Levels of ProcessingModel of Memory
Craik & Lockhart (1972)
Different ways to process information lead to
different strengths of memories
Deep processing leads to better memory
Elaborating according to meaning
Shallow processing emphasizes the
physical features of the stimulus
The memory trace is fragile and quickly decays
Distinguished between maintenance rehearsal and
elaborative rehearsal
11.
Support for Levelsof Processing
Craik & Tulving (1975)
Participants studied a list in three different
ways
Structural: Is the word in capital letters?
Phonemic: Does the word rhyme with dog?
Semantic: Does the word fit in this sentence?
“The ______ is delicious.”
A recognition test was given to see which
type of processing led to the best memory
12.
Craik & Tulving(1975) Results
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Yes No
Sentence Type
Recognized
Case
Rhyme
Sentence
13.
Rogers, Kuiper,& Kirker (1977)
Encoding with respect to oneself increases memory
Self-Reference Effect
Capital Rhymes Means the Describes
letters? with? same as? you?
14.
Criticisms of LOPModel
Circular definition of levels
Transfer appropriate processing effect
Morris, Bransford, & Franks (1977)
Two processing tasks: semantic vs. rhyme
Two types of tests: standard yes/no recognition vs. rhyme
test
Memory performance also depends on the match between
encoding processes and type of test
Encoding Task Recognition Rhyme
Semantic 0.83 0.31
Rhyme 0.62 0.49
用以檢驗提取歷程的實驗典範
回憶 (recall)
主動回報訊息
必須在意識層次提取訊息才能正確回報
Serial recall vs. free recall vs. cued recall
再認 (recognition)
比對目前所看到的刺激是否為之前有登錄的訊息
不一定需要在意識層次提取訊息才能正確回報
尤其是目前的刺激和登錄訊息差異很大的時候,只要用熟悉
感就可以判斷是否為過去登錄過的訊息
記得 v.s. 知道
23.
Implicit vs. ExplicitMemory Tasks
Explicit memory tasks
Involve conscious recollection
Participants know they are trying to retrieve
information from memory
Implicit memory tasks
Require participants to complete a task
The completion of the task indirectly
indicates memory
24.
Implicit Memory Tasks
Participantsare
exposed to a word list
Tiger
Lion
Zebra
Panda
Leopard
Elephant
After a delay…
Participants then complete
word puzzles; they are not
aware this is a type of
memory test
Word fragment completion:
C_E_TA_
E_E_ _A_ N_
_ E _ R A
Word stem completion:
Mon _____
Pan_____
Short-Term Memory
Attention
Attend to information
in the sensory store,
it moves to STM
Rehearsal
Repeat the
information to keep
maintained in STM
Retrieval
Access memory in
LTM and place in
STM
Short-Term
Memory
(STM)
Attention
Storage &
Retrieval
Rehearsal
Research on Short-TermMemory
Chunking: organize input into larger units
1 9 8 0 1 9 9 8 2 0 0 3 - Exceeds capacity
1980 1998 2003 - Reorganize by
chunking
Birth
year
HS
graduation
College
graduation
Bower, Clark, Lesgold,and Winzenz
(1969)
Randomized list:
Naples World Italy Americas
Montreal Bristol Washington Ottawa
Orlando England Europe Dallas
Liverpool Winnipeg Rome USA
London Florence Canada
Organized list: World
Europe Americas
England Italy USA Canada
London Rome Washington Ottawa
Liverpool Florence Dallas Montreal
Bristol Naples Orlando Winnipeg
Working Memory Model
Phonological Loop
Used to maintain information for a short time
and for acoustic rehearsal
Visuo-spatial sketch pad
Used for maintaining and processing visuo-
spatial information
Episodic buffer
Used for storage of a multimodal code, holding
an integrated episode between systems using
different codes
51.
Working Memory Model
Central executive
Focuses attention on relevant items and inhibits
irrelevant ones
Plans sequence of tasks to accomplish goals,
schedules processes in complex tasks, often switches
attention between different parts
Updates and checks content to determine next step in
sequence
Alzheimer’s Disease
Leadsto memory loss and dementia in
older population
Over the age of 65 are labeled “late
onset”
“Early onset” is rare but can affect those
in their mid 30s and in middle age
64.
• Atrophy ofthe cortical tissue
– Alzheimer’s brains shows abnormal fibers that
appear to be tangles of brain tissue and senile
plaques (patches of degenerative nerve endings)
– The resulting damage of these conditions may
lead to disruption of impulses in neurons
Alzheimer’s Disease and the
Brain
65.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Symptoms(gradual, continuous, and
irreversible)
Memory loss
Problems doing familiar tasks
Problems with language
Trouble knowing the time, date, or place
Poor or decreased judgment
Problems with abstract thinking
Misplacing things often, such as keys
Changes in mood, behavior, and personality
These symptoms could be an early sign of
Alzheimer’s when it affects daily life