The document provides details on the anatomy of the middle ear. It describes the contents of the middle ear which include the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles (tensor tympani, stapedius), Eustachian tube, cavities, and mastoid. It outlines the walls, relations, blood supply, lymphatic drainage and embryology of the middle ear. Key structures mentioned are the ossicles and their ligaments, Eustachian tube, tympanic plexus, oval and round windows, sinuses, and the facial nerve's relation.
The middle ear cavity is located between the tympanic membrane and inner ear. It contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles (tensor tympani, stapedius), and is connected to the nasopharynx via the Eustachian tube. The cavity has thin bony walls that separate it from important structures like the cranial fossa and carotid artery. The ossicles transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
Eustachian tube, anatomy, test and disorders, dr.vijaya sundarm, 20.03.17ophthalmgmcri
The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the Eustachian tube. It describes the Eustachian tube's embryological development and details its adult anatomy including measurements, parts, musculature, and blood supply. Regarding function, it ventilates the middle ear and drains secretions. Dysfunctions include tubal blockage from various mechanical or functional causes like adenoids, cleft palate, or barotrauma. Tests to evaluate Eustachian tube function include Valsalva, Toynbee, and tympanometry. Disorders include tubal blockage, retraction pockets, and a patulous tube.
Anatomy of inner ear by Dr. Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
The document summarizes the anatomy and development of the inner ear. It describes how the inner ear develops from the otic placode and otocyst in the early embryo. It then discusses the detailed structures within the inner ear, including the bony and membranous labyrinths, semicircular canals, cochlea, vestibule, and organ of Corti. The organ of Corti contains hair cells and supporting cells that detect sound vibrations and transmit signals to the auditory nerve.
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and disorders of the Eustachian tube. It begins by describing the anatomy of the Eustachian tube in infants versus adults. It then covers the functions of the Eustachian tube in ventilating the middle ear and protecting it. Common disorders discussed include tubal blockage, retraction pockets, patulous Eustachian tube, and otitis media with effusion. Tests to evaluate Eustachian tube function and potential causes of dysfunction are also summarized.
The document discusses the anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the structures of the external nose including the vestibule, septum, lateral wall, roof and floor. It then covers the four main paranasal sinuses - maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses - describing their locations, drainage pathways, and key relationships to surrounding structures. Finally, it discusses the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and functions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
This document provides an anatomical overview of the structures of the middle ear and mastoid region. It describes the development, features, and contents of the eustachian tube, tympanic cavity, mastoid air cells, and related structures. Key structures discussed include the ossicles, muscles, nerves, blood supply, and the walls, openings and recesses of the middle ear cavity. Comparisons are made between adult and infant anatomy.
This document provides information on the embryology, structure, blood supply, nerve supply, and clinical importance of the external ear, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. It discusses the development of these structures from the first and second branchial arches. The pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane each have distinct embryological origins and anatomical structures. Common anomalies are also described. The clinical significance of various anatomical parts is outlined.
This document provides an overview of the osteology and anatomy of the nose. It discusses the bones that make up the nasal skeleton including the maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, inferior turbinate, lacrimal and palatine bones. It then describes each bone in more detail highlighting their features and landmarks. The document also covers the cartilages of the nose including the upper and lower cartilaginous vault. It discusses the lateral wall of the nose, nasal septum, turbinates and osteomeatal complex. In under 3 sentences, this document summarizes the key bones and structures involved in the anatomy of the nasal skeleton.
The middle ear cavity is located between the tympanic membrane and inner ear. It contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles (tensor tympani, stapedius), and is connected to the nasopharynx via the Eustachian tube. The cavity has thin bony walls that separate it from important structures like the cranial fossa and carotid artery. The ossicles transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear.
Eustachian tube, anatomy, test and disorders, dr.vijaya sundarm, 20.03.17ophthalmgmcri
The document discusses the anatomy, physiology, and disorders of the Eustachian tube. It describes the Eustachian tube's embryological development and details its adult anatomy including measurements, parts, musculature, and blood supply. Regarding function, it ventilates the middle ear and drains secretions. Dysfunctions include tubal blockage from various mechanical or functional causes like adenoids, cleft palate, or barotrauma. Tests to evaluate Eustachian tube function include Valsalva, Toynbee, and tympanometry. Disorders include tubal blockage, retraction pockets, and a patulous tube.
Anatomy of inner ear by Dr. Aditya TiwariAditya Tiwari
The document summarizes the anatomy and development of the inner ear. It describes how the inner ear develops from the otic placode and otocyst in the early embryo. It then discusses the detailed structures within the inner ear, including the bony and membranous labyrinths, semicircular canals, cochlea, vestibule, and organ of Corti. The organ of Corti contains hair cells and supporting cells that detect sound vibrations and transmit signals to the auditory nerve.
The document discusses the anatomy, functions, and disorders of the Eustachian tube. It begins by describing the anatomy of the Eustachian tube in infants versus adults. It then covers the functions of the Eustachian tube in ventilating the middle ear and protecting it. Common disorders discussed include tubal blockage, retraction pockets, patulous Eustachian tube, and otitis media with effusion. Tests to evaluate Eustachian tube function and potential causes of dysfunction are also summarized.
The document discusses the anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the structures of the external nose including the vestibule, septum, lateral wall, roof and floor. It then covers the four main paranasal sinuses - maxillary, ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses - describing their locations, drainage pathways, and key relationships to surrounding structures. Finally, it discusses the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and functions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.
This document provides an anatomical overview of the structures of the middle ear and mastoid region. It describes the development, features, and contents of the eustachian tube, tympanic cavity, mastoid air cells, and related structures. Key structures discussed include the ossicles, muscles, nerves, blood supply, and the walls, openings and recesses of the middle ear cavity. Comparisons are made between adult and infant anatomy.
This document provides information on the embryology, structure, blood supply, nerve supply, and clinical importance of the external ear, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. It discusses the development of these structures from the first and second branchial arches. The pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane each have distinct embryological origins and anatomical structures. Common anomalies are also described. The clinical significance of various anatomical parts is outlined.
This document provides an overview of the osteology and anatomy of the nose. It discusses the bones that make up the nasal skeleton including the maxilla, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, inferior turbinate, lacrimal and palatine bones. It then describes each bone in more detail highlighting their features and landmarks. The document also covers the cartilages of the nose including the upper and lower cartilaginous vault. It discusses the lateral wall of the nose, nasal septum, turbinates and osteomeatal complex. In under 3 sentences, this document summarizes the key bones and structures involved in the anatomy of the nasal skeleton.
Spaces of middle ear and their surgical importanceDr Soumya Singh
one of the imp topics in ENT that should be understood very thoroughly if u want to pursue as an otologist.I tried to simplify the topic with simple diagrams and models for better understanding .
This document describes the anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It discusses the development, external anatomy, internal anatomy including the nasal septum and lateral nasal wall, blood supply, nerve supply, paranasal sinuses, and physiology of the nose. Key structures mentioned include the nasal valve, osteomeatal complex, turbinates, and mucociliary clearance mechanism that protects the lower airways.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the middle ear, including its walls, contents, spaces, blood supply, and related structures like the ossicles, muscles, nerves and mucosa. It describes the embryology, locations, and relationships between the malleus, incus, stapes, tensor tympani muscle, stapedius muscle, chorda tympani nerve, and tympanic plexus. It also discusses the spaces within the middle ear like the epitympanum, mesotympanum, and hypotympanum.
The inner ear consists of the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth contained within it. The bony labyrinth includes the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlear duct, utricle, saccule, three semicircular canals, and endolymphatic duct within the bony structures. The organ of Corti located within the cochlear duct contains hair cells that detect sound vibrations and transmit signals to the cochlear nerve. Perilymph fluid fills the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths while endolymph fluid fills the membranous
This document summarizes the anatomy of the external ear. It describes the pinna (auricle), which is made of elastic cartilage covered in skin. It is attached to the skull by ligaments and muscles supplied by the facial nerve. The external auditory canal extends from the bottom of the concha to the tympanic membrane. The outer third is cartilaginous while the inner two thirds are bony. The tympanic membrane separates the external ear from the middle ear. It consists of the pars tensa and pars flaccida and is innervated by the auriculotemporal, vagus, and glossopharyngeal nerves.
The document describes the anatomy and structures of the human ear. It is divided into three main parts:
1) The outer ear or external ear collects sound waves and directs them into the middle ear.
2) The middle ear contains the tympanic cavity with the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that vibrate in response to sound and transmit the vibrations into the inner ear. It also contains muscles and nerves.
3) The inner ear or labyrinth contains the bony and membranous structures including the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals that sense sound and balance. The cochlea converts sound waves into neural signals that
Mucosal folds and ventilation of middle ear AlkaKapil
The document discusses the anatomy and embryology of the middle ear spaces and mucosal folds.
1. The middle ear develops from the tubotympanic recess which buds into sacs including the saccus anticus, medius, superior and posterior. Remnants of mesenchyme become ligaments and blood vessels.
2. The middle ear is divided into several compartments by mucosal folds including the protympanum, mesotympanum, epitympanum, hypotympanum, and retrotympanum.
3. The epitympanum or attic is further divided by mucosal folds into the upper unit above
The nose serves several important physiological functions:
- It warms, humidifies, and filters incoming air, protecting the lower airways. Nasal secretions containing enzymes, antibodies, and other proteins help fight infections.
- Airflow through the nose is turbulent due to its irregular shape and variable cross-section. The nasal cycle causes periodic congestion of one side to control airflow.
- Rhinomanometry measures nasal resistance by determining the relationship between pressure and airflow, providing information about nasal patency and function.
The tympanic membrane (TM) receives its arterial blood supply from both the deep auricular artery and first part of the maxillary artery on its outer surface, and the anterior and posterior tympanic arteries which branch from the first part of the maxillary artery and stylomastoid artery on its inner surface. The TM's nerve supply originates from the auriculotemporal nerve on its anterior half, the auricular branch of the vagus nerve on its posterior half, and the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve through the tympanic plexus on its medial surface. The document provides an overview of examining the TM and various pathological conditions that can affect it including retraction, bul
This document provides an overview of endoscopic nasal anatomy. It begins with a brief introduction to endoscopy and its historical evolution. It then describes the external nose, nasal septum, lateral nasal wall including the inferior, middle, and superior turbinates. Various anatomical variations are also discussed. The paranasal sinuses, anterior skull base, and endoscopic approaches to different nasal and sinus structures like the frontal sinus and sphenoid sinus are summarized. Key landmarks and variations are highlighted to provide a concise yet comprehensive summary of the essential endoscopic nasal anatomy concepts covered in the document.
The middle ear cleft consists of the tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, and mastoid air cell system. The tympanic cavity is divided into three compartments - the epitympanum, mesotympanum, and hypotympanum. It contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), two muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius), and two nerves (chorda tympani and tympanic plexus). The tympanic cavity has six boundaries - the roof, floor, medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior walls. The ossicles transmit sound from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear
External ear,tympanic membrane and auditory tube Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,mgmcri1234
External ear,tympanic membrane and auditory tube - Lecture by Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Pondicherry,
Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University.
The larynx is located in the neck anterior to the inferior pharynx and superior to the trachea. It has three zones - supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis. During embryological development, the supraglottis arises from the buccopharyngeal bud while the glottis and subglottis arise from the sixth arch. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages which are involved in phonation. It is supplied by intrinsic muscles like the lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles for adduction and abduction of the vocal folds. The larynx has ligaments, membranes,
The nose has several important functions: respiration, protection of the lower respiratory tract, vocal resonance, olfaction, drainage of secretions, and maintaining eustachian tube function. It filters and conditions air through mechanisms like mucociliary clearance and the nasal cycle. Secretions produced in the nose help fight infections and allergens with lysozymes, immunoglobulins, and interferons. The olfactory epithelium allows for smell detection which is important for functions like regulating food intake and detecting toxins.
The document discusses the mucosal folds of the middle ear, which develop as the primitive tympanic cavity expands into the middle ear cleft between 3-7 months of fetal development. This forms four primary sacs that enlarge and replace the mesenchyme, with their walls becoming the mucosal lining of the middle ear. Mucosal folds are the planes of contact between neighboring sacs and carry ligaments and blood vessels to the ossicles. There are 10 important mucosal folds described, including the anterior and posterior malleal folds, lateral malleal ligamental fold, and tensor tympani fold. The folds divide the epitympanum (attic) and orient the progression of
The ear is divided into three parts - external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear includes the auricle and external auditory canal. The middle ear, or tympanic cavity, contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and two small muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius). It is separated from the inner ear by the oval and round windows. The complex anatomy of the middle ear, including its walls, spaces, folds, and vascular and neural supply, allow it to efficiently transmit sound vibrations from the outer to inner ear.
The middle ear consists of the tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, and mastoid air cell system. The tympanic cavity contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), two muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius), nerves (chorda tympani), and is lined by mucosa. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. The mastoid air cell system is a network of air cells in the mastoid bone behind the ear.
Spaces of middle ear and their surgical importanceDr Soumya Singh
one of the imp topics in ENT that should be understood very thoroughly if u want to pursue as an otologist.I tried to simplify the topic with simple diagrams and models for better understanding .
This document describes the anatomy and physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It discusses the development, external anatomy, internal anatomy including the nasal septum and lateral nasal wall, blood supply, nerve supply, paranasal sinuses, and physiology of the nose. Key structures mentioned include the nasal valve, osteomeatal complex, turbinates, and mucociliary clearance mechanism that protects the lower airways.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the middle ear, including its walls, contents, spaces, blood supply, and related structures like the ossicles, muscles, nerves and mucosa. It describes the embryology, locations, and relationships between the malleus, incus, stapes, tensor tympani muscle, stapedius muscle, chorda tympani nerve, and tympanic plexus. It also discusses the spaces within the middle ear like the epitympanum, mesotympanum, and hypotympanum.
The inner ear consists of the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth contained within it. The bony labyrinth includes the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea. The membranous labyrinth contains the cochlear duct, utricle, saccule, three semicircular canals, and endolymphatic duct within the bony structures. The organ of Corti located within the cochlear duct contains hair cells that detect sound vibrations and transmit signals to the cochlear nerve. Perilymph fluid fills the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths while endolymph fluid fills the membranous
This document summarizes the anatomy of the external ear. It describes the pinna (auricle), which is made of elastic cartilage covered in skin. It is attached to the skull by ligaments and muscles supplied by the facial nerve. The external auditory canal extends from the bottom of the concha to the tympanic membrane. The outer third is cartilaginous while the inner two thirds are bony. The tympanic membrane separates the external ear from the middle ear. It consists of the pars tensa and pars flaccida and is innervated by the auriculotemporal, vagus, and glossopharyngeal nerves.
The document describes the anatomy and structures of the human ear. It is divided into three main parts:
1) The outer ear or external ear collects sound waves and directs them into the middle ear.
2) The middle ear contains the tympanic cavity with the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that vibrate in response to sound and transmit the vibrations into the inner ear. It also contains muscles and nerves.
3) The inner ear or labyrinth contains the bony and membranous structures including the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals that sense sound and balance. The cochlea converts sound waves into neural signals that
Mucosal folds and ventilation of middle ear AlkaKapil
The document discusses the anatomy and embryology of the middle ear spaces and mucosal folds.
1. The middle ear develops from the tubotympanic recess which buds into sacs including the saccus anticus, medius, superior and posterior. Remnants of mesenchyme become ligaments and blood vessels.
2. The middle ear is divided into several compartments by mucosal folds including the protympanum, mesotympanum, epitympanum, hypotympanum, and retrotympanum.
3. The epitympanum or attic is further divided by mucosal folds into the upper unit above
The nose serves several important physiological functions:
- It warms, humidifies, and filters incoming air, protecting the lower airways. Nasal secretions containing enzymes, antibodies, and other proteins help fight infections.
- Airflow through the nose is turbulent due to its irregular shape and variable cross-section. The nasal cycle causes periodic congestion of one side to control airflow.
- Rhinomanometry measures nasal resistance by determining the relationship between pressure and airflow, providing information about nasal patency and function.
The tympanic membrane (TM) receives its arterial blood supply from both the deep auricular artery and first part of the maxillary artery on its outer surface, and the anterior and posterior tympanic arteries which branch from the first part of the maxillary artery and stylomastoid artery on its inner surface. The TM's nerve supply originates from the auriculotemporal nerve on its anterior half, the auricular branch of the vagus nerve on its posterior half, and the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve through the tympanic plexus on its medial surface. The document provides an overview of examining the TM and various pathological conditions that can affect it including retraction, bul
This document provides an overview of endoscopic nasal anatomy. It begins with a brief introduction to endoscopy and its historical evolution. It then describes the external nose, nasal septum, lateral nasal wall including the inferior, middle, and superior turbinates. Various anatomical variations are also discussed. The paranasal sinuses, anterior skull base, and endoscopic approaches to different nasal and sinus structures like the frontal sinus and sphenoid sinus are summarized. Key landmarks and variations are highlighted to provide a concise yet comprehensive summary of the essential endoscopic nasal anatomy concepts covered in the document.
The middle ear cleft consists of the tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, and mastoid air cell system. The tympanic cavity is divided into three compartments - the epitympanum, mesotympanum, and hypotympanum. It contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), two muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius), and two nerves (chorda tympani and tympanic plexus). The tympanic cavity has six boundaries - the roof, floor, medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior walls. The ossicles transmit sound from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear
External ear,tympanic membrane and auditory tube Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,mgmcri1234
External ear,tympanic membrane and auditory tube - Lecture by Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.S.,Associate Professor, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute, Pondicherry,
Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth University.
The larynx is located in the neck anterior to the inferior pharynx and superior to the trachea. It has three zones - supraglottis, glottis, and subglottis. During embryological development, the supraglottis arises from the buccopharyngeal bud while the glottis and subglottis arise from the sixth arch. The larynx contains cartilages like the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages which are involved in phonation. It is supplied by intrinsic muscles like the lateral and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles for adduction and abduction of the vocal folds. The larynx has ligaments, membranes,
The nose has several important functions: respiration, protection of the lower respiratory tract, vocal resonance, olfaction, drainage of secretions, and maintaining eustachian tube function. It filters and conditions air through mechanisms like mucociliary clearance and the nasal cycle. Secretions produced in the nose help fight infections and allergens with lysozymes, immunoglobulins, and interferons. The olfactory epithelium allows for smell detection which is important for functions like regulating food intake and detecting toxins.
The document discusses the mucosal folds of the middle ear, which develop as the primitive tympanic cavity expands into the middle ear cleft between 3-7 months of fetal development. This forms four primary sacs that enlarge and replace the mesenchyme, with their walls becoming the mucosal lining of the middle ear. Mucosal folds are the planes of contact between neighboring sacs and carry ligaments and blood vessels to the ossicles. There are 10 important mucosal folds described, including the anterior and posterior malleal folds, lateral malleal ligamental fold, and tensor tympani fold. The folds divide the epitympanum (attic) and orient the progression of
The ear is divided into three parts - external, middle, and inner ear. The external ear includes the auricle and external auditory canal. The middle ear, or tympanic cavity, contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and two small muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius). It is separated from the inner ear by the oval and round windows. The complex anatomy of the middle ear, including its walls, spaces, folds, and vascular and neural supply, allow it to efficiently transmit sound vibrations from the outer to inner ear.
The middle ear consists of the tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, and mastoid air cell system. The tympanic cavity contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), two muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius), nerves (chorda tympani), and is lined by mucosa. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. The mastoid air cell system is a network of air cells in the mastoid bone behind the ear.
Provides a detailed description of the gross anatomy of the ear for undergraduate medical students; i.e. parts of the ear, structures found, their blood supply, their innervation, developmental origins & their functions. It also includes examples of common disorders associated with those parts.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the middle ear. It describes the structures found within the middle ear cavity including the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles (tensor tympani, stapedius), nerves (facial, glossopharyngeal) and blood supply. It also details the six walls that make up the middle ear cavity - roof, floor, medial, lateral, anterior and posterior walls - and their anatomical features and relationships.
The middle ear is a six-walled air-filled cavity located in the petrous part of the temporal bone between the inner and outer ear. It has three divisions - the epitympanum above the eardrum, the mesotympanum opposite the eardrum, and the hypotympanum below the eardrum. The middle ear contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. It is lined by epithelium and contains the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles that help dampen loud sounds. Blood supply comes from branches of the maxillary and posterior auricular arteries.
The document summarizes key anatomical structures and features of the middle ear. It describes how the middle ear extends beyond the tympanic membrane and can be divided into three regions. It identifies important bones, openings, and nerves that make up the walls and boundaries of the middle ear space. These include the tegmen tympani bone, jugular bulb, ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), oval window, round window, and facial nerve canal. Blood supply and lymphatic drainage of the middle ear are also outlined.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the middle ear. It describes the three parts of the ear as the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The middle ear consists of the tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, and mastoid air cell system. The tympanic cavity contains the three ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and their ligaments, as well as the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles. The tympanic cavity has six walls (roof, floor, lateral, medial, posterior, anterior) and can be divided into three regions. The document outlines the structures and landmarks within the tympanic cavity and discusses the blood supply, nerve supply,
The middle ear is an air-filled cavity located between the inner ear and outer ear. It contains three small bones called ossicles that transmit sound vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. The middle ear is divided into several compartments and has six boundaries: roof, floor, medial, lateral, anterior and posterior walls. It contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), two small muscles (tensor tympani and stapedius), and several nerves including the facial nerve. The mastoid air cells are air spaces in the mastoid bone behind the middle ear that communicate with the middle ear and petrous apex. The middle ear and mastoid air cells are important anatomical structures involved
The document provides details on the anatomy of the internal nose. It describes how the nasal cavity is divided into right and left cavities by the nasal septum. Each cavity has a skin-lined vestibule and mucosa-lined nasal cavity proper. The vestibule contains hair follicles and sebaceous glands. The document further describes the structures that make up the lateral wall of the nose such as the turbinates, meatuses, osteomeatal complex and its related structures. It also discusses the blood supply, nerve supply, lymphatic and venous drainage of the internal nose.
The middle ear cavity lies between the external ear canal and inner ear. It contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and has three parts - mesotympanum, epitympanum (attic), and hypotympanum. The mesotympanum contains the ossicles and is lined by epithelium. The hypotympanum is below the eardrum and lined by ciliated epithelium. The epitympanum (attic) is above the eardrum and divided into medial and lateral parts by the ossicles. It provides communication between the middle ear cavity and mastoid air cells.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the middle ear. It describes the structures derived from the pharyngeal pouches and arches that make up the middle ear, including the ossicles, muscles, nerves and openings. It provides details on the walls, contents, blood supply and clinical relevance of the middle ear.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the middle ear, including its walls, contents, ossicles, muscles, nerves, and mucosa. Key points include:
1) The anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, floor and roof walls contain important structures like openings for nerves and muscles.
2) The middle ear contains the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), tensor tympani and stapedius muscles, tympanic plexus and chorda tympani nerve.
3) The ossicles transmit sound from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. The muscles protect the inner ear from loud noises.
The document describes the anatomy and structures of the human ear. It is divided into three main parts:
1) The outer ear or external ear collects sound waves and directs them into the middle ear.
2) The middle ear contains the tympanic cavity with the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) that vibrate in response to sound and transmit the vibrations into the inner ear. It also contains muscles and nerves.
3) The inner ear or labyrinth contains the bony and membranous structures including the cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals that sense sound and balance. The cochlea converts sound waves into neural signals that
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the ear. It is divided into three main parts: the external ear, middle ear, and inner ear. The external ear collects sound waves and directs them through the external auditory canal to the tympanic membrane. The middle ear contains three small bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear. The inner ear, or labyrinth, contains the cochlea for hearing and semicircular canals for balance. It converts sound vibrations into neural signals that are sent to the brain.
The ear can be divided into three main sections:
1. The outer ear collects sound waves and directs them to the eardrum.
2. The middle ear contains three small bones that amplify vibrations and transmit them to the inner ear. It also contains two muscles and two nerves.
3. The inner ear contains the cochlea for hearing and semicircular canals for balance. Within the cochlea is the organ of Corti which contains hair cells that transduce sound vibrations into nerve signals.
The document discusses the anatomy of the middle ear. It begins by describing the embryonic development of the middle ear from the first and second pharyngeal arches. It then details the boundaries and contents of the middle ear cavity, including the ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), muscles (stapedius, tensor tympani), nerves (chorda tympani, facial), epithelium, blood supply and compartments. It concludes by summarizing the development of the ossicles and muscles from the pharyngeal arches and their attachments via ligaments in the adult middle ear.
Anatomy of middle ear and its radiological correlationPrajwal Dange
The middle ear cleft consists of the tympanic cavity, mastoid air cell system, and Eustachian tube. The tympanic cavity contains the auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes) and is bounded laterally by the tympanic membrane. It communicates anteriorly with the Eustachian tube and posteriorly with the mastoid air cells. The cavity contains the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles and is divided into 3 parts - epitympanum, mesotympanum, and hypotympanum. The ossicles transmit sound from the tympanic membrane to the oval window of the inner ear.
ANATOMY OF MID EAR and related structures.pptxJitenLad2
The middle ear consists of the tympanic cavity, Eustachian tube, and mastoid air cell system. The tympanic cavity contains the ossicles and is bounded by walls that form compartments. It communicates with the nasopharynx via the Eustachian tube and with the mastoid antrum. The mastoid antrum leads to extensive air cells within the temporal bone. Structures like the facial nerve canal pass through the walls and roof of the middle ear.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses. It describes the external nose including the nasal bones, cartilages, muscles and blood supply. The internal nasal cavity is then outlined, including the nasal septum dividing it into right and left sides, the lateral walls formed by the superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae and associated meatuses. The openings that drain various paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity are noted. The lining membrane and vascular supply of the nasal cavity are also summarized.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kol...rightmanforbloodline
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Versio
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
TEST BANK For An Introduction to Brain and Behavior, 7th Edition by Bryan Kolb, Ian Q. Whishaw, Verified Chapters 1 - 16, Complete Newest Version
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
3. RELATIONS :-
Largely by tympanic membrane
Lesser extend by bony outer attic wall (SCUTUM)
Chorda tympani nerve passes across-lateral to
long process of incus & medial to handle of
malleus.
LATERAL WALL -
5. Formed by Tegmen tympani (both petrous and
squamous portion of temporal bone form it)
Separates tympanic cavity from middle cranial fossa. Also forms roof of aditus and
antrum.
ROOF -
6. Formed by thin plate of bone separates
the hypotympanum from the dome of jugular bulb.
Maybe congenitally deficient – jugular bulb is separated by mucosa.
Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve pierces floor between jugular fossa and
lower opening of carotid canal.
FLOOR -
7. Thin plate of bone separating from internal carotid artery.
2 openings:
Lower-Eustachian tube
Upper-Canal of Tensor tympani muscle
ANTERIOR WALL -
ANTERIORWALL
8. Pyramid-bony projection; stapedius tendon
appears through its summit, gets attached to neck of stapes.
Aditus-opening through which attic communicates with the antrum.
Fossa incudus-close to aditus, lodges short process of incus.
Vertical part of facial canal behind pyramid.
Posterior canaliculus- aperture for emergence of chorda tympani.
POSTERIOR WALL -
9.
10. EAR OSSICLES – MALLEUS
8 to 9 mm long and weighs 25 mg.
Head -> articulate incus
Manubrium -> embedded between fibrous and mucous
membrane layers of the eardrum.
Neck
Lateral process
Anterior process near the junction of the neck and manubrium
11. INCUS
7 mm long and weighs 30 mg.
Short process -> is posteriorly oriented and is accommodated by the
fossa incudis on the back wall of the middle ear.
Body
Long process -> descends to end at a rounded nodule called the
lenticular process -> articulates with the head of the stapes
12. STAPES -
3.5 mm long, and the footplate surface area of 3.2 mm²
weighs 3 to 4 mg.
Head is connected via the neck to two crura -> anterior and
posterior crura, which lead down to footplate.
Obturator foramen ->Central
attached to the oval window by the annular ligament
13. Ligaments attached to Ossicular chain and middle ear walls:
Superior malleal ligament -> from the roof of the attic down to the
head of the malleus.
Anterior malleal ligament from the anterior tympanic wall to the
anterior process of the malleus.
Lateral malleal ligament -> from the bony margin of the notch of
Rivinus to the neck of the malleus.
Posterior incudal ligament (actually a fold of mucous membrane
rather than a ligament) runs from the fossa incudis to the short
process of the incus
14. MIDDLE EAR MUSCLES
Tensor tympani muscle:
It is housed within the tensor tympani semicanal superior to the Eustachian tube. 25cm
long
Origin: from the
I. cartilage of the ET,
II. walls of its semicanal
III. sphenoid bone adjacent to it
a) Tendon bends around cochleariform process and proceeds to insert on the malleus at
the top of the manubrium near the neck.
b) Contraction of the tensor tympani -> stiffening the ossicular chain.
c) Innervated by the Mandibular nerve by the way of a branch from the med pterygoid
nerve
15. Stapedius muscle
The smallest skeletal muscle in the body
length -> 6.3 mm.
Innervation: the facial nerve.
The stapedius tendon from pyramidal eminence apex -> runs anteriorly to
insert on the neck of the stapes posteriorly.
Contraction of the stapedius (> 80 dB) pulls the stapes posteriorly ->
stiffening the ossicular chain -> reduce the energy that is delivered to the
inner ear.
Gain control mechanism -> keep cochlear input constant -> ↑ dynamic range
↓ self generated noise (chewing, vocalization)
16. EUSTACHIAN TUBE -
Function -
I. Aeration and drainage of the middle ear.
II. equalize air pressure to be the same on both sides of the eardrum.
ARISES FROM -
i. From the anterior middle ear wall to the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
ii. Tilting downward at an angle of 45°.
Eustachian tube is almost horizontal in infants and young children.
a) The first third of the tube -> surrounded by bone (3- 6mm in diameter),
b) The remainder is surrounded by an incomplete ring of elastic cartilage. The meeting
point -> called the isthmus (1-2 mm diameter).
c) The cartilaginous part forms a valve that protect middle ear from pressure fluctuations
in the pharynx and decreases transmission of a person’s voice to the middle-ear cavity.
d) It has cilia that propel mucus from the middle ear to the nasopharynx.
e) The slit shaped cartilaginous part of the Eustachian tube allows transport of material
from the middle-ear cavity to the nasopharynx but not the other way.
17. f) At rest, the cartilage keeps the Eustachian tube closed.
g) The lumen of the tube is opened by the pull exerted by the tensor palatini
muscle. This occurs during swallowing, yawning…
h) Negative pressure develops in the middle ear ->when this mechanism fails to
open the Eustachian tube frequently and effectively
i) The tube is lined with respiratory mucosa containing goblet cells & mucous
glands.
18.
19. MIDDLE EAR CAVITIES
1. Mesotympanum -> between the tympanic membrane and the wall of the
inner ear -> at level of parstensa. -> divided into 3 pouches (Inferior Incudal
Space, Ant. and Post. Pouches of Von Troeltsch).
2. Epitympanum -> contain the head of the malleus and body of incus -> above
level of pars tensa. ->include (Prussak’s space and attic compartment (ant.
and post. By sup malleolar fold).
3.Hypotympanum -> ET (area around it called protympanum) and lower part of
middle ear cavity below tympanic membrane level.
• The total volume of the middle-ear cavities -> 2 cm³
• If the volume of the mastoid air cells is included -> Total volume 10 cm³
20. MASTOID
Middle ear, antrum, and air cells compose a
continuous, air-filled system->infection can spread
from ME to the mastoid air cell system and beyond.
Mastoid -> interconnecting air cells that vary widely
in size, shape, and number. and according to
cellularity –
*Well Pneumatized
*Diploetic
*Sclerotic
21. Classified According to their location into:
a) Zygomatic cells (in root of zygoma)
b) Tegmen cells
c) Perisinus cells
d) Perilabyrinthine cells
e) Peritubal cells
f) Tip cells
g) Marginal cells
h) Squamous cells.
22. Aditus ad antrum connects the antrum with the attic or upper part of the middle ear
cavity.
Antrum:
• The roof -> a thin bony plate -> tegmen tympani, which separates them from ->
middle cranial fossa.
• Its medial wall separates it from: - lateral SCC. - Endolymphatic Sac - Dura of
posterior cranial Fossa
• Lat. Wall: 1.5 cm thick of squamous bone and Mac Ewen’s Triangle bounded by
(linea Temporalis, posterosuperior margin of Ext. aud. Canal, Tangent of posterior
margin of ext. aud. Canal)
• Anteriorly: from medial to lateral ( Facial n. canal,,, Aditus ad antrum and facial
recess, deep bony EAC).
• Posteriorly: mastoid bone and air cells and Sigmoid Sinus
• Floor: Jugular bulb medial to facial canal - Digastric ridge - origin of sternomastoid
m.
23.
24.
25. Mastoid develop from Squamous and petrous bone -> sometimes
petrosquamous suture persists as bony plate called “Korner’s
Septum” separates superficial squamous cells from deep petrosal
cells making surgery difficult
26. Blood supply of ET: Ascending pharyngeal artery ,Middle meningeal artery
and Artery of pterygoid canal
28. MUCOSA OF MIDDLE EAR -
Mucus membrane of the nasopharynx is
continuous with that of middle ear ,aditus and
antrum.
Middle ear cavity is lined by –
1) Ant and Inf part – Ciliated columnar
2) Post part – Cuboidal
3) Attic and Mastoid air cells – flat, non ciliated
4) ET – Ciliated pseudo stratified columnar
epithelium.
29. It enters the tympanic cavity from
the posterior canaliculus at the
junction of the lateral and
posterior walls.
It runs across the medial surface
of the tympanic membrane
between the mucosal and fibrous
layers.
Then passes medial to the upper
portion of the handle of the
malleus above the tendon of
tensor tympani.
leaves thorough petrotympanic
fissure.
carries taste sensation from the
anterior two-thirds of the same
side of the tongue and
secretomotor fibres to the
submandibular gland.
THE CHORDA TYMPANI NERVE
30. THE TYMPANIC PLEXUS
It is formed by the
– tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve
(Jacobson's nerve)
– caroticotympanic nerves, which arise from the
sympathetic plexus around the internal carotid artery.
The nerves form a plexus on the promontory and provide the
branches to the mucous membrane lining the tympanic cavity,
Eustachian tube and mastoid antrum and air cells.
The plexus also provides branches to join the greater superficial
petrosal nerve and the lesser superficial petrosal nerve that
contains all the parasympathetic fibres of the glossopharyngeal
nerve.
31. FACIAL RECESS -
Depression on posterior wall,
lateral to pyramid.
Shallow lower down
Medially - facial nerve
Laterally – chorda tympani
Above – fossa incudis
Posterior tympanotomy-direct access
to middle ear without disturbing
posterior wall.
32. SINUS TYMPANI -
Boundaries:
– Superior: Ponticulus
– Inferior: Subiculum
– Lateral: Mastoid Segment of Facial
Nerve
– Medial: Posterior semicircular canal
It evades direct surgical visualization during
surgery. Site for cholesteatoma recurrence
33. PROMONTORY -
Formed by basal turn ofcochlea
Contains nerves forming tympanic plexus
Tympanic branch of ninth nerve may be covered by
bone forming a small canal.
34. OVAL WINDOW -
Behind and above the
promontory.
Connects tympanic cavity with
the vestibule.
Closed by footplate of stapes
and annular ligament.
35. ROUND WINDOW -
Lies below and behind the promontory.
Separates middle ear from Scala tympani.
Closed by fibrous secondary tympanic
membrane.lying between round & oval
window.
37. First pharyngeal pouch -Pharyngotympanic tube
Middle ear cavity
Mastoid antrum
(dorsal expansion of cavity)
First pharyngeal arch -Malleus
Incus
Tensor tympani muscle
Malleolar ligaments
Second pharyngeal arch - Stapes
Stapedius muscle
Stapes develop from the second arch except its footplate and annular ligament which
are derived from the ottic capsule.
First pharyngeal membrane -Tympanic membrane