- Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that live in water and soil. They range from unicellular microalgae to multicellular macroalgae.
- Major classes of algae include green algae, brown algae, red algae, yellow-green algae, golden algae, and cyanobacteria.
- Algae have many economic uses including production of pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, biofuels, bioremediation of wastewater, biofertilizers, and animal feed due to their high protein content. They also play an important role in carbon fixation and oxygen production.
Cyanobacteria (blue‐green algae)
Dinoflagellates
Euglenoids
Brown, Golden‐brown, and Yellow‐brown Algae
Glaucophytes
Red Algae
Green Algae
Algal Culturing
use of algae
This slide contains all the basic information about classes and divisions of Algae with proper representation of perfect examples with their pictures in the slide. Also included the slide of Algal Blooms and their adverse effects.
Cyanobacteria (blue‐green algae)
Dinoflagellates
Euglenoids
Brown, Golden‐brown, and Yellow‐brown Algae
Glaucophytes
Red Algae
Green Algae
Algal Culturing
use of algae
This slide contains all the basic information about classes and divisions of Algae with proper representation of perfect examples with their pictures in the slide. Also included the slide of Algal Blooms and their adverse effects.
Unicellular aquatic Eukaryota organism that do photosynthesize. Plant-like protist. This presentation provides a generalize idea of protist focusing specifically on some characteristics of protist as well as their division.
Phylum Bacillariophyta, Xanthophyta & Chrysophyta Fasama H. Kollie
Bacillariophyta is a phylum of the kingdom Protista, consisting of mostly unicellular aquatic algae commonly referred to as Diatoms.
Xanthophytes are the yellow-green algae whereas Chrysophytes are the golden-brown algae.
Study of plant kingdom made easy. Students often find this chapter difficult to understand as they cannot relate to plants very well (especially because they don't play outdoors or observe nature around them). For a student of Biology it is important to develop an interest and be able to relate to plants as well as we do to animals. I have worked hard to make this ppt as interesting as I could. I hope it will provide some help to students and other fellow teachers who wish to make their class interesting and interactive.
Phylum Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta & Chlorophyta - Multicellular aglaeFasama H. Kollie
These are the multicellular algae of the kingdom Protista. Phaeophyta are group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that belong to the class phaeophyceae in the division chromophyta.
through this ppt you will get know the economic importance of algae
ALGAE characters , importance as food, antibiotics, medicines ,fertilizer, agar agar
Rotifers mainly culture as a feed for the fish larvae.The success of rotifers as a culture organism, including their. planctonic nature, tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions, high reproduction rate (0.7-1.4 offspring.female-1.day-1). Moreoever, their small size and slow swimming velocity make them a suitable prey for fish larvae that have just resorbed their yolk sac but cannot yet ingest the larger Artemia nauplii. However, the greatest potential for rotifer culture resides, however, is the possibility of rearing these animals at very high densities (i.e. densities of 2000 animals.ml-1 have been reported by Hirata, 1979). Even at high densities, the animals reproduce rapidly and can thus contribute to the build up of large quantities of live food in a very short period of time. Last, but not least, the filter-feeding nature of the rotifers facilitiates the store of essential nutrients which is needed for the fish larvae.
Unicellular aquatic Eukaryota organism that do photosynthesize. Plant-like protist. This presentation provides a generalize idea of protist focusing specifically on some characteristics of protist as well as their division.
Phylum Bacillariophyta, Xanthophyta & Chrysophyta Fasama H. Kollie
Bacillariophyta is a phylum of the kingdom Protista, consisting of mostly unicellular aquatic algae commonly referred to as Diatoms.
Xanthophytes are the yellow-green algae whereas Chrysophytes are the golden-brown algae.
Study of plant kingdom made easy. Students often find this chapter difficult to understand as they cannot relate to plants very well (especially because they don't play outdoors or observe nature around them). For a student of Biology it is important to develop an interest and be able to relate to plants as well as we do to animals. I have worked hard to make this ppt as interesting as I could. I hope it will provide some help to students and other fellow teachers who wish to make their class interesting and interactive.
Phylum Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta & Chlorophyta - Multicellular aglaeFasama H. Kollie
These are the multicellular algae of the kingdom Protista. Phaeophyta are group of multicellular, eukaryotic organisms that belong to the class phaeophyceae in the division chromophyta.
through this ppt you will get know the economic importance of algae
ALGAE characters , importance as food, antibiotics, medicines ,fertilizer, agar agar
Rotifers mainly culture as a feed for the fish larvae.The success of rotifers as a culture organism, including their. planctonic nature, tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions, high reproduction rate (0.7-1.4 offspring.female-1.day-1). Moreoever, their small size and slow swimming velocity make them a suitable prey for fish larvae that have just resorbed their yolk sac but cannot yet ingest the larger Artemia nauplii. However, the greatest potential for rotifer culture resides, however, is the possibility of rearing these animals at very high densities (i.e. densities of 2000 animals.ml-1 have been reported by Hirata, 1979). Even at high densities, the animals reproduce rapidly and can thus contribute to the build up of large quantities of live food in a very short period of time. Last, but not least, the filter-feeding nature of the rotifers facilitiates the store of essential nutrients which is needed for the fish larvae.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
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4. Summary
• What are Algae
• Types, Life forms and
Structure
• Microalgae
• Macroalgae
• Classification
• Importance
5. What are Algae
• A large and incredibly diverse group of
eukaryotic organism
• Single or multi-cellular organism that has
no roots, stems or leaves
• Photosynthetic lifeforms (Chlorophylls)
• Algae, as a group, produce a vast
majority of the oxygen on Earth.
• Exist in Fresh water, Marine water, Snow.
6. Types, Life forms
and Structure
• Unicellular (Microalgae)
• Multicellular (Macroalgae)
• Free-living unicellular
• Colonies or multicellular organism
• Membrane bound nucleus, chloroplasts,
and mitochondria.
• Pigments
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
7. • Most are aquatic and
autotrophic
• Don’t have many of the
distinct cell and tissue types,
such as stomata, xylem, and
phloem, which are found in
land plants.
• Much Simple than Plants
11. Chlorophyceae (Green Algae)
• Occurrence: Most forms are fresh water and a few are marine.
• Pigments: Chief pigments are Chlorophyll A and B and Carotenoids (red-orange pigments)
• Reserve food: Starch
• Structure: Unicellular motile to heterotrichous filaments.
• Cell wall consists of Cellulose. Pyrenoids are commonly surrounded by starch sheath.
Motile cells have equal flagella (2-4).
• Reproduction: Sexual reproduction ranges from isogamous to advanced oogamous type.
• Example: Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Chlorella, Scenedesmus ,Pediastrum.
12. Xanthophyceae (Yellow green algae)
• Class: Xanthophyceae (Yellow green algae)
• Occurrence: Most forms are fresh water but a few are marine.
• Pigments: Yellow Xanthophyll is found abundantly.
• Reserve food: oil
• Structure: Unicellular motile to simple filamentous. Cell wall rich in pectic compounds and
composed of two equal pieces overlapping at their edges.
• Motile cells have two very unequal flagella. Pyrenoids absent.
• Reproduction: Sexual reproduction is rare and always isogamous.
• Example: Vaucheria
13. Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
• Class: Phaeophyceae (Brown algae)
• Occurrence: Mostly marine
• Pigments: Chlorohyll a & c, Carotenes, Xanthophylls,
not chlorophyll b
• Reserve food: Mannitol as well as laminarin and fats
• Structure: The plants may be simple filamentous to
bulky Parenchymatous forms.
• Several plants attain giant size, external and internal
differentiation.
• Examples: Sargassum, Padina, Fucus, etc
14. Rhodophyceae (Red algae)
• Occurrence: Few forms are fresh water and others are
marine.
• Pigments: Chromatophores are red blue containing pigments
like red phycoerythrin and blue phycocyanin, Chlorphyll-a,d,
carotenes.
• Reserve food: Floridean starch
• Structure: Simple filamentous to attaining considerable
complexity of structure. Motile structures are not known.
• Reproduction: Sexual reproduction is advanced oogamous
type. The male organ produces non-motile gametes and the
female organ has a long receptive neck. After sexual
reproduction special spores (carpospores) are produced
• Example: Batrachospermum, Polysiphonia
15. Chrysophyceae (Golden algae)
• Occurrence: Most forms occur in cold fresh water but a
few are marine.
• Pigments: Chromatophores are brown or orange
(Golden) colored. Phycochrysin serves as chief accessory
pigments.
• Reserve food: Fat and leucosin.
• Structure: Plants are unicellular motile to branched
filamentous. Flagella are unequal attached at front end.
Cells commonly contain one or two parietal
chrmoatophores.
• Reproduction: Sexual reproduction seldom occurs but is
of isogamous type.
• Examples: Dinobryon, Synura, etc
16. Myxophyceae (Cyanophyceae or Blue green algae)
• Occurrence: Found in sea and fresh water,
• Pigments: Chlorophyll, carotenes, xanthophylls, and phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. The
ratio of last two pigments exhibits colour variation, commonly blue green.
• Reserve food: Sugars and Glycogen
• Structure: Simple type of cell to filamentous, some of the filamentous forms show false or
true branching, very Simple/basic/undeveloped nucleus, no proper chromatophores, the
photosynthetic pigments being diffused throughout the peripheral position. No motile
stages.
• Reproduction: There is no sexual reproduction.
• Example: Oscillatoria, Nostoc, Anabena, Lyngbia, Spirolina, Spirogyra, Chlorococcus
17.
18.
19. Cyanobacteria
Phylum of bacteria that obtain their
energy through photosynthesis
The only photosynthetic prokaryotes
able to produce oxygen.
Nitrogen fixers
No True or developed Nucleus,
Diffused Pigments around
membrane
27. Nutraceuticals
Spirulina used as single cell protein
food supplements, dietary supplements,
value-added processed foods as well as non-
food supplements such as tablets, soft gels,
capsules etc. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty
acids (PUFA) Carotenoids
28. Biofuels
• Algae can be converted into various types of fuels.
• The lipid, or oily part of the algae biomass can be
extracted and converted into biodiesel.
• The carbohydrate content of algae can be fermented
into bioethanol or butanol fuel
29. CO2 Fixation
• Algae are primary producer and are
responsible for about half of the O2
production on planet earth (Lee 2008).
• They can produce 280 tons of dry biomass
ha-1 year-1 with sequestration of 513 tons of
CO2 (Bilanovic et al. 2009).
• CO2 capture efficiency of microalgae is 10-
50 times faster than that of higher plants,
and they can grow much faster (Wang et al.
2008).
• It is estimated that 1 kg of dry algal
biomass utilize about 1.83 kg of CO2 (Chisti
2007).
30. Waste water
treatment
• Algae can be used in wastewater treatment
• Removal of coliform bacteria
• Reduction of both chemical and biochemical
oxygen demand
• Removal of N and/or P, and also for the
removal of heavy metals
31. Biofertilizer
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.
• An algae Biofertilizer is a natural,
organic and renewable energy
source.
• They help retain essential nutrients
and water in the soil which is required
for the proper growth of the plants.
• Cyanobacteria – Nostoc, Anabena,
Oscillotoria, Azolla
32. Animal feed
Microalgae have high nutritional value
and are used to feed adult and larval
stages of bivalves, the larvae of
some fish and crustaceans and
zooplankton.
Algae are high protein, nutritious, natural
and a low cost food option for animals,
that have the potential of replacing the
existing expensive grains that are fed
to animals.
Looking at the economic and food crises
over the world harvesting algae can be
used as a good option to produce animal
feed.
