The “Methods” section of a research paper contains the essential details for other scientists to replicate the study and helps the common readers understand the study better.
https://www.cognibrain.com/how-to-write-the-methods-section-of-your-medical-research-paper/
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
The “Methods” section of a research paper contains the essential details for other scientists to replicate the study and helps the common readers understand the study better.
https://www.cognibrain.com/how-to-write-the-methods-section-of-your-medical-research-paper/
Research methodology at students of university
OBJECTIVE
To explain the concept of Educational Research
To describe the scope of Educational Research
To Identity fundamental research
In the research, defining the population for the study & to select a sample is a very important step. There are different methods of sampling One has to use the most appropriate from those. The information regarding these two concepts is described in this presentation.
Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research
Tools and techniques in qualitative and quantitative researchDeepikakohli10
The presentation is about different Tools and techniques used for Research. It will help students, teachers, researchers and teacher educators to select appropriate tools and techniques for their research purpose.
Applied vs basic research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joy manumelwin
When discussing research methodology, it is important to distinguish between applied and basic research. Applied research examines a specific set of circumstances, and its ultimate goal is relating the results to a particular situation. That is, applied research uses the data directly for real world application.
Research methods and paradigms is a topic from the subject Methods of Research (FC 402) of the degree Master of Arts in Educational Management, quantitative research, descriptive, survey, developmental, correlational, causal-comparative, experimental, true experimental, quasi-experimental, qualitative research, mixed methods research
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
This PowerPoint presentation will aim to help the researcher to understand the concept of making Generalization and Interpretation of Research Results. This PowerPoint make possible with the help of SlidesCarnival.
Guidelines of Tables - APA Style - 7th EditionThiyagu K
The primary purpose of any table is to facilitate readers' understanding of the work. Tables enable authors to present a large amount of information efficiently and to make their data more comprehensive. This presentation describes the guidelines for creating and formatting tables in APA style of 7th Edition with suitable illustrations.
In the research, defining the population for the study & to select a sample is a very important step. There are different methods of sampling One has to use the most appropriate from those. The information regarding these two concepts is described in this presentation.
Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research Qualitative research
Tools and techniques in qualitative and quantitative researchDeepikakohli10
The presentation is about different Tools and techniques used for Research. It will help students, teachers, researchers and teacher educators to select appropriate tools and techniques for their research purpose.
Applied vs basic research - Research Methodology - Manu Melwin Joy manumelwin
When discussing research methodology, it is important to distinguish between applied and basic research. Applied research examines a specific set of circumstances, and its ultimate goal is relating the results to a particular situation. That is, applied research uses the data directly for real world application.
Research methods and paradigms is a topic from the subject Methods of Research (FC 402) of the degree Master of Arts in Educational Management, quantitative research, descriptive, survey, developmental, correlational, causal-comparative, experimental, true experimental, quasi-experimental, qualitative research, mixed methods research
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research with economy in procedure.
It is a conceptual structure within which research is conducted; it constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of data.
This PowerPoint presentation will aim to help the researcher to understand the concept of making Generalization and Interpretation of Research Results. This PowerPoint make possible with the help of SlidesCarnival.
Guidelines of Tables - APA Style - 7th EditionThiyagu K
The primary purpose of any table is to facilitate readers' understanding of the work. Tables enable authors to present a large amount of information efficiently and to make their data more comprehensive. This presentation describes the guidelines for creating and formatting tables in APA style of 7th Edition with suitable illustrations.
Experimental ProceduresThe specific experimental design procedur.docxgitagrimston
Experimental Procedures
The specific experimental design procedures also need to be identified. This discussion involves indicating the overall experiment type, citing reasons for the design, and advancing a visual model to help the reader understand the procedures.
• Identify the type of experimental design to be used in the proposed study. The types available in experiments are pre-experimental designs, quasi-experiments, true experiments, and single-subject designs. With pre-experimental designs, the researcher studies a single group and provides an intervention during the experiment. This design does not have a control group to compare with the experimental group. In quasi-experiments, the investigator uses control and experimental groups but does not randomly assign participants to groups (e.g., they may be intact groups available to the researcher). In a true experiment, the investigator randomly assigns the participants to treatment groups. A single-subject design or N of 1 design involves observing the behavior of a single individual (or a small number of individuals) over time.
• Identify what is being compared in the experiment. In many experiments, those of a type called between-subject designs, the investigator compares two or more groups (Keppel & Wickens, 2003; Rosenthal & Rosnow, 1991). For example, a factorial design experiment, a variation on the betweengroup design, involves using two or more treatment variables to examine the independent and simultaneous effects of these treatment variables on an outcome (Vogt, 2011). This widely used behavioral research design explores the effects of each treatment separately and also the effects of variables used in combination, thereby providing a rich and revealing multidimensional view. In other experiments, the researcher studies only one group in what is called a within-group design. For example, in a repeated measures design, participants are assigned to different treatments at different times during the experiment. Another example of a within-group design would be a study of the behavior of a single individual over time in which the experimenter provides and withholds a treatment at different times in the experiment to determine its impact.
• Provide a diagram or a figure to illustrate the specific research design to be used. A standard notation system needs to be used in this figure. A research tip I recommend is to use a classic notation system provided by Campbell and Stanley (1963, p. 6):
X represents an exposure of a group to an experimental variable or event, the effects of which are to be measured.
O represents an observation or measurement recorded on an instrument.
Xs and Os in a given row are applied to the same specific persons. Xs and Os in the same column, or placed vertically relative to each other, are simultaneous.
The left-to-right dimension indicates the temporal order of procedures in the experiment (sometimes indicated with an ...
·IntroductionQuantitative research methodology uses a dedu.docxlanagore871
·
Introduction
Quantitative research methodology uses a deductive reasoning process (Erford, 2015, p. 5). It is based on philosophical assumptions that are very different from those that support qualitative research. Quantitative studies fall under what is broadly described as a positivist perspective. Epistemologically, knowledge is something that is believed to be objective and measurable, and the nature of reality (that is, ontology) is such that there is one fixed, observable, and definable reality. Quantitative approaches to research emphasize the objectivity of the researcher, and because a goal is to uncover the one true reality, values (axiological assumptions) and the subjective nature of experience are not likely to be examined.
Quantitative Research Designs
Quantitative research can be categorized in different ways. Brief descriptions of some designs appear below. The chosen research design is determined by the nature of the inquiry, that is, what the researcher wants to learn by conducting the study.
Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
thoroughly describes several major reseach.
Experimental Research
Experimental research, one of the quantitative designs, involves random selection and random assignment of subjects to two or more groups over which the researcher has control. This is what distinguishes experimental studies from the other designs. Experimental studies in counseling are not that common, because many research questions do not lend themselves to random selection and assignment for ethical reasons. Experimental studies compare the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. Independent variables fall into two broad categories. One type of independent variable involves measuring some characteristic inherent in the study's participants, such as their age, gender, IQ, personality traits, income, or education level. These demographic or blocking variables are not something which the researcher can manipulate, though the researcher can statistically control for them. The treatment or experimental conditions that the researcher sets up is the other type of independent variable, which is unique to experimental designs. The element of control is what permits researchers to conclude that one variable has caused a change in another variable.
Quasi-Experimental Research
Quasi-experimental research designs come in many different forms. Like experimental research, the researcher aims to compare the effect of the independent variable under their control on the dependent variable. However, the researcher does not or cannot randomly assign individual participants to treatment and control groups, so cause-and-effect relationships cannot be as strongly inferred from the results. Pre-existing conditions of one group in comparison to the other may confound the findings. An example might be a study to examine the potential effects of a new curriculum aimed at reducin.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. INTRODUCTION
Quantitative research designs use numbers in stating generalizations
about a given problem or inquiry in contrast to qualitative research that
hardly uses statistical treatment in stating generalizations. '
These numbers are the results of objective scales of measurements of
the units of analysis called variables.
Research findings are subjected to statistical treatment to determine
significant relationships or differences between variables, the results of
which are the bases for generalization about phenomena.
3. Characteristics of Quantitative Research
Methods or procedures of data gathering include items like age,
gender, educational status, among others, that call for measurable
characteristics of the population.
Standardized instruments guide data collection, thus, ensuring the
accuracy, reliability and validity of data.
Figures, tables or graphs showcase summarized data collected in
order to show trends, relationships or differences among variables.
In sum, the charts and tables allow you to see the evidence
collected.
4. Characteristics of Quantitative Research
A large population yields more reliable data, but principles of random
sampling must be strictly followed to prevent researcher's bias.
Quantitative methods can be repeated to verify findings in another
setting, thus, reinforcing validity of findings.
Quantitative research puts emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.
Just like qualitative research, quantitative research has its own set of
strengths, as well as weaknesses.
6. Research Strengths
Quantitative research design is the most reliable and valid way of
concluding results, giving way to a new hypothesis or to disproving it.
Because of a bigger number of the sample of a population, the results or
generalizations are more reliable and valid.
Quantitative experiments filter out external factors, if properly designed,
and so the results gained can be seen, as real and unbiased.
Quantitative experiments are useful for testing the results gained by a
series of qualitative experiments, leading to a final answer, and a
narrowing down of possible directions to follow. (https://explorable.com/
quantitative research-design)
7. Weaknesses
Quantitative research can be costly, difficult and time-consuming- difficult because
most researchers are non-mathematicians. '
Quantitative studies require extensive statistical treatment, requiring stringent
standards, more so with confirmation of results. When ambiguities in some findings
surface, retesting and refinement of the design call for another investment in time and
resources to polish the results.
Quantitative methods also tend to turn out only proved or unproven results, leaving
little room for uncertainty, or grey areas. For the social sciences, education,
anthropology and psychology, human nature is a lot more complex than just a simple
yes or no response.
(https://explorable.com/quantitative-research-design.)
9. Research design
Research design refers to the overall strategy that you choose in order to
integrate the different components of the study in a coherent and logical
way, thereby ensuring you will effectively address the research problem.
Furthermore, a research design constitutes the blueprint for the selection,
measurement and analysis of data. The research problem determines the
research design you should use.
Quantitative methods emphasize objective measurements and the statistical,
mathematical, or numerical analysis of data collected through polls,
questionnaires, and surveys, or by manipulating pre-existing statistical data
using computational techniques.
Quantitative research designs are generally classified experimental and non-
experimental as the following matrix shows:
10.
11. Experimental research design
Experimental research design allows the researcher to control the
situation. In so doing, it allows the researcher to answer the question,
"What causes something to occur?"
This kind of research also allows the researcher to identify cause and
effect relationships between variables and to distinguish placebo effects
from treatment effects.
Further, this research design supports the ability to limit alternative
explanations and to infer direct causal relationships in the study; the
approach provides the highest level of evidence for single studies.
12. Pre-experimental
Pre-experimental types of research apply to experimental designs with the least
internal validity.
One type of pre-experiment, the single group, pre-test-post-test design,
measures the group two times, before and after the intervention.
Instead of comparing the pretest with the posttest within one group, the
posttest of the treated groups is compared with that of an untreated group.
Measuring the effect as the difference between groups marks this as between-
subjects design. Assuming both groups experienced the same time-related
influences, the comparison group feature should protect this design from the
rival explanations that threaten the within-subject design.
13. Two classes of experimental designs
Two classes of experimental designs can provide better internal validity than-pre-experimental
designs: quasi-experimental and true experimental (Dooly, 1999).
1. QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
In a quasi-experimental design, the researcher can collect more data, either by scheduling more
observations or finding more existing measures.
2. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
A true experimental design controls for both time-related and group-related threats. Two
features mark true experiments- two or more differently treated groups and random
assignment to these groups. These features require that the researchers have control over the
experimental treatment and the power to place subjects in groups.
True experimental design employs both treated and control groups to deal with time-related
rival explanations.
14. TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN
A control group reflects changes other than those due to the treatment that
occur during the time of the study. Such changes include effects of outside
events, maturation by the subjects, changes in measures and impact of any
pre-tests.
True experimental design offers the highest internal validity of all the designs.
Quasi-experimental design differs from true experimental design by the
absence of random assignment of subjects to different conditions. What quasi-
experiments have in common with true experiments is that some subjects
receive an intervention and provide data likely to reflect its impact.
15. Types of
Quasi-Experimental Design
1. Non-equivalent control group design-refers to the chance failure
of random assignment to equalize the conditions by converting a
true experiment into this kind of design, for purposes of analysis.
2. Interrupted Time Series Design- employs multiple measures
before and after the experimental intervention. It differs from the
single-group pre-experiment that has only one pretest and one
posttest. Users of this design assume that the time threats such as
history or maturation appear as regular changes in the measures
prior to the intervention.
17. Non-experimental Research Design
In this kind of design, the researcher observes the phenomena as they
occur naturally and no external variables are introduced. In this
research design, the variables are not deliberately manipulated nor is
the setting controlled. Researchers collect data without making
changes or introducing treatments.
The Descriptive research design's main purpose is to observe, describe
and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and
sometimes to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation or
theory development (www.drjayeshpatidar. blogspot.com).
18. Types of Descriptive Research Designs
1. Survey - a research design used when the researcher intends
to provide a quantitative or numeric description of trends,
attitudes or opinions of a population by studying a sample of
that population (Creswell, 2003). For example, universities
regularly float surveys to determine customer satisfaction, that is,
the students' attitudes toward or opinions regarding student
services like the canteen, clinic, security, the guidance and
counseling services, and the like.
19. 2. Correlational - Correlational Research has three types:
Bivariate correlational studies- obtain scores from two variables for each subject, then use them to
calculate a correlation coefficient. The term bivariate implies that the two variables are correlated
(variables are selected because they are believed to be related).
Examples: Children of wealthier (variable #1), better educated (variable #2) parents earn higher salaries
as adults.
Prediction studies-use correlation co-efficient to show how one variable (the predictor variable)
predicts another (the criterion variable).
Examples: Which high school applicants should be admitted to college?
Multiple Regression Prediction Studies- suppose the high school GPA is not the sole predictor of
college GPA, what might be other good predictors? All of these variables can contribute to the over-all
prediction in an equation that adds together the predictive power of each identified variable.
Types of Descriptive Research Designs
20. Ex-Post Facto Research Design - These are non-experimental designs
that are used to investigate causal relationships. They examine
one or more pre- existing conditions could possibly have caused
subsequent differences in groups of subjects. Researchers attempt to
discover whether differences between groups have results in an
observed difference in the independent variables.
Example: What is the effect of home schooling on the social skills of adolescents?
(www.genesep.edu/esham/educ.604/research.pdf).
Types of Descriptive Research Designs
21. 4. Comparative design - involves comparing and contrasting two or more
samples of study subjects on one or more variables, often at a single point of
time. Specifically, this design is used to compare two distinct 'groups on the
basis of selected attributes such as knowledge level, perceptions, and
attitudes, physical or psychological symptoms. For example, a comparative
study on the health problems among rural and urban older people from
district Mehsana, Gujarat.
(www.dryayeshpatidat.blogspot.com)
Types of Descriptive Research Designs
22. 5. Evaluative Research - seeks to assess or judge in some way providing information about
something other than might be gleaned in mere observation or investigation of relationships.
For example, where a test of children in school is used to assess the effectiveness of teaching or
the deployment of a curriculum. (changingminds.org/explanations/research/design/evaluativeresearch.htm).
Evaluation research is conducted to elicit useful feedback from a variety of respondents from
various fields to aid in decision making or policy formulation.
There are various types of evaluation depending on the purpose of the study. Formative and
summative evaluation types are most commonly used in research.
Formative evaluation is used to determine the quality of implementation of a project, the
efficiency and effectiveness of a program, assessment of organizational processes like
procedures, policies, guidelines, human resource development and the like.
Types of Descriptive Research Designs
23. 6. Methodological - in this approach, the
implementation of a variety of methodologies
forms a critical part of achieving the goal of
developing a scale-matched approach, where
data from different disciplines can be
integrated.
Types of Descriptive Research Designs