This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the ear and mastoid. It is divided into three main sections - external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The external ear includes the pinna and external auditory canal. The middle ear contains the tympanic membrane, ossicles, and mastoid air cells. The inner ear is made up of the bony and membranous labyrinth housing the cochlea and vestibular system. Key structures like the Eustachian tube, oval window, and organ of Corti are also described along with their functions in hearing and balance.

1. Anatomy of ear and
mastoid
Dr. Krishna Koirala
2018/07/03

2. • Paired sensory organs comprising of
– Auditory system involved in the detection of sound
– Vestibular system involved in maintaining body
balance and equilibrium
• Divided anatomically and functionally into
– External ear
– Middle ear
– Inner ear
• All three regions are involved in hearing
• Inner ear is involved in body balance and equilibrium

4. External Ear (Outer Ear)

5. Pinna
• Framework formed by yellow elastic cartilage except
in the lobule and incissura terminalis
• Functions
– Collect and direct sound waves through the ear
canal to the tympanic membrane
– Protect the tympanic membrane
• Importance : Graft material for middle ear & other
reconstructive surgeries

6.  Helix: Slightly curved rim of the auricle
 Antihelix: Broader curved eminence anterior to helix
 Concha : Deep cavity in front of the helix
 Cymba conchae : Depression between the antitragus
and ascending crus of the helix (surface landmark of
mastoid antrum)
 Tragus
 Lobule : Structure made up of areolar tissue & fat
without cartilage

8. Sensory Nerve supply of pinna
• Lateral surface
– Upper 2/3 : Auriculotemporal nerve (cranial nerve V)
– Lower 1/3 : Greater auricular nerve (C2,3)
• Medial Surface
– Upper 1/3: Lesser occipital nerve (C2)
– Lower 2/3 : Greater auricular nerve (C2, 3)
• Posterior concha and antihelix : Auricular b/o Vagus
• Facial : Small region at the root of concha

9. External Auditory canal

10. • Extends from bottom of concha to the tympanic
Membrane
• 24 mm long in adults
– Lateral 1/3 (8 mm) : Cartilaginous, directed
upwards, backward and medially
– Medial 2/3 (16 mm) : Bony, directed downwards,
forward and medially
• Pinna to be pulled upwards, backwards and laterally
to straighten the external auditory canal in adults

11.  Only cartilaginous skin has hair follicles,
ceruminous and pilosebaceous glands (wax)
 Cartilaginous fissure of Santorini and bony
foramen of Huschke present in anterior wall 
infection / metastasis to and from the parotid
gland

12. Middle Ear

13. Middle ear cleft
 Contents
− Middle ear cavity
− Attic ,aditus, antrum
− Mastoid air cell system
− Eustachian tube
 Develops from tubo -tympanic
recess
Middle ear cavity
 Epitympanum
 Mesotympanum
 Hypotympanum
 Protympanum
 Post- tympanum

14. ET
ME
ATTICADAnt

15. Contents of middle ear
 3 Ossicles : malleus, incus, stapes
 2 Nerves : Chorda tympani, Tympanic plexus
 2 Muscles : Tensor tympani, stapedius
 Air
 Mucosal folds & ligaments
 Blood vessels

16. Tympanic Membrane
• Partition between the external and middle ear
• Obliquely set with 550 to floor
• Dimension: 10 mm x 8 mm x 0.1 mm
• Parts
– Pars Tensa
– Pars Flaccida (Shrapnel's membrane)

17. PF
PT

18. • Landmarks of TM
– Lateral process of malleus
– Anterior and posterior
malleal folds
– Handle of malleus
– Umbo
– Cone of light
– Annulus tympanicus

19. • Layers of tympanic membrane
1) Outer layer of squamous epithelium continuous
with that of the meatus
2) Middle layer of fibrous tissue that has radial and
circular fibres
3) Inner layer of mucous membrane continuous with
the lining of the tympanic cavity
• Fibrous layer disorganized in pars flaccida
• Annulus deficient superiorly as notch of Rivinus

20. Four Quadrants of pars Tensa
AS
AI
PS
PI

21. Borders of middle ear cavity
• Roof : Tegmen tympani
• Floor : Separates tympanic cavity from jugular bulb
• Medial wall
− Promontory : Bulge formed by basal turn of cochlea
− Oval window : Communicates between middle ear and the
vestibule of the inner ear, closed by footplate of stapes
− Round window : Communicates between scala tympani and
tympanic cavity, covered by secondary tympanic membrane

24. • Lateral wall
− Largely by TM
− Scutum (outer attic wall)
− Bone inferior to TM
• Anterior wall
− Thin plate of bone
− Openings of canal for tensor tympani and
Eustachian tube
• Posterior wall
− Separates middle ear cavity from mastoid bone
− Contains aditus ,pyramid

25. The mastoid antrum and air cell system
 Mastoid antrum : Largest and most consistent air cell of
mastoid air cell system, well developed at birth
 Relations
 Roof : Part of floor of MCF
 Floor : Digastric muscle, sigmoid sinus
 Posterior : Bony covering of sigmoid sinus
 Lateral : Squamous temporal bone (corresponds to
suprameatal or Macewan’s triangle and Cymba conchae)

26. Mac Ewan’s Triangle (Suprameatal triangle)
• Boundaries
− Superior : Posterior prolongation of upper border of root of
zygoma ( Supramastoid crest)
− Anterioroinferior : Posterosuperior margin of bony external
meatus
− Posteroinferior : Vertical tangent drawn through the
posterior margin of bony external meatus to the first line
• Contains spine of Henle
• Surgical landmark for mastoid antrum (Mastoid antrum lies 12-
15 mm deep to triangle)

28. Mastoid air cell system
 Extensive system of interconnecting air filled cavities arising
from walls of mastoid antrum that extend throughout the
mastoid
 Lined with flattened non ciliated squamous epithelium
 Types
− Cellular ( pneumatized) : Honeycomb appearance on
plain X-Ray mastoid
− Diploic : Air cells interspersed with marrow containing
spaces
− Acellular (sclerotic)

30. Five Recognized regions of mastoid pneumatisation
(Allam -1969)
 Middle ear : Epitympanum, Mesotympanum, Hypotympanum,
Protympanum, posterior tympanum
 Mastoid : Antrum, central mastoid, peripheral mastoid
 Perilabyrinthine: Supralabyrinthine, infralabyrinthine
 Petrous apex : Apical, peritubal
 Accessory : Zygomatic, squamous, occipital, styloid

31. Inner ear

32.  Lies in the petrous temporal bone
 Divisions
 Bony labyrinth
 Membranous labyrinth

33. Bony labyrinth ( Vestibule, Semicircular canals ,
Bony cochlea)
 Vestibule
 Central portion of bony labyrinth, ovoid in shape
 Oval window at the lateral wall, utricle and saccule
in the medial
 Openings of SCC (5) - lie on posterior, superior and
inferior walls of bony vestibule

35.  Semicircular canals (3)
 Lie in planes at right angles to each other
 Ampullated and non ampullated ends
 Ampullated ends contain vestibular sensory
epithelium and independently open into the
vestibule

36. Bony cochlea
 Coiled tube like the shell of a snail, contains
2 ½ to 2 ¾ turns
 Height around 5mm,base around 9 mm in
diameter
 Coils turn around the modiolus - extends along
the entire length of cochlea except for
helicotrema ( small channel at the apex)

37.  Three compartments
 Scala vestibuli
 Scala tympani
 Scala media (membranous cochlea)
 Within the modiolus lie spiral ganglion
 Cochlear nerve lies within the bony modiolus
throughout the entire length

38. Membranous labyrinth
 Membranous cochlea
− Triangular in cross section
− Bordered by Reissner's membrane, Basilar
membrane and stria vascularis
 Utricle and saccule
 Semicircular ducts
 Endolymphatic ducts and sac

40. Organ of Corti
 Sense organ of hearing
 Situated on the basilar membrane
 Components
− Tunnel of Corti
− Hair cells ( outer and inner)
− Supporting cells (Deiter's,
− Hansen's)
− Tectorial membrane

42. Differences between inner and outer hair cells
Inner Hair Cells Outer Hair Cells
3500 12,000
Single row Three or four rows
Flask-shaped Cylindrical
Primarily afferent Primarily efferent
Transmit auditory stimuli Modulate inner hair cell
Resistant to damage Vulnerable to damage