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09 module determinig ip routes

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Asif
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The document discusses static and dynamic IP routing. It defines static routes as manually entered routes, while dynamic routes are automatically adjusted by routing protocols. It describes how distance vector protocols like RIP and IGRP work by sharing routing tables between neighbors, and how link state protocols like OSPF calculate the shortest path to all destinations. It also addresses issues like routing loops that can occur with distance vector protocols.

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2 Determining IP Routes
2 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
2 Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes Static Route Uses a route that a network administrator enters into the router manually Dynamic Route Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes
2 Static Routes Network Stub network 172.16.1.0 176.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 so Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a stub network to allow communications to occur.
[object Object],Static Route Configuration ip route network [ mask ] { address | interface } [ distance ] [ permanent ] Router (config)#
2 Static Route Example Network Stub network 172.16.1.0 176.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 so Ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1 This a unidirectional route. You must have a route configured in the opposite direction.
2 Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICRC_revision_11.3 Default Routes Network Stub network 172.16.1.0 176.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 so ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2 This route allows a stub network to reach all known networks beyond router A.
2 Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICRC_revision_11.3 What is a Routing protocol? Routing protocols are used between routers to determine paths and maintain routing tables. Once the path is determined a router can route a routed protocol. Network Protocol Connected RIP IGRP Destination network Exit Interface 10.120.2.0 172.16.2.0 172.17.3.0 E0 S0 S1 10.120.2.0 E0 S0 172.16.1.0 Routed protocol:IP Routing protocol:RIP,IGRP
2 Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICRC_revision_11.3 Autonomous System: Interior or Exterior Routing Protocols Autonomous System 100 Autonomous System 200 ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],IGPs : RIP, IGRP EGPs :BGP
Administrative Distance Interface 128.31.7.1 Administrative Distance=100 Interface 128.5.1.3 Administrative Distance=120 Router D Router C Router B Router A I need to send a packet to Router D. Both router B and C will get it there. Which route is more reliable?
Classes of Routing Protocols Distance Vector Hybrid Routing Link State C D B A C D B A
Distance Vector Concept ,[object Object],C B A D Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table Routing Table C D B A
Distance Vector Network Discovery ,[object Object],A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.3.0.0 S0 0 10.4.0.0 E0 0 Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 0 0 S0 S1 E0 S0
Distance Vector Network Discovery ,[object Object],A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.1.0.0 0 0 1 1 Routing Table 10.3.0.0 S0 0 10.4.0.0 E0 0 10.2.0.0 1 1 0 0 S0 S1 S1 S0 S0 E0 S0 S0
Distance Vector Network Discovery ,[object Object],A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 Routing Table 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.1.0.0 0 0 1 1 Routing Table 10.3.0.0 S0 0 10.4.0.0 E0 0 10.2.0.0 10.1.0.0 1 2 1 2 0 0 S0 S1 S1 S0 S0 S0 E0 S0 S0 S0
Problem: Routing Loops ,[object Object],A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 Routing Table 10.3.0.0 1 2 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.1.0.0 1 2 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.2.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 1 1 10.1.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 0 0 S0 E0 S0 S0 E0 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S1 S0
Problem: Routing Loops ,[object Object],A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 X Routing Table 10.3.0.0 1 2 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0 0 Down Routing Table 10.1.0.0 1 2 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.2.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 1 1 10.1.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 0 0 S0 E0 S0 S0 E0 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S1 S0
Problem: Routing Loops ,[object Object],A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 X Routing Table 10.3.0.0 1 2 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0 0 2 Routing Table 10.1.0.0 1 2 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.2.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 1 1 10.1.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 0 0 S0 E0 S0 S0 E0 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S1 S1
Problem: Routing Loops ,[object Object],A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 X Routing Table 10.3.0.0 1 2 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0 0 2 Routing Table 10.1.0.0 1 4 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.2.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 3 1 10.1.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 0 0 S0 S0 S0 S0 E0 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S1 S0
Symptom: Counting to Infinity ,[object Object],A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 X Routing Table 10.3.0.0 1 2 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0 0 5 Routing Table 10.1.0.0 1 3 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.2.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 4 1 10.1.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 0 0 S0 S0 S0 S0 E0 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S1 S0
Solution: Defining a Maximum ,[object Object],A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 X Routing Table 10.3.0.0 1 2 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0 0 16 Routing Table 10.1.0.0 1 16 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.2.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 16 1 10.1.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 0 0 S0 S0 S0 S0 E0 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S1 S0
Solution: Split Horizon ,[object Object],A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 X X X Routing Table 10.3.0.0 1 2 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.1.0.0 1 2 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.2.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 1 2 10.1.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 0 0 S0 S0 S0 S0 E0 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S1 E1
Solution: Poison Reverse ,[object Object],A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 X Routing Table 10.3.0.0 1 2 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.4.0.0 0 Infinity Routing Table 10.1.0.0 1 2 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.2.0.0 0 0 Routing Table 10.2.0.0 1 2 10.1.0.0 10.4.0.0 10.3.0.0 0 0 S0 S0 S0 S0 E0 S0 S0 S0 S0 S1 S1 E1
Solution: Hold-Down Timers ,[object Object],Network 10.4.0.0 is down then back up then back down Update after hold-down Time Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable A B C 10.1.0.0 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 X Update after hold-down Time
Solution: Triggered Updates ,[object Object],A B C 10.2.0.0 10.3.0.0 10.4.0.0 E0 S0 S0 S1 S0 E0 X 10.1.0.0 Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable Network 10.4.0.0 is unreachable
Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes X C 10.4.0.0 D B E A Routing Table 10.4.0.0 Infinity E0
Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.) C X Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down 10.4.0.0 Update after holddown time D B E A
Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.) C X 10.4.0.0 Update after holddown time Update after holddown time Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down D B E A
Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.) C X 10.4.0.0 Update after holddown time Update after holddown time Update after holddown time Packet for Network 10.4.0.0 D B E A
Link-State Concept ,[object Object],Link-State Packets SPF Algorithm Topological Database Shortest Path First Tree Routing Table C A D B
Link-State Network Discovery ,[object Object],A B C X Y Z W E0 S1 S1 S0 S1 E1 Routing Table W 0 X 0 Routing Table X 0 Y 0 Routing Table Y 0 Z 0 E0 S1 S0 S1 S1 E1
Link-State Network Discovery ,[object Object],A B C X Y Z Topological Database Topological Database Topological Database W E0 S1 S1 S0 S1 E1 SPF SPF SPF Routing Table W 0 X 0 Routing Table X 0 Y 0 Routing Table Y 0 Z 0 E0 S1 S0 S1 S1 E1
Link-State Network Discovery ,[object Object],A B C X Y Z Topological Database A Routing Table Topological Database B Routing Table Topological Database C Routing Table W E0 S1 S1 S0 S1 E1 SPF SPF Tree SPF Tree SPF Tree SPF SPF Routing Table W 0 X 0 Routing Table X 0 Y 0 Routing Table Y 0 Z 0 E0 S1 S0 S1 S1 E1
Link-State Topology Changes ,[object Object],Process to update this routing table Process to update this routing table Topology change in link- state update Process to update this routing table
Link-State Concerns ,[object Object],SPF SPF Tree Topological Database A Routing Table
Link-State Concerns ,[object Object],[object Object],SPF SPF Tree Topological Database A Routing Table
 
[object Object],Hybrid Routing Choose a routing path based on distance vectors Converge rapidly using change-based updates Balanced Hybrid Routing
[object Object],RIP Overview 19.2 kbps T1 T1 T1
[object Object],RIP Configuration router rip Router(config)# network network-number Router(config-router)# ,[object Object]
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],IP Routing Configuration Tasks Network 160.89.0.0 Network 172.30.0.0 IGRP, RIP Network 172.16.0.0 RIP RIP IGRP
[object Object],Dynamic Routing Configuration router protocol [ keyword ] Router(config)# ,[object Object],[object Object],network network-number Router(config-router)#
Rip Configuration Example A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router rip network 172.16.0.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router rip network 192.168.1.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router rip network 10.0.0.0
Verifying the Routing Protocol_RIP A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router A # sh ip protocols routing protocol is “rip” sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is incoming update filter list for all interfaces is redistributing : rip Default version control : send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key_chain Ethernet 0 1 1 2 Serial 2 1 1 2 Routing for networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing information sources: Gateway distance last update 10.1.1.2 120 00:00:10 Distance : (default is 120 )
Displaying the IP Routing Table Router> show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default Gateway of last resort is not set 144.253.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.0), 1 subnets C 144.253.100.0 is directly connected, Ethernet1 R 153.50.0.0 [120/1] via 183.8.128.12, 00:00:09, Ethernet0 183.8.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.128), 4 subnets R 183.8.0.128 [120/1] via 183.8.128.130, 00:00:17, Serial0 [120/1] via 183.8.64.130, 00:00:17, Serial1 C 183.8.128.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0 C 183.8.64.128 is directly connected, Serial1 C 183.8.128.128 is directly connected, Serial0
debug ip rip Command Router# debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Router# RIP: received update from 172.8.128.130 on Serial0 172.8.0.128 in 1 hops 172.8.64.128 in 16 hops (inaccessible) RIP: received update from 172.8.64.130 on Serial1 172.8.0.128 in 1 hops 172.8.128.128 in 1 hops RIP: received update from 172.8.128.130 on Serial0 172.8.0.128 in 1 hops 172.8.64.128 in 1 hops RIP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.8.128.2) subnet 172.8.0.128, metric 2 subnet 172.8.64.128, metric 6 subnet 172.8.128.128, metric 1 network 10.253.0.0, metric 1 RIP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet1 (10.253.100.202) network 10.50.0.0, metric 2 network 172.8.0.0, metric 1
Verifying the Routing Protocol_RIP A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router A # sh ip protocols routing protocol is “rip” sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is incoming update filter list for all interfaces is redistributing : rip Default version control : send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key_chain Ethernet 0 1 1 2 Serial 2 1 1 2 Routing for networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing information sources: Gateway distance last update 10.1.1.2 120 00:00:10 Distance : (default is 120 )
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Introduction to IGRP IGRP
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],IGRP Composite Metric 19.2 kbps 19.2 kbps Source Destination
[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],IGRP Unequal Multiple Paths New Route Initial Route Source Destination
Configuring IGRP network network-number Router(config-router)# ,[object Object],router igrp autonomous-system Router(config)# ,[object Object]
Configuring IGRP(cont.) Router(config_router)#variance multiplier ,[object Object],Router (config_router )# traffic_share { balanced | min } ,[object Object]
IGRP Configuration Example A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router igrp 100 network 172.16.0.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router igrp 100 network 192.168.1.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router igrp 100 network 10.0.0.0
Displaying the Routing Protocol—IGRP Router> show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "igrp 100" Sending updates every 90 seconds, next due in 21 seconds Invalid after 270 seconds, hold down 280, flushed after 630 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Default networks flagged in outgoing updates Default networks accepted from incoming updates IGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0 IGRP maximum hopcount 100 IGRP maximum metric variance 1 Redistributing: igrp 100 Routing for Networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 10.1.1.2 100 00:01:01 Distance: (default is 100) --More--
show ip interfaces Command Router> show ip interfaces Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 183.8.128.2 subnet mask is 255.255.255.128 Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 Address determined by non-volatile memory MTU is 1500 bytes Helper address is not set Directed broadcast forwarding is enabled Outgoing access list is not set Inbound access list is not set Proxy ARP is enabled Security level is default Split horizon is enabled ICMP redirects are always sent ICMP unreachables are always sent ICMP mask replies are never sent IP fast switching is enabled IP fast switching on the same interface is disabled IP SSE switching is disabled Router Discovery is disabled IP output packet accounting is disabled --More--
show ip route Command Router> show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default Gateway of last resort is not set 144.253.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.0), 1 subnets C 144.253.100.0 is directly connected, Ethernet1 I 133.3.0.0 [100/1200] via 144.253.100.200, 00:00:57, Ethernet1 I 153.50.0.0 [100/1200] via 183.8.128.12, 00:00:05, Ethernet0 183.8.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.128), 4 subnets I 183.8.0.128 [100/180671] via 183.8.64.130, 00:00:27, Serial1 [100/180671] via 183.8.128.130, 00:00:27, Serial0 C 183.8.64.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0 C 183.8.64.128 is directly connected, Serial1 C 183.8.128.128 is directly connected, Serial0 I 172.16.0.0 [100/1200] via 144.253.100.1, 00:00:55, Ethernet1 I 192.3.63.0 [100/1300] via 144.253.100.200, 00:00:58, Ethernet1

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09 module determinig ip routes

  • 2.
  • 3. 2 Identifying Static and Dynamic Routes Static Route Uses a route that a network administrator enters into the router manually Dynamic Route Uses a route that a network routing protocol adjusts automatically for topology or traffic changes
  • 4. 2 Static Routes Network Stub network 172.16.1.0 176.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 so Configure unidirectional static routes to and from a stub network to allow communications to occur.
  • 5.
  • 6. 2 Static Route Example Network Stub network 172.16.1.0 176.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 so Ip route 172.16.1.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.2.1 This a unidirectional route. You must have a route configured in the opposite direction.
  • 7. 2 Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICRC_revision_11.3 Default Routes Network Stub network 172.16.1.0 176.16.2.2 172.16.2.1 so ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.2.2 This route allows a stub network to reach all known networks beyond router A.
  • 8. 2 Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICRC_revision_11.3 What is a Routing protocol? Routing protocols are used between routers to determine paths and maintain routing tables. Once the path is determined a router can route a routed protocol. Network Protocol Connected RIP IGRP Destination network Exit Interface 10.120.2.0 172.16.2.0 172.17.3.0 E0 S0 S1 10.120.2.0 E0 S0 172.16.1.0 Routed protocol:IP Routing protocol:RIP,IGRP
  • 9.
  • 10. Administrative Distance Interface 128.31.7.1 Administrative Distance=100 Interface 128.5.1.3 Administrative Distance=120 Router D Router C Router B Router A I need to send a packet to Router D. Both router B and C will get it there. Which route is more reliable?
  • 11. Classes of Routing Protocols Distance Vector Hybrid Routing Link State C D B A C D B A
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15.
  • 16.
  • 17.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 22.
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  • 26. Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes X C 10.4.0.0 D B E A Routing Table 10.4.0.0 Infinity E0
  • 27. Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.) C X Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down 10.4.0.0 Update after holddown time D B E A
  • 28. Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.) C X 10.4.0.0 Update after holddown time Update after holddown time Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down Network 10.4.0.0 is possibly down D B E A
  • 29. Implementing Solutions in Multiple Routes (cont.) C X 10.4.0.0 Update after holddown time Update after holddown time Update after holddown time Packet for Network 10.4.0.0 D B E A
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  • 43. Rip Configuration Example A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router rip network 172.16.0.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router rip network 192.168.1.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router rip network 10.0.0.0
  • 44. Verifying the Routing Protocol_RIP A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router A # sh ip protocols routing protocol is “rip” sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is incoming update filter list for all interfaces is redistributing : rip Default version control : send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key_chain Ethernet 0 1 1 2 Serial 2 1 1 2 Routing for networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing information sources: Gateway distance last update 10.1.1.2 120 00:00:10 Distance : (default is 120 )
  • 45. Displaying the IP Routing Table Router> show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default Gateway of last resort is not set 144.253.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.0), 1 subnets C 144.253.100.0 is directly connected, Ethernet1 R 153.50.0.0 [120/1] via 183.8.128.12, 00:00:09, Ethernet0 183.8.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.128), 4 subnets R 183.8.0.128 [120/1] via 183.8.128.130, 00:00:17, Serial0 [120/1] via 183.8.64.130, 00:00:17, Serial1 C 183.8.128.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0 C 183.8.64.128 is directly connected, Serial1 C 183.8.128.128 is directly connected, Serial0
  • 46. debug ip rip Command Router# debug ip rip RIP protocol debugging is on Router# RIP: received update from 172.8.128.130 on Serial0 172.8.0.128 in 1 hops 172.8.64.128 in 16 hops (inaccessible) RIP: received update from 172.8.64.130 on Serial1 172.8.0.128 in 1 hops 172.8.128.128 in 1 hops RIP: received update from 172.8.128.130 on Serial0 172.8.0.128 in 1 hops 172.8.64.128 in 1 hops RIP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.8.128.2) subnet 172.8.0.128, metric 2 subnet 172.8.64.128, metric 6 subnet 172.8.128.128, metric 1 network 10.253.0.0, metric 1 RIP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet1 (10.253.100.202) network 10.50.0.0, metric 2 network 172.8.0.0, metric 1
  • 47. Verifying the Routing Protocol_RIP A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 172.16.1.1 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router A # sh ip protocols routing protocol is “rip” sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240 outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is incoming update filter list for all interfaces is redistributing : rip Default version control : send version 1, receive any version Interface Send Recv Key_chain Ethernet 0 1 1 2 Serial 2 1 1 2 Routing for networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing information sources: Gateway distance last update 10.1.1.2 120 00:00:10 Distance : (default is 120 )
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  • 53. IGRP Configuration Example A B C E0 S2 S2 S3 S3 E0 172.16.1.1 10.1.1.1 10.2.2.3 192.168.1.1 10.1.1.2 10.2.2.2 172.16.1.0 192.168.1.0 Router igrp 100 network 172.16.0.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router igrp 100 network 192.168.1.0 network 10.0.0.0 Router igrp 100 network 10.0.0.0
  • 54. Displaying the Routing Protocol—IGRP Router> show ip protocols Routing Protocol is "igrp 100" Sending updates every 90 seconds, next due in 21 seconds Invalid after 270 seconds, hold down 280, flushed after 630 Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set Default networks flagged in outgoing updates Default networks accepted from incoming updates IGRP metric weight K1=1, K2=0, K3=1, K4=0, K5=0 IGRP maximum hopcount 100 IGRP maximum metric variance 1 Redistributing: igrp 100 Routing for Networks: 10.0.0.0 172.16.0.0 Routing Information Sources: Gateway Distance Last Update 10.1.1.2 100 00:01:01 Distance: (default is 100) --More--
  • 55. show ip interfaces Command Router> show ip interfaces Ethernet0 is up, line protocol is up Internet address is 183.8.128.2 subnet mask is 255.255.255.128 Broadcast address is 255.255.255.255 Address determined by non-volatile memory MTU is 1500 bytes Helper address is not set Directed broadcast forwarding is enabled Outgoing access list is not set Inbound access list is not set Proxy ARP is enabled Security level is default Split horizon is enabled ICMP redirects are always sent ICMP unreachables are always sent ICMP mask replies are never sent IP fast switching is enabled IP fast switching on the same interface is disabled IP SSE switching is disabled Router Discovery is disabled IP output packet accounting is disabled --More--
  • 56. show ip route Command Router> show ip route Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default Gateway of last resort is not set 144.253.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.0), 1 subnets C 144.253.100.0 is directly connected, Ethernet1 I 133.3.0.0 [100/1200] via 144.253.100.200, 00:00:57, Ethernet1 I 153.50.0.0 [100/1200] via 183.8.128.12, 00:00:05, Ethernet0 183.8.0.0 is subnetted (mask is 255.255.255.128), 4 subnets I 183.8.0.128 [100/180671] via 183.8.64.130, 00:00:27, Serial1 [100/180671] via 183.8.128.130, 00:00:27, Serial0 C 183.8.64.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0 C 183.8.64.128 is directly connected, Serial1 C 183.8.128.128 is directly connected, Serial0 I 172.16.0.0 [100/1200] via 144.253.100.1, 00:00:55, Ethernet1 I 192.3.63.0 [100/1300] via 144.253.100.200, 00:00:58, Ethernet1

Editor's Notes

  1. ip route command sets up a static route. ip route field description: network—destination network or subnet mask—subnet mask router—IP address of next hop router interface—name of interface to use to get to destination network A static route allows manual configuration of the routing table. No dynamic changes to this table entry will occur as long as the path is active. Routing updates are not sent on a link if only defined by a static route; hence, conserving bandwidth.
  2. 5
  3. 5
  4. Dynamic routing uses broadcasts to communicate with other routers. The routing “metric” helps routers find the best path to each network or subnet.
  5. router command starts a routing process. router field descritions: protocol—one of the following: RIP, IGRP, HELLO, OSPF, BGP, EGP autonomous system—used with those protocols which require an AS (IGRP, BGP, EGP)