The document outlines essential skills for effective presentations, public speaking, and understanding body language. It discusses key elements such as confidence, sincerity, mastery of subject, and audience rapport, along with the '4 P's of presentation' (Plan, Prepare, Practice, Present). Additionally, it highlights the importance of reading body language and the impact of non-verbal communication on audience perception.

1. Presentation
skills, Public
speaking and
Body language
BY: YASH AGRAWAL

2. Things to learn
• Presentation skills
1. Introduction
2. Elements of presentation
3. 4 P’s of Presentation
4. Iceberg Theory
• Public Speaking
1. Elements of public speaking
2. Steps of Public Speaking

3. Things to learn
• Body Language
1. Introduction
2. Reading Body Language
3. Making a positive impression
4. Negative gestures
5. Mehrabian Circle
• Conclusion

4. Presentation Skills
It is a process of processing the content of the topic to an audience consisting one or more persons. It utilizes
some visual aid.
“A successful presentation needs to be both buttoned up (orderly) and free-flowing (a conversation). The
tension between the two, the fact that both things are happening at once, defines the process.”
― Dale Ludwig and Greg Owen-Boger

5. Elements of Presentation
The essential elements of a presentation are:
 Confidence
 Sincerity
 Master of subject
 A friendly feeling for audience

6. Elements of presentation
1. Confidence
In a way, standing before a group of people to speak for a length of time, and speaking with force and
conviction, is a difficult undertaking. You need to prepare yourself psychologically for the occasion and be
ready to stand your ground.
This is what confidence amounts to. If you are sure of yourself and sure about your message, you find it
easier to carry your audience with you.
To be thoroughly sure of your grounds, it requires a good deal of research into your subject, preparation, and
anticipating the audience you are going to face.

7. Elements of presentation
2. Sincerity
When does a preacher succeed in preaching? When he means what he says and has the interests of the
listeners in his heart.
A good presentation begins in the heart and reaches the listeners’ hearts. However, having sincerity and
being able to communicate it to the audience are not the same.
Your inner state, your attitude needs to be translated into the delivery. The ability to convey your sincerity
is the ability of an actor.

8. Elements of presentation
3. Master of Subject
Mastery of the subject requires that you see the subject from many points of view. A good speaker gathers
more information than may be required for the speech. If you master the subject you are presenting you’ll be
able to bring the message in an effective manner.
If, for example you are giving a presentation on Racism, you’ll need to see the issue from the standpoint of
the ones being affected because of it. This helps you understand the insecurities and helps you understand in
detail about the problems faced. If you aren’t being affected because of this and you try to give out a
presentation you’ll just be able to inform your audience about the tip of iceberg problems that has a
possibility of your audience already knowing about it.

9. Elements of Presentation
4. A friendly feeling for audience
You need to have the listeners’ welfare in mind as the purpose of your talk. You need to take care that
through your actions or words, you don’t militate against any of their pet likes.
When you stand before a group of people, many of whom are strangers to you and with their own opinions,
you can be effective by radiating a friendly feeling.
A motivation speaker started her speech before a large crowd of restless youths with the resounding words,
“I love this audience.” This was said in a radiant tone and eye-to-eye contact with the listeners. Instantly, a
friendly bond was established.

10. 4 P’s of a Presentation
o Plan
o Prepare
o Practice
o Present

11. 4 P’s of Presentation
1. Plan
1. The purpose of the speech is to decide what you wish to speak about and the primary purpose of the
speech. Do you wish to:
(a) instruct and inform
(b) convince, persuade, influence or motivate,
or (c) amuse and entertain

12. 4 P’s of Presentation
2. Prepare
In one sentence, write down the object of your speech. This sentence will become the criterion against
which all material is be judged whether to be included or not.
If there are a number of points to be dealt with, establish a theme, a central idea or concept which gives
unity, direction and coherence to the presentation as a whole.
List the main points to be covered and arrange them in a logical sequence.
Your speech should be structured into 3 distinct parts - Opening, Body and Conclusion
Write down your speech beforehand. It’ll give you an insight and filter your content before itself.

13. 4 P’s of Presentation
3. Practice
Practice until you are very familiar with the speech. Practice helps to reduce nerves.
Practice your speech beforehand in front of your friends or family as the feedback. Identify and alter your
mannerisms and ensure you are within the time frame.
Practicing your speech will help you boost your confidence and make you feel positive about your own
presentations.

14. 4 P’s of Presentation
4. Present
Make positive first impression:
Establish eye contact
Confident body language
Be relaxed and well groomed Build rapport with your audience
Be sincere and be yourself · Say "we" not "you"
Talk in terms of your audience's interests
Involve your audience Hold the attention of the audience
Be enthusiastic · Use vivid words · Express yourself clearly and concisely
Have an upbeat voice Close your presentation to make a favorable and lasting impression

15. The Iceberg Theory
The Iceberg Theory is a style of writing created by author Ernest Heminigway. He believed that eliminating
details that writer and reader inherently know, the story will strengthen. “Only 10-20% of the story is
directly revealed through prose. In comparison to an actual iceberg, that is usually the portion of the floating
ice mountain that is visible above water. The other 80-90% of the story lies behind the scenes and is
integrated in the structure of the story.”
The 3 methods:
1. Stick to One Idea Per Slide
2. Construct a Story Around the Content
3. Use Characters to Represent the Audience

16. The Iceberg Theory
1. Stick to One Idea Per Slide
One mistake presenters make is cramming too much information on one slide. Showing more than
one chart on a slide will not work to convey your message. Having a long bullet point list will be too
much for the audience to read. Instead, break out the content onto individual slides. This will ensure
that the point you want to make will be heard.

17. The Iceberg Theory
2. Construct a Story Around the Content
Your slides should build on top of each other. Frame the main takeaways around an experience. This
creates an emotional investment into the content. You can tell a story at the beginning of the
presentation and circle back to it at the end. Or you can weave in parts of your story throughout your
presentation. Keep it simple and directly tied to your message.

18. The Iceberg Theory
3. Use Characters to Represent the Audience
Create a character or a series of characters to explain processes within your presentation. This works
great for training presentations. Write a character that goes through the training process along with
the audience. This will keep the messaging brief and simple. The audience will be able to relate to the
character and quickly learn the new process.

19. Public Speaking
Basically, it's a presentation that's given live before an audience. Public speeches can cover a wide
variety of different topics. The goal of the speech may be to educate, entertain, or influence the
listeners. Often, visual aids in the form of an electronic slideshow are used to supplement the speech
and make it more interesting to the listeners.
“ There are always three speeches one of you actually gave. The one you practised, the one you gave,
and the one you wish you gave.”
- Dale Carnegie

20. Elements of Public Speaking
There are 7 elements to a good speech and an effective communication process. The 7 elements are
as follows:
• Speaker
• Message
• Channel
•Listener
• Feedback
•Interference
• Situation

21. Steps of Public Speaking
We will be taking a look at these four areas:
1. Writing the speech
2. Overcoming a fear of speaking
3. Practicing the speech
4. Giving the speech

22. Steps of Public Speaking
1. Writing the speech
The first thing you'll want to do is work on writing a well-organized, engaging speech. Because even if
you've got a great speaking voice or a great deal of charisma, you won't give a good speech if your
material isn't any good.

23. Steps of Public Speaking
2. Overcoming a fear of speaking
Fear of public speaking is very real and can hold you back if you let it. If you don't feel confident when
giving your speech, your listeners may pick up on that, making your presentation less effective.
Fortunately, there are some techniques that'll help most people manage their fear of public speaking
and become more confident.

24. Steps of Public Speaking
3. Practicing the speech
Even if you're not afraid of public speaking, practicing your speech is still an important step to having
an effective speech. If you're in a rush, you may be tempted to skip practicing your speech to save
time. While skipping practice may seem like a good idea, it's really not.
By practicing your speech not only do you improve your public speaking skills, but you also increase
your familiarity with the presentation—making it more likely that your speech will go smoothly.

25. Steps of Public Speaking
4. Giving the speech
Now that you've written a good speech, feel more confident about public speaking, and have
practiced—you're ready to actually give the speech. There are some tips and tricks you can use on the
day of your speech to make it go more smoothly, though. Remember, you're giving a presentation
before a live audience at a specific place and time. So, you've got some concerns about the speaking
venue that those who give online presentations don't have to worry about. Some common concerns
for public speakers include:
•Will the audience be able the hear me?
•Does the venue have the equipment I need?
•Are there enough seats for all of my listeners?

26. Body Language
Body language is a type of a nonverbal communication in which physical behaviors, as opposed to words,
are used to express or convey the information. Such behavior includes facial expressions, body posture,
gestures, eye movement, touch and the use of space.
When we are able to "read" these signs, we can use it to our advantage. For example, it can help us to
understand the complete message of what someone is trying to say to us, and to enhance our awareness of
people's reactions to what we say and do.
“The body never lies.”
- Martha Graham

27. Reading body languages
1. Crossed arms and legs signal resistance to your ideas. Crossed arms and legs are physical barriers that
suggest the other person is not open to what you're saying. Even if they're smiling and engaged in a pleasant
conversation, their body language tells the story.
2. Real smiles crinkle the eyes. When it comes to smiling, the mouth can lie but the eyes can't. Genuine
smiles reach the eyes, crinkling the skin to create crow's feet around them. People often smile to hide what
they're really thinking and feeling, so the next time you want to know if someone's smile is genuine, look for
crinkles at the corners of their eyes. If they aren't there, that smile is hiding something.
3. Raised eyebrows signal discomfort. There are three main emotions that make your eyebrows go up:
surprise, worry, and fear.

28. Reading body languages
4. Copying your body language is a good thing. Have you ever been in a meeting with someone and
noticed that every time you cross or uncross your legs, they do the same? Or perhaps they lean their head the
same way as yours when you're talking? That's actually a good sign. Mirroring body language is something
we do unconsciously when we feel a bond with the other person. It's a sign that the conversation is going
well and that the other party is receptive to your message. This knowledge can be especially useful when
you're negotiating, because it shows you what the other person is really thinking about the deal.
5. Exaggerated nodding signals anxiety about approval. When you're telling someone something and
they nod excessively, this means that they are worried about what you think of them or that you doubt their
ability to follow your instructions.

29. Making a positive impression
•Have an open posture. Be relaxed, but don't slouch! Sit or stand upright and place your hands by your sides
(see figure 1). Avoid standing with your hands on your hips, as this will make you appear larger, which can
communicate aggression or a desire to dominate (see figure 2).
•Use a firm handshake. But don't get carried away! You don't want it to become awkward or, worse, painful
for the other person. If it does, you'll likely come across as rude or aggressive.
•Maintain good eye contact. Try to hold the other person's gaze for a few seconds at a time. This will show
her that you're sincere and engaged. But, avoid turning it into a staring match! (See figure 3.)
•Avoid touching your face. There's a common perception that people who touch their faces while answering
questions are being dishonest (see figure 4). While this isn't always true, it's best to avoid fiddling with your
hair or touching your mouth or nose, particularly if your aim is to come across as trustworthy.
The figures are shown in the next slide. Figure 1 to Figure 4

31. Negative gestures
Signs of a negative or defensive body gestures someone is exhibiting one or more of the following behaviors,
he will likely be disengaged, disinterested or unhappy arms folded in front of the body.
•Arms folded in front of the body.
•Minimal or tense facial expression.
•Body turned away from you.
•Eyes downcast, maintaining little contact.

32. Mehrabian Circle
Albert Mehrabian developed a communication model, in which he demonstrated that only 7% of what we
communicate consists of the literal content of the message. The use of one's voice, such as tone, intonation
and volume, take up 38% and as much as 55% of communication consists of body language.
Mehrabian comes to two main conclusions in his studies:
1. There are basically three elements in any face-to face communication: i. Words ii. Tone of voice iii.
Nonverbal behavior / body language.
2. The non-verbal elements are particularly important for communicating feelings and attitude, especially
when they are inconsistent i.e. if words disagree with the tone of voice and nonverbal behavior, people tend
to believe the tonality and nonverbal behavior.

33. Mehrabian Circle
According to Mehrabian, the three elements account differently for our liking for the person who puts
forward a message concerning their feelings.
They are often abbreviated as the "3 Vs" for Verbal, Vocal & Visual.

34. Benefits of Mehrabian Circle
•It's not just words: a lot is communication comes through non-verbal communication.
•Without ‘seeing and hearing’ nonverbal elements, it is easier to misunderstand the words.
•When we are unsure about what the words mean, we pay more attention to the nonverbal indicators.
•When you feel that a person is not telling the truth, check out the alignment between words, voice and body
language.
• If you want the other person to pay more attention to your body language, be less clear with your words. If
you want them to trust the words, be clear and unambiguous.
• We will pay more attention to the nonverbal indicators when we trust the person less and suspect deception,
as it is generally understood that voice tone and body language are harder to control than words. This also
leads to more attention to nonverbal signals when determining whether the other person may be lying.

35. Conclusion
Presentation skills- A presentation can be done only by preparing in advance, rehearsal experience. Various
points must be taken care of before presenting like about audience, time and venue, etc.
Public speaking- Public speaking is more than standing in front of a group and talking; you also need to
engage your audience. Acknowledge your audience as soon as you take the stage. This helps to make you
seem more like a "real" person and keeps a conversational tone.
Body Language: The ability to understand and to interpret body language can help you to pick up on
unspoken issues, problems or negative feelings that other people might have. You can also use it in a
positive way to add strength to your verbal messages.