in 2014
experimented on AZ31B Mg alloy to find out the influences of welding parameters on
mechanical properties and microstructure( in wt.%, Al 3.0,Mn 2.0,Zn 1.0,Cu 0.05,Ni 0.005,Si 0.1,Fe
0.005 bal Mg).The friction stir welding had been carried out at 900rpm,1120rpm,1400rpm and
1800rpm with tool materials High speed steel and stainless steel. The micro hardness values
obtained had shown an increase at low rotational speeds. A lowering of tensile strength was
obtained at rotational speeds of 1400rpmand 1800 rpm.
Yong Zhao et.al. [7] in 2014 compared the micro hardness values and tensile properties of
NZ20K (Mg-2Nd-0.3Zn-0.4Zr) and AZ31 Mg alloy at room temperature and 200°C.NZ20K had a
9. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
15
chemical composition of (in wt.%) Nd 1.5-2.5, Zn 0.2-0.4, Zr 0.3-0.5,bal Mg and AZ31 having a
chemical composition (in wt.%) Zn 0.5-1.5, Al 2.5-3.5, bal Mg. Tool rotational speed and welding
speed were the selected process parameters with a pin diameter of 6mm,pin length of
4.8mm,shoulder diameter of 18mm of high speed steel material with a tilt angle of 2.5°.A defect
free joint was obtained under 13oorpm and 60mm/min.The ultimate tensile strength showed a
decrease in value at 200°C than at room temperature. The hardness of the joint at Nugget zone
had improved from that at the base metal.B.S.Naik et.al.[6] in 2014 had done a detailed
investigation on texture development during Friction stir lap welding of AZ31B–H24 Mg alloy( in
wt.% Al 2.5-3.5,Zn 0.7-1.3,Mn 0.2-1.0 bal Mg) at varying tool rotational speeds and welding
speeds. H13 tool steel was used with a pin diameter 6.35mm, shoulder diameter of 19.05mm,
pitch of 0.8thread/mm.Tool rotational speed of 1000rpm and 1500rpm, welding speed of 10-
20mm/s were the selected process parameters. Severe grain coarsening was noted in The Stir zone,
Thermo mechanically affected zone and heat affected zone during welding. Microstructural
analysis shown that the stirred zone contained Al8Mn5 and β-Mg17Al12 particles similar to that in
base metal. A hardness trough was obtained in the friction lap welded AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy.
The stir zone exhibits lowest hardness values of 72-82 pct. of base metal. The tool rotational
rate and welding speed had a greater influence on the failure loads of friction stir lap
welds.Sevvel.P, Jaiganesh V [5] in 2014 experimented on the characterization of mechanical
properties and microstructural analysis of AZ31B Mg alloy during friction stir welding and
optimization. During that year majority of works are concentrated on AZ31B Mg alloys.( in
wt.% Al 2.37,Zn 0.72,Mn 0.30,Cu 0.05,Si 0.08,Fe 0.005,N 0.005 bal Mg).A detailed investigation
was carried out to find out the influence of optimized process parameters on resultant joints.HSS
tool with a tapered cylindrical profile was used. Maximum tensile strength was obtained at a tool
rotational speed of 1000rpm, welding speed of 0.5mm/min .The detailed microstructure analysis
revealed that the grain fragmentation was good and obtained uniform orientation.S.Mironov
T.Onuma et.al.[4] in 2015 also concentrated o AZ31 Mg alloy but on varying welding
temperatures.AZ31 Mg alloy is having a hexagonal close packed structure was examined. Tool steel
with a shoulder diameter of 15mm,pin length of 3.7mm,tilt angle of 3°,plunge depth of 3.5mm
was used. A temperature range of 0.57-0.85Tm was used. Due to the HCP structure the
maximum misorientation across grain boundaries could not exceed 30°.The lowering of
temperature from 0.85Tm to 0.64Tm during Friction stir welding had led to an increase in tool
load.
Bhukya srinivasa naik et.al.[3] in 2015 experimented on the tensile properties and residual stresses
on friction stir welded AZ31B-H24 Mg alloy( in wt% Al 2.5-3.5,Zn 0.7-1.3,Mn 0.2-1.0 bal Mg.
Tool rotational speed and welding speed were the selected process parameters with ranges from
1000-1500rpm and 10 & 20mm/s.H13 tool with shoulder diameter 19.05mm,pin diameter of
6.35mm,thread length of 4.45mm,thread spacing of 1.27mm,pitch of 0.8 thread /mm, tilt angle
0.5° was used for experimentation. The results proved that the tool rotational rate and welding
speed had strong effect on tensile shear failure load. When the test temperature was increased the
energy absorbed during tensile sear loading had also increased. The detailed fractographic analysis
indicates that crack initiation was observed from the stress concentration
zone.Jaiganesh.V, P.Sevvel [2] in 2015 experimented on the effects of process parameters on the
microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg alloy. The alloy grade chosen for purpose was
AZ80A Mg alloy( in wt% Al 7.8,Zn 0.7,Mn 0.3,Cu 0.05,Si 0.1,Fe 0.005,Ni 0.005 bal Mg)A
tapered cylindrical pin profiled High speed steel tool was used for friction stir welding with tool
rotational speed, feed rate and constant axial force as the process parameters. A defect free sound
weld was obtained at a tool rotational speed of 100 rpm and feed rate of 1.5mm/minute
10. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
16
microstructural analysis resulted in proper distribution of fine grains in the stir zone. Also high
yield strength and superior mechanical properties were obtained. Prakash kumar sahu,Sukhomay
pal[1] in 2015 used multi response optimization of process parameters during friction stir welding
of AM20 Mg alloy with the help of taguchi grey relational analysis.( in wt.% Al 2.03,Mn
0.43,Zn 0.18,Si 0.04 bal Mg).The process parameters chosen were tool rotational speed,
welding speed, shoulder diameter and plunging depth.H13 tool steel was used having
shoulder diameter of 16-24mm,pin diameter of 6mm ,pin length of 3.5mm.Taguchi’s L18 factorial
design has been used in this work eight weld quality parameters ultimate tensile strength, yield
strength, percentage elongation, compressive stress, bending angle, average hardness at nugget
zone,thermomcehcnical zone and heat affected zone were calculated. A plunge depth of
0.12mm, rotational speed of 1100 rev/min,welding speed of 98mm/min ,shoulder diameter of 24mm
yielded optimum results. From response surface methodology it was found that shoulder diameter
and welding speed were having most influence.Eventhough the review period is short this paper will
be a ready reference for upcoming researchers
4. CONCLUSION
In this work Friction stir welding of various types of Mg alloy grades has been considered. The
influence of each process parameters on final weld quality, microstructural analysis, mechanical
properties etc. have also been considered. Among various grades of Mg alloy AZ31 grade has
been used in major. The process parameters selected were mainly Tool rotational speed,
Welding speed, tool tilt angle etc. Thorough literature review related to Friction stir welding of
Mg alloys has been done from 2009 to 2015.The works of various researchers has been
highlighted throughout the paper. Remarks of various works are also highlighted.
REFERENCES
1. Prakash kumar sahu, Sukhomay pal (2015) Multi response optimization of process parameters in
friction stir welded AM20 Mg alloy by taguchi grey relational analysis, Journal of Mg and alloys
3 36- 46.
2. V.Jaiganseh,P.Sevvel (2015), Effect of process parameters on Microstructural characteristics and
mechanical properties of AZ80A Mg alloy during Friction stir welding, The Indian Institute of
Metals 68:S99-S104.
3. Bhukya Srinivasa Naik et.al.(2015),Residual stresses and tensile properties of Friction stir welded
AZ31B- H24 Mg alloyin lap configuration, The Minerals, Metals and Materials society.
4. S.Mironov et.al.(2015),Microstructure evolution during Friction stir welding of AZ31 Mg
alloy,ActaMaterialia301-312
5. Sevvel P, Jaiganesh V (2014), Characterization of mechanical properties and microstructural
analysis of Friction stir welded AZ31B Mg alloy through optimized process parameters,
Procedia Engineering 97: 741-751.
6. B.S.Naik, D.L.Chen et.al (2014), Texture development in a Friction stir lap welded AZ1B Mg
alloy, The Minerals, Metalsand Materials society.
7. Yong zhao et.al.(2014),Microstructure and mechanical properties of Friction stir welded MG-
2Nd- 0.3Zn- 0.4Zr Mgalloy,ASMinternational JMEPEG 23:4136-4142.
8. S.Ugender, A.Kumar et.al (2014), Microstructure and mechanical properties of AZ31B Mg
alloy by Frictionstir welding, Procedia materialscience 6:1600-1609.
9. Inderjeet Singh, Gurmeet Singh Cheema et al.(2014),An experimental approach to study
the effect of welding parameters on similar friction stir welded joints of AZ31B-O Mg
11. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
17
alloy,Procedia engineering 97:837-846.
10. S.Rajakumar, A.Razalrose (2013),Friction stir welding of AZ61A Mg alloy, Advanced
manufacturing technology68: 277-292.
11. S.H.Chowdhury et al.(2012),Friction stir welded AZ31 Mg alloy, microstructure, texture
and tensile properties, The minerals, metalsand materialssociety.
12. A.Razal rose, K.Manisekar et.al.(2011),Influences of welding speed on tensile properties of
Friction stir welded AZ61A Mgalloy.JMEPEG 21:257-265.
13. K.L.Harikrishna Et.al.(2010),Friction stir welding of Mg alloy ZM21,Transactions of the indian
institute of metalsvol 63.807-811.
14. G.Padmanabhan, V.Balasubramanian (2009) ,An experimental investigation on friction stir
welding of AZ31BMgalloy. Journalofadvanced manufacturingtechnology49:111-121.
15. R.S.Pishevar et.al. (2015) Influences of friction stir welding parameters on microstructural and
mechanical properties of AA5456 (AlMg5) at different lap joint thicknesses.JMEPEG DOI:
10.1007/S11665-015-1683.
16. A.Kouadri-henni et.al.( 2014) Mechanical properties, microstructure and crystallographic texture
of Magnesium AZ91-D alloy welded by friction stir welding. Metallurgical and materials
transactions vol 45A.
17. Sevvel .P et.al. (2014) characterization of mechanical properties and microstructural analysis
of friction stir welded AZ31B Mg alloy through optimized process parameters.procedia
engineering 97:741-751.
18. J.Yang, D.R.Ni et.al.(2013) Strain controlled low cycle fatigue behavior of friction stir
welded AZ31 Magnesiumalloy. Metallurgicalandmaterialstransactionsvol 45A.
19. J.Yang et.al.(2012) Effects of rotation rates on microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture
behavior of friction stir welded AZ31 Magnesium alloy. Metallurgical and materials transactions
vol 44A.
20. Lechoslaw Tuz et.al. (2011) Friction stir welding of AZ-91 and AM lite magnesium
alloys.Welding international ISSN:0950-7116.
21. Kazuhiro Nakata (2009) Friction stir welding of magnesium alloys. Welding international
ISSN: 0950- 7116.
22. B.Ratna sunil et.al.(2015)Joining of AZ31 and AZ91 Mg alloys by friction stir welding. Journal of
magnesiumand alloys.
23. Juan chen et.al.(2015)Double sided friction stir welding of magnesium alloy with concave-
convex tools for texture control. Materials and design, Elsevier publications vol 76.
24. H.M.Rao et.al.(2015)Friction stir spot welding of rare earth containing ZEK 100 magnesium alloy
Materialsand design, Elsevierpublications vol 56.
25. A.Dorbane et.al.(2015)Mechanical. Microstructural and fracture properties of dissimilar welds
produced by friction stir welding of AZ31B and Al6061.material science and engineering: A
Elsevier publications.
26. R.Z.Xu et.al.(2015) Pinless friction stir spot welding of Mg-3Al-1Zn alloy with interlayer journal
of material science and technology elsevier publications.
27. S.Malopheyev et.al.(2015) Friction stir welding of ultra fine grained sheets of Al-Mg-Sc-Zr
alloy ,Materials science and engineering A: vol 624 : 132-139. Elsevier publications.
28. H.M.Rao et.al.(2015) Effect of process parameters on microstructure and mechanical behaviors of
friction stir linear welded Aluminium to Magnesium, Material science and engineering :A vol
651:27- 36.elsevier publications.
29. Banglong Fu et.al.(2015)Friction stir welding process of dissimilar metals of 6061-T6
aluminium alloy to AZ31B Mg alloy.Jurnal of material processing technology vol 218:38-
47,elsevier publications.
30. Mohammadi et.al.(2015) Friction stir welding joint of dissimilar materials between AZ31B
magnesium and 6061 aluminium alloys: microstructure studies and mechanical
charectarizations,material characterization vol 101:189-207,elsevierpublications.
12. Advances in Materials Science and Engineering: An International Journal (MSEJ), Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2015
18
Authors
Unnikrishnan M A received B tech in Mechanical Engineering from PRS College of
Engineering affiliated to Kerala University in 2008 .He received his Masters from CSI
Institute of Technology affiliated to Anna University Chennai in 2013.He is pursuing
PhD in Mechanical Engineering from Noorul Islam University, Thuckalay Tamil nadu
from 2014 onwards. He is working as Assistant professor in PRS College of
Engineering. His areas of interestare Manufacturing,Welding andoptimization.
Edwin Rajadhas.J received his bachelor’s degree from Noorul Islam college of
Engineering in 2000.He obtained his masters from AKCE in 2002.He obtained his PhD
from NIT Trichy in Intelligent Manufacturing in the year 2009.He had a teaching
experience of over 10 years. He had published over 20 papers in various international
journals. He is currently serving as professor and Head of department of Automobile
Engineering. His areas of interest include intelligent manufacturing, optimization
techniques, weldingetc.