This document discusses various topics related to environmental chemistry and water chemistry. It provides 3 key points: 1) It discusses several biogeochemical cycles that occur in nature like the carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus cycles. It also explains how increasing temperature can increase the rate of chemical reactions involved in these cycles. 2) It summarizes some major properties of water like its high heat capacity and heat of vaporization, ability to form hydrogen bonds, and role as a solvent. Rising temperature would decrease the solubility of oxygen in water. 3) It outlines standards for clean water, wastewater effluent, and surface water quality. It also discusses how decomposer growth in water would

1. Dasar-dasar Reaksi dan Sifat
Kimia Alam
AF Assomadi
Warmadewanthi
Kuliah Kimia Lingkungan I

2. Hubungan
antar sistem
lingkungan
dengan
manusia dan
kehidupan

5. Environmental
Chemistry
• Is the study of the
sources, reactions, tra
nsport, effects, and
fates of chemical
species in
water, soil, air, and
living
environments, and the
effects of technology
thereon

6. Pertukaran Zat/Materi antar sphere

7. Carbon Cycle (1)

8. Siklus Karbon (C-Cycle)

9. Nitrogen cycle (2)

10. Siklus Nitrogen (N-cycle)

11. Sulfur Cycle

12. Siklus
Sulfur
(S-cycle)

13. Phosphorus cycle

14. Siklus Fosfat (P-cycle)

15. Beberapa impact teknologi pada
lingkungan
• Agricultural  perubahan
lahan, drainase, irigasi, pestisida
• Manufacturing  polusi udara, polusi air, by-
produk limbah hazard dsb
• Extraksi and produksi mineral  kerusakan
lingkungan dan polusi
• Produksi Energi dan penggunaannya 
kerusakan lahan/tanah, polusi air
(garam), emisi polutan udara (hujan asam) dsb
• Transportasi Modern automobile, perubahan
struktur tanah (jalan), emisi polusi
udara, peningkatan penambangan minyak dsb

16. technology can be applied to minimize
environmental impact
• maximum energy efficiency, maximum
utilization of raw materials, and minimum
production of pollutant by-products
• minimize pollution problems
• maximum materials recycling and minimum
waste product production
• advanced biotechnologies
• catalysts for efficient synthesis
• minimize waste production

17. Dasar-dasar Reaksi dan Sifat
Kimia Alam
Reaksi-reaksi Kimia Air
AF Assomadi
Warmadewanthi
Kuliah Kimia Lingkungan I

19. Sanitation Condition
• Kurang dari 1% air siap pakai di dunia yang
layak digunakan.
• 10 negara pengguna air terbesar :
India, China, AS, Pakistan, Jepang, Thailand, In
donesia, Bangladesh, Meksiko dan Rusia
• 20% penggunaan air secara global bersumber
dari air bawah tanah.

20. 1.1
• Pada tahun 2030, 47% penduduk dunia hidup
dalam kelangkaan air
• Kebutuhan air sehari hari adalah 20-50
liter/org/hari yang bebas dari kontaminasi
• 87% populasi dunia-5,7 miliar minum dari air
olahan
• 2,5 miliar orang hidup dalam sanitasi yang
buruk

21. 1.2
• Global warming - menyebabkan 2 miliar orang
terkena dampak bencana dan 86% akibat
banjir dan kekeringan
• Kenaikan suhu 3-4 0 C  300 orang
mengungsi akibat bencana ini.

23. Steady State
Addition and Removal

24. Siklus Air
(hydrolo
gic
cycle)
dalam triliun
liter/hari

25. Air
• Struktur terdiri atas 2 atom H
dan 1 atom O dalam setiap
molekulnya
• Struktur bersudut 105 o 
moment dipol tidak nol
(polar)
• Kemampuan sangat besar
membentuk ikatan hidrogen
(kelarutan
molekul, logam, suspensi)
• Pelarut yang universal
• Kapasitas panas tinggi
• Densitas terbesar pada 4 oC
(jaminan kelangsungan
hidup)

26. Ikatan Hidrogen
26

27. Water Chemistry
The polarity of water causes it to be cohesive and
adhesive.
Polarity unequal charge distribution in a molecule resulting in a –
region and a + region
cohesion: water molecules stick to other water
molecules by hydrogen bonding
adhesion: water molecules stick to other polar
molecules by hydrogen bonding
27

28. Water Chemistry
cohesion
28

29. Water Chemistry
adhesion 29

30. Sifat
Air

31. Stratifikasi Air danau

32. Major Aquatic Chemical Process

33. Kesetimbangan CO2-CaCO3 di air

34. CO2 di Air

35. Kesetimbangan CO2 di Air

36. Oksidasi-Reduksi di Air

37. Properties of Water
1. Water has a high specific heat.
- A large amount of energy is required to change
the temperature of water.
2. Water has a high heat of vaporization.
- The evaporation of water from a surface causes
cooling of that surface.
37

38. Properties of Water
3. Solid water is less dense than liquid water.
- Bodies of water freeze from the top down.
38

39. 39

40. Properties of Water
4. Water is a good solvent.
- Water dissolves
polar molecules and
ions.
40

41. Properties of Water
5. Water organizes nonpolar molecules.
- hydrophilic: “water-loving”
-hydrophobic: “water-fearing”
- Water causes hydrophobic molecules to
aggregate or assume specific shapes.
6. Water can form ions.
H2O  OH-1 + H+1
hydroxide ion hydrogen ion
41
Ionization; happens spontaneously

42. KELOMPOK
1. Berdasarkan properties of water, jika temperature di
dalam air naik, maka bagaimana dengan kelarutan
oksigen di dalam air ? (NAIK atau TURUN)
2. Sebutkan reaksi-reaksi kimia di dalam air ? Jika suhu
naik dalam air, maka bagaimana dengan kecepatan
proses tersebut? (MENINGKAT atau MELAMBAT)
3. Dalam siklus biogeokimia, decomposer berfungsi untuk
mendekomposisi bahan organik. Jika suhu naik dalam
air, maka bagaimana dengan pertumbuhan atau
perkembang biakan decomposer tersebut?
(MENINGKAT atau MELAMBAT)

43. STANDAR BAKU MUTU
AIR BERSIH atau AIR MINUM
Fisik Kimia Biologi
• Suhu • pH • E Coli
• Kekeruhan • DO • Total
• Conductivity • BOD Coliform

44. Syarat Air Minum
No Parameter Satuan Hasil Analisa Metode Analisa
*)
A. FISIKA
1 Bau - - -
2 Total Disolved Solid (TDS) mg/L 500 Gravimetri
3 Kekeruhan Skala NTU 5 Turbidimetri
4 Rasa - - -
o
5 Suhu C Suhu Udara Termometer
6 Warna Unit PtCo 15 Spektrofotometri
7 Daya Hantar Listrik (DHL) mhos/cm - Conductivity meter
B. KIMIA
a. Kimia Anorganik
1 Air Raksa mg/L Hg 0.001
2 Aluminium mg/L Al 0.2 AAS
3 Ammoniak mg/L NH3 -N 1.5 Spektrofotometri
4 Arsen mg/L As 0.01 AAS
5 Barium mg/L Ba 0.7 AAS
6 Besi mg/L Fe 0.3 Spektrofotometri
7 Boron mg/L B 0.5
8 Fluorida mg/L F 1.5 Spektrofotometri
9 Kadmium mg/L Cd 0.003 AAS
10 Kesadahan Total mg/L CaCO3 500 Tetrimetri
11 Khlorida mg/L Cl 250 Argentometri
6+
12 Kromium, Valensi 6 mg/L Cr 0.05 AAS
13 Mangan mg/L Mn 0.4 Spektrofotometri
14 Natrium mg/L Na 200 AAS
15 Nikel mg/l Ni 0.07 AAS
16 Nitrat mg/L NO3 -N 50 Spektrofotometri
17 Nitrit mg/L NO2 -N 3 Spektrofotometri
18 Perak mg/L Ag 0.001 AAS
19 pH - 6,5 - 8,5 pHmeter
20 Selenium mg/L Se 0.01
7 Seng mg/L Zn 3 AAS
22 Sianida mg/L CN 0.07 Spektrofotometri
23 Sulfat mg/L SO4 250 Spektrofotometri
24 Sulfida mg/L H2 S 0.05 Iodimetri
25 Tembaga mg/L Cu 2
26 Timbal mg/L Pb 0.05 AAS
27 Sisa Khlor mg/L Cl2 5 Iodimetri
b. Kimia Organik
1 Zat Organik mg/L KMnO4 10 Oksidasi/Titrimetri
2 Detergent mg/L LAS 0.05 Spektrofotometri
C. BAKTERIOLOGI
1 Total Koliform MPN/100 mL 0 Fermentasi Multi Tabung
2 E. Coli MPN/100 mL 0 Fermentasi Multi Tabung
*) : Per. Men.Kes. No.: 492/Menkes/Per/IV/2010 Tanggal 19 April 2010

45. AIR LIMBAH  Efluent Standar
No Parameter Satuan Baku Mutu Hasil Metode
Air Limbah Analisa Analisa
Domestik *)
1 pH - 6-9 pHmeter
2 TSS mg/L 100 Gravimetri
3 BOD mg/L O2 100 Winkler
4 Minyak & mg/L 10 Gravimetri
Lemak

46. AIR PERMUKAAN  Stream Standar
Baku Mutu Air
No Parameter Satuan Hasil Analisa Metoda Analisa
Kelas I *)
A. FISIKA
o
1 Temperatur C deviasi 3 Termometer
2 Total Disolved Solid (TDS) mg/L 1000 Gravimetri
3 Padatan Tersuspensi (SS) mg/L 50 Gravimetri
B. KIMIA
1 pH - 6,0 - 9,0 pH meter
2 Barium mg/L Ba 1 AAS
3 Besi mg/L Fe 0.3 Spektropotometri
4 Boron mg/L B 1 AAS
5 Mangan mg/L Mn 0.1 Spektropotometri
6 Tembaga mg/L Cu 0.02 AAS
7 Seng mg/L Zn 0.05 AAS
6+
8 Krom Heksavalen mg/L Cr 0.05 AAS
9 Kadmium mg/L Cd 0.01 AAS
10 Raksa mg/L Hg 0.001 AAS
11 Timbal mg/L Pb 0.03 AAS
12 Arsen mg/L As 0.05 AAS
13 Selenium mg/L Se 0.0 AAS
14 Kobalt mg/L Co 0.2 AAS
15 Khlorida mg/L Cl - Argentometri
16 Sulfat mg/L SO4 400 Spektropotometri
17 Sianida mg/L CN 0.02 Spektropotometri
18 Sulfida mg/L H2S 0.002 Iodometri
19 Fluorida mg/L F 0.5 Spektropotometri
20 Sisa Khlor Bebas mg/L Cl2 0.03 Iodometri
21 Total Phospat mg/L PO4 -P 0.2 Spektropotometri
22 Nitrat mg/L NO3 -N 10 Spektropotometri
23 Nitrit mg/L NO2 -N 0.06 Spektropotometri
24 Amonia Bebas mg/L NH3-N 0.5 Spektropotometri
25 BOD mg/L O2 2 Winkler
26 COD mg/L O2 10 Reflux/Titrimetri
27 Disolved Oxygen (DO) mg/L O2 6 Iodometri
28 Detergent Anionik mg/L LAS 0.2 Spektropotometri
29 Fenol mg/L 0.001 Spektropotometri
30 Minyak & Lemak mg/L 1 Gravimetri
*) = PP. No. 82 Tahun 2001 Tanggal 14 Desember 2001

47. Baku Mutu Air Laut
SAMPLE REGULATORY
NO. TEST DESCRIPTION UNIT METHOD
RESULT LIMIT*
I. Physical Properties
1 Odour Odourles s - Odor SNI 06-6860-2002
Total Sus pended Solids ,
2 50 80 m g/L SNI 06-6989.3-2004
TSS
3 Was te - Nihil -
4 Tem perature 29 Air Tem p. ± 3 oC SNI 06-6989.23-2005
II. Chemical Properties
5 pH 7.43 6.5 - 8.5 - SNI 06-6989.11-2004
6 Salinity (NaCl) 25.3 Nature 0%
7 Free Am m onium , NH3-N <0.01 0.3 m g/L SNI 06-6986.30-2005
8 Sulfida,H2S 3 0.03 m g/L SNI 6989.70-2009
9 Phenol <0.005 0.002 m g/L SNI 06-6989.21-2004
10 Surfactants , MBAS <0.025 1 m g/L SNI 06-6989.51-2005
11 Oil and Greas e <2.7 5 m g/L SNI 06-6989.10-2004
III. Dissolved Metal
12 Mercury, Hg** <0.000002 0.003 m g/L APHA 3112 B-2005
13 Cadm ium , Cd 0.176 0.01 m g/L SNI 6989.16-2009
14 Tem baga,Cu <0.0014 0.05 m g/L SNI 6989.6-2009
15 Lead, Pb 0.2 0.05 m g/L SNI 6989.8-2009
16 Zinc, Zn 0.125 0.1 m g/L SNI 06-6989.7-2004
III. Biology
Total Coliform (Mem brane
17 <1 1000 MPN/100m l APHA 9222 B-2005
Filter)**
Sumber: Hasil Monitoring Lingkungan KLHS KKJSS, 27 Juni 2012
Per MenLH No. 52 Tahun 2004

48. KONDISI KUALITAS AIR TANAH
(sumber : Survey Kualitas Lingkungan [air, udara dan laut])

49. KONDISI KUALITAS AIR PERMUKAAN
(sumber : Survey Kualitas Lingkungan [air, udara dan laut])

50. PLANKTON & BENTHOS PERAIRAN LAUT
(sumber : Survey Kualitas Lingkungan [air, udara dan laut])
Pseudo- Thalassionema Larva naupulius Larva
Skeletonema
nitzchia Nitzchioides cirripedia Brachyura
Menunjukkan kadar nutrient di Produktivitas laut tinggi
laut sangat tinggi seperti dan tidak ada
konsentrasi nitrogen dan pencemaran akibat
phosphat pestisida
PENCEMARAN DARI AIR
PERMUKAAN

51. Water Quality Parameters
Temperature - Dissolved Oxygen (DO) - pH
Alkalinity - Hardness
Nitrates and Phosphates - Turbidity
Conductivity
-

52. Temperature
Affects:
Water density
The solubility
Chemical reaction rates
Organism growth rates
Conductivity
pH
Dissolved Oxygen

53. Contoh : Jika CuO, di dalam air dengan suhu 250C
mempunyai log Kso = 10 7.644 dan entalphy adalah -15.504
kcal/mol atau – 64.90 kJ/mol. Berapa solubility dari CuO
jika temperature di dalam air turun 10oC

54. TEMPERATURE NAIK, SOLUBILITY AKAN
MENURUN DAN VISE VERSA

55. Q10 rule
cold-blooded aquatic organisms
Predicts that growth rate will double
if temperature increases by 10˚C
(18˚F) within their "preferred" range.

56. Gases Dissolve in Water

57. Oksigen di Air
• O2 dibutuhkan terlarut di air untuk menjaga
reaksi oksidasi-reduksi, respirasi, degradasi dst
• Kelarutan O2 di air tergantung temperatur, pd
25 oC  sekitar 8,5 mg/L; pada 0oC  14,74
mg/L
• Dihasilkan dari proses fotosintesis
alga/tumbuhan hijau di air dan proses aerasi

58. Henry’s Law
Henry’s Law Constant
For example, oxygen is 20.95% of the
air on a molar basis and, therefore, PO2 is
20.95% of the atmospheric pressure,
or 0.2095 atm under standard conditions.]

59. BAGAIMANA KELARUTAN OKSIGEN
JIKA TEMPERATURE NAIK ?
Suhu 15oC dan 20oC

60. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
DO is the measurement of oxygen
dissolved in water and available for
fish and other aquatic life.
Indicates health of an aquatic system.
Can range from 0-18 ppm.
Most natural water systems require 5-
6 ppm to support a diverse population.
Varies with time of day, weather, temperature.

64. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Increase in organic waste
Increase in algae/plant vegetation
Decrease in DO available to organisms
Leads to changes in ecosystem as
organisms needing lots of DO are
replaced by organisms needing little.

65. Self Purification

69. pH - p(otential of) H(ydrogen)
Determines the solubility of nutrients (PO4-3, NO3-, C)
and heavy metals (Fe, Cu, etc)
Determines availability of these chemicals for use by aquatic life.
In natural water systems, determined largely by geology and soils.

70. pH of natural waters
Limestone, marble, CO3 rich
due to humic acid
Sea water
Pure rain, snow

72. Factors that affect pH
• Algal blooms
• Bacterial activity
• Water turbulence
• Chemicals flowing into the water body
• Sewage overflows
• Pollution

73. How pH affects aquatic life
Decreasing pH
(e.g.: via acid rain)
Liberation of Al, metals
Toxic conditions
Chronic stress
Smaller, weaker fish

74. Alkalinity refers to the capability of water to neutralize acid.
Alkalinity
Buffering capacity –
resistance to pH changes.
Common natural buffer: CO3
(carbonates – like
limestone).
Protects aquatic life.
Commonly linked to water
hardness.
In natural systems:
Limestone outcrop 50 – 150 mg/L as CaCO3.

75. Hardness
Reflects dissolved
carbonate minerals.
Mostly of concern for
drinking water
standards.
Metals precipitate out
of solution.
Create scale/hard
water deposits
High alkalinity 
Hard water

76. and
Nitrate (NO3-)
Phosphate (PO4-3)
naturally-occurring
naturally occurs in
form of nitrogen
rocks and minerals.
found in soil.
Plants uptake
Forms by microbial
weathered-out
decomposition of
elements and
fertilizers, plants,
compounds.
manures or other
organic residues
Animals ingest plants.
Plants uptake
Water soluble.
nitrates (Spinach a
good source).
Redfield Ratio: 106:16:1

78. Artificial sources:
• Livestock
manure/urine
Nitrates • Failing septic
systems
• Synthetic fertilizers
Can lead to:
eutrophication of natural
water systems
(overproduction of
vegetation)
Blue baby syndromne
The U.S. EPA has set a maximum
contaminant level for NO3- in drinking
water of 10 parts per million (ppm)

79. Phosphates
Artificial sources:
• Sewage
• Laundry,
cleaning fluids
• Synthetic
fertilizers
Can also lead to
eutrophication of
natural water
systems
(overproduction of
vegetation)
Blue green algae

80. 1990 and 1999 comparison
of Nitrates in Great Lakes
From US EPA
http://www.epa.gov/glnpo/monitoring/limnology/SprNOx.html

81. Solutions??
Wetland restoration Reduce fertilizers
Reduce soil erosion
Reduce emissions – WWTP/industry

82. Turbidity
Measures how
“murky” the water is
Estimates:
Mineral fraction
Organics
Inorganics
Soluble organic compounds
Plankton
Microscopic organisms
MODIS Image from NASA
http://rapidfire.sci.gsfc.nasa.gov/

83. Causes of highly waters
• In open waters, phytoplankton
• Closer to shore, particulates
Resuspended bottom sediments
(wind)
• Organic from stream and/or
wastewater discharges.
• Channelization
• Increased flow rates
•Too many bottom-feeding fish
(such as carp)

84. Effects of highly waters
• Modify light penetration
• Increase sedimentation rate
• Smother benthic habitats
• Settling clay particles
• Fine particulate material also can
damage sensitive structures
• Decrease organism resistance to disease
• Prevent proper egg and larval development
• Macrophyte growth may be decreased
• Reduced photosynthesis can lead to lower daytime release of oxygen

86. Conductivity
Ability of a substance to conduct an electrical current.
Cl- In water, conductivity determined by types and quantities of dissolved
solids. (Commonly called Total Dissolved Solids = TDS)
Current carried by ions (negatively or
positively charged particles).
Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl-
Na+
Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
Eg: NaCl(aq) = Na + + Cl –
Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl-
Cl- Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl-
Cl- Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
Na+ Cl- Cl- Cl- Cl-
Na+ Cl- Na+ Na+ Na+ Na+
Na+
Cl-

87. Conductivity
Conductivity of natural waters depends upon:
Ion characteristics (mobility, valence, concentration)
Water temperature
Geology
Size of watershed
Evaporation
Some artificial factors that can affect conductivity:
Wastewater
Urban runoff (especially road salt)
Agricultural runoff

88. The Components of Salinity
The most abundant
components of a