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The massive earthquake in Chile caused widespread damage. 214 people were killed and over 2 million people were affected. It generated a 1.8m tsunami in Polynesia, France. The earthquake occurred along the Pacific Ring of Fire, an area in the Pacific Ocean basin where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur due to movement of tectonic plates.
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The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. It forms a horseshoe shape around the Pacific Ocean basin, and is associated with oceanic trenches. Around 90% of the world's earthquakes and 80% of the largest earthquakes happen along the Ring of Fire. Countries like Chile, Mexico, Japan, the Philippines, and the United States have experienced major volcanic eruptions and earthquakes due to tectonic plate subduction processes along the Ring of Fire.
Mt St Helens Geography Case Study
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Nyiragongo eruption case study
The Nyiragongo volcano eruption in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo had widespread environmental, social, and economic impacts. The eruption split the city of Goma in half, destroyed 14 villages, and polluted Lake Kivu with sulphurous gases. It killed 45 people in the first 24 hours, left 500,000 homeless, and destroyed water and power supplies. Economically, it rendered the airport unusable, destroyed 4,500 buildings including 40% of Goma, and led to widespread unemployment from many destroyed businesses. International aid agencies provided food, tents and supplies for over 700,000 people initially displaced.
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Mount pinatubo case study
Mount Pinatubo, located in the Philippines, erupted in 1991 after a period of increased seismic activity. The eruption ejected ash up to 34km into the atmosphere, covering over 125,000km2 in ash and destroying 800km2 of agricultural land. Over 800,000 livestock were killed and 1.2 million people lost their homes. Pyroclastic flows and lahars (volcanic mudflows) caused additional damage. International aid and relocation efforts helped respond to the eruption, but lahars continued to impact the area for years. The hazard is now managed through monitoring, hazard maps, and building designs to mitigate future lahar impacts.
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Mount nyiragongo case study
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Montserrat is a small Caribbean island where a volcanic eruption has devastated the southern region since 1995. The eruption of the Soufriere Hills volcano has forced over half of the island's population to evacuate as the volcano remains active. The eruption is caused by subduction of tectonic plates under Montserrat and has destroyed infrastructure like roads, ports, and airports while covering the landscape in ash. The British government has provided aid to resettle displaced residents but responses have been complicated by the ongoing risks from the still-active volcano.
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The Pacific Ring of Fire is an area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. It forms a horseshoe shape around the Pacific Ocean basin, and is associated with oceanic trenches. Around 90% of the world's earthquakes and 80% of the largest earthquakes happen along the Ring of Fire. Countries like Chile, Mexico, Japan, the Philippines, and the United States have experienced major volcanic eruptions and earthquakes due to tectonic plate subduction processes along the Ring of Fire.
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On May 18, 1980, Mount St. Helens erupted, destroying over 15 cubic kilometers of timber and killing 57 people. Mount St. Helens is an active volcano located in Washington state on the boundary between the North American and Juan de Fuca tectonic plates. As the Juan de Fuca plate slid under the North American plate, it melted and caused magma to rise and build up in Mount St. Helens, resulting in earthquakes until the top of the volcano was blown off in the eruption. The eruption covered over 60,000 square kilometers with volcanic debris and ash and caused extensive economic and environmental damage to the surrounding area.
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The Nyiragongo volcano eruption in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo had widespread environmental, social, and economic impacts. The eruption split the city of Goma in half, destroyed 14 villages, and polluted Lake Kivu with sulphurous gases. It killed 45 people in the first 24 hours, left 500,000 homeless, and destroyed water and power supplies. Economically, it rendered the airport unusable, destroyed 4,500 buildings including 40% of Goma, and led to widespread unemployment from many destroyed businesses. International aid agencies provided food, tents and supplies for over 700,000 people initially displaced.
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The 2009 L'Aquila earthquake in central Italy killed 291 people and injured 1,500. The magnitude 5.8 earthquake damaged over 110,000 buildings in the historic city of L'Aquila and surrounding areas. While some hazard management was in place, such as retrofitting buildings and mapping seismic risks, a scientist had predicted the imminent quake based on increased radon gas levels but was dismissed, and his work was removed from the internet. The earthquake left over 58,000 homeless and caused $15 billion in damages to Italy.
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Montserrat[1][1]
The Soufriere Hills volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat erupted violently in 1995 and 1997, destroying the capital city of Plymouth and forcing half of the island's population to evacuate. The eruptions covered two-thirds of the island in ash and destroyed infrastructure like buildings, schools, hospitals, and farmland. This led to widespread economic issues as the island lost its tourist industry and many residents and had to rebuild ports and airports. While aid money was provided, Montserrat continues to struggle economically decades later from the impact of the volcanic eruptions.
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無題 1
The massive earthquake in Chile caused widespread damage, killing 214 people and affecting two million. It generated a 1.8m tsunami in Polynesia and France. The Pacific Ring of Fire experiences high seismic and volcanic activity due to tectonic plates sinking under each other, forming volcanoes and islands. About 90% of the world's earthquakes occur in this region.
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Montserrat[1][1]
The Soufriere Hills volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat erupted violently in 1995 and 1997, destroying the capital city of Plymouth and forcing half of the island's population to evacuate. The eruptions covered two-thirds of the island in ash and destroyed infrastructure like buildings, schools, hospitals, and farmland. This led to widespread economic issues as the island lost its tourist industry and many residents and had to rebuild ports and airports. While aid money was provided, Montserrat continues to struggle economically decades later from the impact of the volcanic eruptions.
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Mt Etna is Europe's largest active volcano located on the east coast of Sicily. It was formed by the subduction of the African plate under the Eurasian plate. Over 25% of Sicily's population lives on Etna's fertile slopes and it is a key source of income through agriculture and tourism. During eruptions, authorities have taken measures like evacuations, building barriers to divert lava flows, and using explosives to protect nearby towns. Monitoring of Etna has improved over time to better predict and manage eruptive activity.
Gcse Montserrat
The document summarizes the 1995-1996 eruption of the Soufrière Hills volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat. Key details include:
- Montserrat is a British territory located in the Caribbean where the North and South American plates are pushing under the Caribbean plate, causing volcanic activity.
- In 1995-1996, the volcano erupted, collapsing its magma dome and producing pyroclastic flows and phreatic explosions, forcing the evacuation of the island's people.
- The eruption was caused by tectonic plate movement beneath the island, and resulted in ashfall, lava flows, and damage to the island's infrastructure over the following years.
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The Chaitén volcano erupted in Chile in May 2008, producing ash plumes up to 17km high and pyroclastic flows. The eruption destroyed the town of Chaitén and forced the evacuation of its residents. Over 900 people remained displaced from the town by the end of 2008. The eruption caused major economic impacts through damage to infrastructure and losses to local businesses and agriculture. It also resulted in one direct fatality and significant environmental impacts through ashfall and lahars. The government response included developing improved volcanic monitoring, relocating the town, and providing aid and compensation to affected residents.
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An example of the level of detail needed for A2 case studies and a discussion of the Mount St Helens 1980 eruption.
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The volcanic eruption on Montserrat from 1995-1997 was devastating for the island. Montserrat is a small Caribbean island that was heavily reliant on tourism and farming. In 1995, the previously dormant volcano erupted without warning. Over the next two years, repeated eruptions destroyed over 2/3 of the island, including the capital city of Plymouth. The eruptions forced over half the population to evacuate and caused widespread destruction of homes, farmland, infrastructure, and the local economy. The long term impacts included a decline in population from 11,000 to 4,000 as many people did not return after the eruptions ceased.
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The document summarizes a powerful 9.0 magnitude earthquake that struck Japan on March 11, 2011. The earthquake generated a massive tsunami that caused widespread damage across Japan. Several hours after the earthquake, a state of emergency was declared at a nuclear power plant where cooling systems had failed, posing risks of a nuclear explosion and radioactive contamination. Over 350 people died and 500 remained missing due to the earthquake and tsunami in Japan.
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Mount Etna is an active stratovolcano located on the island of Sicily in Italy. It sits on a convergent plate boundary between the African and Eurasian plates. In November 2002, Mount Etna erupted, producing earthquakes, explosions, ash clouds, and two lava flows that destroyed a tourist center and vineyards. The eruption had short term economic impacts like destroying tourism but created fertile soil long term. Monitoring and prediction help minimize damage from such eruptions.
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The Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat erupted in 1995 due to its location on a destructive plate boundary, where the Atlantic oceanic plate is subducting under the Caribbean continental plate. As magma rose from the subducting plate it formed the composite Soufrière Hills volcano. In June 1997, the volcano's dome collapsed, sending pyroclastic flows down the mountain that engulfed villages, killing 19 people. The eruption destroyed homes and infrastructure across the southern half of the island.
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Haiti Casestudy
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Tsunami by Kanmani
Here I have prepared a power point presentation about Tsunami.
I have collected information and pictures from different sites.
Anyone who wants to use it, please feel free to download and use it.
In this I have also covered other types of Natural disasters like Hurricane, Volcano, Storm etc..
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This powerpoint is a educational one and teaches you about a bunch of stuff on the mountian Mauna Loa expecially on the eruptions!
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An earthquake at the edge of a tectonic plate can displace large amounts of water and generate a tsunami. When the ocean floor suddenly rises or drops, it throws the water above it into large waves that travel towards the shore. Most tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean, called the "Ring of Fire", where there is frequent seismic and volcanic activity. The Japanese word "tsunami" means "harbor wave" and describes the huge waves that can overwhelm coastal areas, as seen in the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed over 280,000 people.
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Tsunamis are a series of huge waves caused by undersea disturbances like earthquakes or volcanic eruptions. They are generated by the sudden displacement of water and can cause devastating damage when they reach land. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was triggered by a massive 9.0 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. It affected over 12 countries across South and Southeast Asia, causing over 160,000 deaths and widespread destruction of property. The tsunami highlighted the massive scale of relief efforts needed in the aftermath of such a disaster.
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1. A tsunami is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
2. Tsunamis can travel at over 970 kph (600 mph) in the open ocean, which is as fast as a jet plane flies.
3. The main causes of tsunamis are earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and explosions, landslides, meteorite impacts, and glacial calvings. Underwater earthquakes are the most common cause of tsunamis.
4. Early tsunami warning systems involve seismic monitoring sensors on the seafloor that
tsunami[1].ppt
The document provides information about tsunamis, including what causes them, how they behave in deep ocean versus shallow coastal waters, examples of destructive past tsunamis, and tips for preparing for tsunamis. It discusses how tsunamis are formed by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions and other events. It also explains that while tsunamis have long wavelengths and travel fast in deep ocean, they slow down and grow taller as they reach shallow coastal waters, potentially reaching over 100 feet high. Examples of destructive tsunamis discussed include those in Hawaii in 1975 and 1960, Alaska in 1964, Chile in 1960, and Peru in 1996.
Tsunami
The document discusses tsunamis, their causes, effects, and history. Tsunamis are caused by underwater earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, or meteor impacts displacing large volumes of water. They have struck coastlines throughout history, including the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami that killed over 118,000 people across several countries. Early warning systems and evacuation to higher ground can help reduce loss of life from future tsunamis.
taiwan independence
The document discusses evidence that mega-tsunamis from volcanic eruptions and flank collapses destroyed ancient civilizations over 50,000 years ago. Specifically, it notes that as the last glacial period ended around 12,000 years ago, stress imbalances triggered eruptions of stratovolcanoes located on shelves surrounding Asia. Landslides of these volcanoes would have generated mega-tsunamis over 100 meters high, capable of wiping out coastal settlements and islands across the northern hemisphere. The waters northeast of Taiwan in particular contain evidence of undersea volcanoes and faults that could have historically generated tsunamis impacting ancient civilizations.
Active and inactive faults
The document discusses "The Big One", a potentially powerful earthquake that could hit Metro Manila. It explains that earthquakes are caused by the movement of tectonic plates underground. The West Valley Fault runs through Metro Manila and could produce a 7.2 magnitude earthquake capable of shaking the entire region. The document provides details on fault types, earthquake measurement scales, seismic waves, and tips for preparing for and surviving earthquakes and typhoons.
Japan tsunami
The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan caused widespread damage. A magnitude 9 earthquake triggered a massive tsunami, with waves over 128 feet high in some areas. Over 15,000 people were killed or declared missing. The tsunami also caused a nuclear meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Recovery continues years later, with debris removal, rebuilding of infrastructure, and relocation of evacuees from Fukushima. The earthquake and tsunami had effects across the Pacific region and around the world.
Tsunami a natural disaster
A tsunami is a series of enormous ocean waves generated by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or meteor impacts that displace large volumes of water and cause catastrophic damage when they reach land. Tsunamis are very difficult to detect when they approach coastal areas out in the open ocean, and can travel at over 500 mph. Areas near fault lines in the Pacific Ocean called "seismic zones" are particularly at high risk of experiencing tsunamis. On December 26, 2004, a 9.3 magnitude earthquake in the Indian Ocean triggered a devastating tsunami that killed over 230,000 people across 14 countries, with deaths reported as far away as Africa.
GEOHAZARDS07 - Tsunami.pdf
This document summarizes information about tsunamis from multiple sources. It discusses how the 2004 Sumatra earthquake generated a tsunami that killed over 280,000 people due to the lack of an early warning system in the Indian Ocean. It then provides definitions and characteristics of tsunamis, explaining how their long wavelengths allow them to travel vast distances with little energy loss. As they reach shallow coastal waters, their speed decreases while height increases due to shoaling. Tsunamis can be generated by earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, explosions, and meteorite impacts, with most caused by displacement of the seafloor during subduction zone earthquakes. Examples of deadly tsunamis from Alaska and
Tsunami
Assalam U Alikum!
In these slides, Tsunami is discussed. First, What is Tsunami then breif history of Tsunami, Characteristics of Tsunami, Terminology of Tsunami, How can you do preparations before, during and after Tsunami came.
I hope you like my slides. Stay tuned for more slides.
Jazak Allah!.
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The document summarizes information about earthquakes that have occurred in different locations. It discusses some key facts about earthquakes globally, including that 100,000 are felt each year and 100 cause damage annually. It then provides details about the largest earthquake in Japan in 2011 with a magnitude of 9.0 that caused a devastating tsunami, resulting in over 10,000 casualties. It also discusses the strongest earthquake to hit the Philippines, which was a 7.9 magnitude quake in 1990 in Baguio City that killed over 1,600 people.
TSUNAMI NATURES FURY
Tsunami is a Japanese word meaning harbor wave. Tsunamis are series of large waves generated by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, or other disturbances that displace large volumes of water. The first recorded tsunami was in 1480 BC in the Mediterranean. Tsunamis cause devastating damage when they reach coastal areas due to their ability to flood large areas inland with fast-moving water. Proper warning systems and evacuation of coastal areas can help reduce loss of life from tsunamis.
05 Jun 1937 - _Girdle Of Fire_ Round Pacific Ocean.pdf
New Guinea lies on a line of weakness in the earth's crust that is part of a chain of volcanic islands stretching from the Mediterranean through Southeast Asia and linking up with the ring of volcanic activity around the Pacific Ocean. This ring extends from the Antarctic to Alaska, down through South America. Volcanic activity results from weaknesses in the earth's crust, and New Guinea specifically lies at the intersection of weakness lines coming from the Mediterranean and in the Pacific. A recent eruption in Rabaul could potentially cause small new islands to form, as occurred after the massive 1883 eruption of Krakatoa volcano between Java and Sumatra.
Earthquake and Seismic Analysis Labs
The document summarizes several of the most hazardous earthquakes in the world and Pakistan based on their magnitude, location, and fault. It discusses in detail five major earthquakes worldwide: the 1960 Valdivia earthquake (magnitude 9.5), the 2004 Sumatra earthquake/tsunami (9.3), the 1950 Assam-Tibet earthquake (8.6), the 1906 Ecuador-Colombia earthquake (8.8), and major earthquakes occurring in Kamchatka, Russia. It also summarizes two major earthquakes in Pakistan: the 2005 Kashmir earthquake (7.6) and the 1974 Hunza earthquake (6.2). Diagrams are included showing locations and impacts of some of the earthquakes
Hurricane Katrina
Hurricane Katrina caused widespread damage and flooding in New Orleans in August 2005. It breached levees protecting the city, leaving 80% underwater. The storm and subsequent flooding killed over 1,700 people and displaced hundreds of thousands of residents. Repairing the broken levees and pumping out the floodwaters took many months. The humanitarian and economic impacts of the disaster were immense and long-lasting.
Tsunami
A tsunami is a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, often from earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides or other disturbances below or above water. Tsunami waves have a very long wavelength and can cause enormous destruction in coastal areas, with wave heights over tens of metres. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was one of the deadliest natural disasters, killing over 290,000 people across 14 countries.
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無題 1
- 1. Earthquake that occurs in Chile The massive earthquake occurred at the center of the geography. 214 dead went out for the present. This earthquake destroyed the building, the bridge, and the road. The widespread damage was caused. Electricity, water, and the line were drained. President Michele in Chile said that two million people had been influenced. The tsunami was generated and the country of the Pacific Ocean suffered from a high wave always. The tsunami of 1.8m in height was generated in Polynesia in France. There was no immediate report concerning damage at all.
- 2. Precise map of shake It was noted that the resident in the coast region moved to high ground in Hawaii, Tahiti, and New Zealand. The wave that measured less than 1m high was generated in Hawaii.
- 3. Pacific Ring of Fire The oceanic plate in the Pacific Ocean in which it centers on Pacific Plate is formed, and it sinks under a continental plate and an oceanic plate and the volcano islands and the volcanic cluster of the circumference are formed by crowding. It is a thing including sinking of the plate. The seismic activity besides the volcanic activity is also active. It is thought that it was formed after the mesozoic when Pacific Plate was able to be done.
- 4. Pacific Ring of Fire(2) Pacific Ring of Fire is an area where a lot of earthquakes and the volcanic eruptions happen in the Pacific Ocean basin. It is related to the deep, the volcanic arc, the volcanic zone, and the movement in the plate of an almost consecutive series by the horseshoe shape of 40,000km. There are 452 volcanoes in Pacific Ring of Fire.
- 5. Pacific Ring of Fire(3) About 90% of the world's earthquakes and 80% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along Pacific Ring of Fire. The next most seismic region is the Alpide belt, which extends from Java to Sumatra through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean, and out into the Atlantic. The Mid- Atlantic Ridge is the third most prominent earthquake belt.
- 6. Eruption of Mount St. Helens The Mt. St. Helen's is famous because the large eruption was caused on May 18, 1980. The economy of the United States received big shock by this eruption. 200 buildings and 47 bridges disappeared, and the life of 57 people was deprived.
- 7. Tunami warning The earthquake of magnitude 7.8 occurred in the kerumadeikku islands offing of northeastern New Zealand according to U.S. Geological Survey of Japan on the seventh. The time of occurrence is local 7:03 AM in time. The hypocenter is the east 211 kilos of the Raul island that is a part of kerumadeikku islands. The focal depth is 48 kilos. The tsunami warning was given to New Zealand, kerumadeikku islands, and Tonga by the strong earthquake.
- 8. New Zealand It might have destroyed this tsunami according to the coastline in the area near the earthquake epicenter. Civil Defense of New Zealand issued a tsunami warning to Northland, Bay of Plenty, east coast, and Hawks Bay in New Zealand. It was said that the first arriving wave got to New Zealand at 8.52:00AM of Thursday. It was said that people in the coast region did not have to refrain from the beach, to make no relations to water, and to go sightseeing. The first wave might be not the largest. The wave might continue for several hours.