This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
छठी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व की आर्थिक दशाएँ .pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
पूर्व-मध्य कालीन अर्थव्यवस्था की विशेषताएँ .pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
गुप्त कालीन अर्थव्यवस्था .pptx, Economy of Gupta PeriodVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the Graduation students to get basic idea and general information’s regarding the topic. Overall content of presentations is not through and complete, also required further additions.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
छठी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व की आर्थिक दशाएँ .pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
पूर्व-मध्य कालीन अर्थव्यवस्था की विशेषताएँ .pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
गुप्त कालीन अर्थव्यवस्था .pptx, Economy of Gupta PeriodVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
वैदिक अर्थव्यवस्था.pptx, प्राचीन भारतीय वैदिक अर्थव्यवस्था.pptxVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the BA students to get basic information on Shaiv Cult. This presentation is incomplete and students advised to get the further and proper information from subjective books and recommended research article.
This Presentation is prepared for the Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes.
समुद्री व्यापार.pptx Maritime Trade in IndiaVirag Sontakke
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This Presentation is prepared for Graduate Students. A presentation consisting of basic information regarding the topic. Students are advised to get more information from recommended books and articles. This presentation is only for students and purely for academic purposes. The pictures/Maps included in the presentation are taken/copied from the internet. The presenter is thankful to them and herewith courtesy is given to all. This presentation is only for academic purposes.
This presentation is prepared for the BA students to get basic and general information on the subject. This presentation is incomplete and students advised to get the further and proper information from subjective and recommended books and research articles.
This presentation is prepared for the BA students to get basic and general information on the subject. This presentation is incomplete and students advised to get the further and proper information from subjective and recommended books and research articles.
Similar to 1 economic conditions during 6th century bc [auto saved] (18)
1 economic conditions during 6th century bc [auto saved]
1. छठी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व की
आर्थवक दशाएँ
Prachi Virag Sontakke
Assistant Professor
Center for Advanced Studies
Department of A.I.H.C. & Archaeology,
Banaras Hindu University
virag@bhu.ac.in
3. प्रस्तार्ना
• ऐततहासककत काल का प्रारंभ
• राजनीततक, धार्मवक तथा आर्थवक
पररर्तवनों का काल
• महाजनपदों का उदय
• नर्ीन धमों का उदय
• द्वर्तीय नगरीकरण
• नगरों क
े उदय का काल
• र्सक्कों का प्रयोग ज्ञात
• व्यापार र्ाणणज्य में र्ृद्र्ध
• लेखन कला
• प्रचुर स्रोत
4. स्रोत
• ब्राह्मण एर्ं उपतनषद ग्रंथ
• पाणणनी की अष्टाध्यायी
• बौद्ध साहहत्य : वर्नयवपटक, सुत्तवपटक,
जातक
• जैन आगम
• वर्देशी यात्ररयों क
े वर्र्रण : स्काइलैक्स
हेरोडोटस
5. छठी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व पररदृश्य : साहहत्त्यक साक्ष्य
• र्भन्न र्भन्न स्थानों प्रांतों तथा प्राकृ ततक वर्भागों का र्णवन
• अनेक जनपदों एर्ं महाजनपदों का उल्लेख
• बौद्ध साहहत्य : नगर एर्ं ग्राम र्ार्सयों की गततवर्र्धयाँ
• जातक : तत्कालीन सामात्जक-आर्थवक दशाओं का प्रततत्रबंब
• व्यापार, वर्नमय एर्ं वर्र्भन्न व्यर्सायों का उल्लेख
6. छठी शताब्दी ईसा पूर्व पररदृश्य :
पुरातात्त्र्क साक्ष्य
• साहहत्य में र्णणवत अहहच्छर, हत्स्तनापुर,
कौशांबी, उज्जैन, श्रार्स्ती, र्ैशाली, आहद
पुरस्थलों का उत्खनन
• उत्खनन से प्राप्त भौततक अर्शेष :
समृद्ध सत्न्नर्ेश
• नगर एर्ं ग्राम दोनों का अत्स्तत्र्
• वर्र्शष्ट मृदभांड परंपरा :
NBPW
• लौह का प्रचुर प्रयोग
• वर्र्शष्ट मृणमूततवयाँ
8. कृ वष
• नगरीकरण हेतु अथवव्यर्स्था का महत्र् पूणव अंग
• महाभारत + रामायण : कृ वष एर्ं पशुपालन आय क
े प्रमुख स्रोत
• कृ वष अथवव्यर्स्था का मुख्य आधार
• नर्ीन क्षेर में कृ वष का प्रसार
• बहुतायत मे उत्पाद
• लौह का प्रयोग
• उत्खनन से कृ वष हेतु लौह उपकरण प्राप्त
• लौह उपकरण : हल, हर्सयाँ, क
ु दाल
• पाणणनी : सालाना दो फसल उगाने का उल्लेख
• फसल : मुख्यतः चार्ल, गेंहू , जौ, बाजरा
9. पशुपालन
• सुत्ततनपात : पशुर्ध का तनषेध क्यूँकक र्े लाभ क
े स्रोत
• कृ वष हेतु मर्ेर्शयों की सुरक्षा पर बल
• पुरास्थलों से बड़ी संख्या में पशु हड्डडयाँ प्राप्त-मर्ेशी,
भेड़,बकरी,घोड़ा,सुअर, मछली इत्याहद
• जली –कटी हड्डडयाँ : पशु भक्षण क
े प्रमाण
• मालर्ाहक क
े रूप मे प्रयुक्त
10. व्यापार
• व्यर्सायों क
े कई स्तर : बड़े व्यापारी, छोटे व्यापारी
• दुकानदार, फ
े री र्ाले, माल संग्रहक, थोक व्यापारी
• व्यर्साय : माला तनमावण, हाथीदांत र्शल्प, बढ़ई, लुहार, क
ुं भकार,धातु र्शल्पकार,
नतवक, गायक, नाई, र्शकारी (धनुधवर), मनका तनमावण, र्स्र तनमावण, इर तनमावण,
गृह तनमावण, ईंट तनमावण, धनुष तनमावण, सुरा तनमावण, चूड़ी तनमावण इत्याहद
• व्यर्साय उत्तरार्धकार में प्राप्त
• र्सफ
व पाररर्ार क
े सदस्य को ही पररर्ाररक व्यर्साय करने की अनुमतत
• इसी वर्धान व्यर्स्था से श्रेणणयों का उदय
• श्रेणी = व्यापाररक संगठन जो व्यापाररयों की हहतों की रक्षा एर्ं व्यापाररक तनयमों
की स्थापना हेतु बनाया गया
• राजा भी श्रेणी क
े तनयमों से बद्ध
• श्रेणणयों से व्यापाररक गततवर्र्धयों को प्रश्रय हदया
11. व्यापारी
• समाज का एक प्रभार्शाली र्गव
• नगरों का उदय एर्ं वर्कास सेत्थीयों से उदय से सम्बद्ध
• वर्र्भन्न प्रकार क
े व्यापारी : अपतनक (दुकानदार), क्रय-वर्क्रतयक
(थोक) , सेटहठ (रुपये लेने देने र्ाले).
• बौद्ध साहहत्य : ‘सेत्थी’ = र्ह त्जसक
े पास श्रेष्ठ है = व्यापारी
• जातक : सेत्थी’ क
े पास पयावप्त अथव = सामात्जक प्रततष्ठा एर्ं
शत्क्त
• ब्राह्मण ग्रंथ : सेत्थी एर्ं र्ैश्य = हीन
• सेत्थीयों द्र्ारा बौद्ध धमव को प्रश्रय
13. ग्रामीण अथवव्यर्स्था
• पार्ल साहहत्य : 3 प्रकार क
े ग्राम
1. सामान्य प्रकार : र्भन्न जातत समूह द्र्ारा आर्ार्सत
2. अधव ग्राम : र्शल्पकायव से जुड़े ग्राम जो माल की आपूततव अन्य बाजारों तक
करते थे
3. सीमांत ग्राम = र्शकारी र्चडड़याँ पालने र्ालों की बस्ती
• ग्रामीण अथवव्यर्स्था का वर्कास : नए ग्रामों की स्थापना एर्ं पुराने ग्रामों का
पुनर् उद्धार
• राजकीय संरक्षण एर्ं राजस्र् : मर्ेशी, बीज, र्सचाई हेतु
• वर्शेष त्स्तर्थयों में कर में छ
ू ट अथर्ा मुत्क्त का प्रार्धान
• सेर्ातनर्ृत्त अर्धकाररयों को ग्रामीण क्षेरों मे भूर्म दान
• कृ वष प्रमुख व्यर्साय, अन्य व्यर्साय –पशुपालन, जंगल से प्राप्त र्स्तुओं की
त्रबक्री, मृदभांड तनमावण, अन्य र्शल्प
• बहुतायत का उपभोग अन्य ग्रामों एर्ं नगरीय बाजारों में
14.
15. नगरीय अथवव्यर्स्था
• जीर्नयापन अथवव्यर्स्था क
े स्थान पर व्यापार/बाजार प्रधान अथवव्यर्स्था
• व्यापारी एर्ं र्शल्पकारों की अर्धकता
• नगर तनमावण/वर्कास पर अथवव्यर्स्था का बल
• सुरक्षा प्राचीर से तघरे नगर
• आंतररक एर्ं बाह्य व्यापार
• र्शल्प वर्र्शष्टता
• नर्ीन र्गव : धोबी, सफाई कमी, र्भखारी
• आदान प्रदान हेतु क
ें द्र : बाजार
• आर्थवक संपन्नता से प्रततष्ठा : राजनीततक-सामात्जक संगठनों में व्यापाररयों एर्ं
र्शत्ल्पयों भागीदारी
• र्शक्षक्षत समाज
16.
17.
18.
19.
20. व्यापाररक मागव
• आंतररक एर्ं बाहरी व्यापाररक मागव
• जल एर्ं थल मागव
• जातक : लंबी दूरी तय करते व्यापारी
• व्यापाररक मागों की कहठनाइयाँ एर्ं खतरें
• लंबही दूरी र्ाला व्यापार नगरों में क
ें हद्रत एर्ं वर्तररत
• बमाव, श्री लंका तक व्यापार
• पूर्व में तमलुक से पत्श्चम में भडौच तक
• प्रमुख मागव-
1. श्रार्स्ती से प्रततष्ठान
2. श्रार्स्ती से राजगृह
3. राजगृह से कोसांबी, उज्जैनी, भडौच
4. तकक्षक्षला से श्रार्स्ती
5. काशी से पत्श्चमी तट तक
6. कोसम्बी से तकक्षक्षला, ईरान, मध्य एर्शया
21. Coins
• बदलौन प्रथा : अंत की ओर अग्रर्सत
• वर्नामय का माध्यम = र्सक्क
े
• काषवपण = तनत्श्चत भारमान का चांदी/ताम्र
का अतनत्श्चत आकार का र्सक्का त्जस पर
र्चन्ह अंककत
• तकनीक : ठप्प वर्र्ध (punch mark)
• शासकीय तनगवत
• र्सक्क
े क
े प्रयोग से व्यापार, र्ाणणज्य में
सुवर्धा एर्ं तेज़ी
• बैंककं ग प्रणाली अज्ञात
• अर्धक धन : आभूषण, तनखात तनर्ध,
व्यत्क्त वर्शेष क
े पास रखा
22. सम्पन्न अथवव्यर्स्था : साहहत्त्यक उद्धरण
(बौद्ध)
• गहपती मेंडक ने 1250 गाय बौद्ध संघ को दान दी
• गहपती साक
े त ने 16000 र्सक्क
े , एक पुरुष और एक
स्री दास जीर्क को हदए उसकी सेर्ाओं क
े मूल्य रूप में
• जेतर्न का क्रय अनाथवपण्डक द्र्ारा
• आंबपाली की आय एर्ं दान
23.
24. तनष्कषव
• अथवव्यर्स्था सुदृढ़ता-संपन्नता का काल
• वर्वर्ध कारण
• ग्रामीण अथवव्यर्स्था : कृ वष, पशुपालन, आखेट, संग्रहण
• नगरीय अथवव्यर्स्था : जहटल - व्यापारी, र्शल्पकार
• व्यापार-र्ाणणज्य में बढ़ती गततशीलता
लौह का
प्रयोग
र्सक्क
े का
प्रयोग
नगर एर्ं
बाजारों का
उदय
उन्नत
कृ वष
वर्वर्ध
वर्कर्सत
र्शल्प