Conversational implicature
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The document discusses conversational implicature, which is when a speaker implies something beyond their words by relying on shared context and cooperation between the speaker and listener. It provides examples of implicatures, such as one speaker bringing bread but not cheese, implying they did not bring the cheese. The document also explains how implicatures allow speakers to imply more than they state through inferences the listener recognizes based on the context of the conversation.
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Hedges
Hedges are linguistic devices used by speakers to acknowledge they may not fully adhere to the maxims of quality, quantity, relation and manner. Examples of hedges include "I'm not sure if..." or "As far as I know..." which show respect for the quality maxim. Hedges allow speakers to convey uncertainty or lack of information while still communicating effectively. Inference is a conclusion drawn by a listener based on their background knowledge, while a presupposition is an implicit assumption that underlies what is said.
Pragmatics implicature 2
Implicature refers to what a speaker implies rather than literally says. There are two main types: conversational implicature which is derived from cooperative conversation principles, and conventional implicature which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature includes generalized implicature which does not depend on context, and particularized implicature which does. Scalar implicature also falls under conversational implicature and is implied when a weaker term on a scale is used. Particularized implicature provides more contextual information than generalized implicature. Implicatures can intentionally or unintentionally impact understanding in conversations.
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This document discusses conversational implicature and related concepts. It defines implicature as implied meanings communicated through conversation beyond the literal meaning of the words. Conversational implicatures arise through adherence to the Cooperative Principle and its maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner. Generalized implicatures can be calculated without specific context, while particularized implicatures depend on contextual assumptions. Scalar implicatures occur through terms on scales like "some but not all." Conversational implicatures are cancelable and reinforceable, unlike conventional implicatures associated with words like "but."
Deixis
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that can only be interpreted based on contextual information like who is speaking, their location, or the time. There are several types of deixis:
1. Person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he, she that indicate speakers and addressees.
2. Place or spatial deixis uses words like here, there, this, that to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time or temporal deixis includes words like now, then, tomorrow to reference times in relation to the moment of speaking.
4. Other types include discourse deixis which references elements within a conversation or text, and social deixis which reflects social relationships
Cooperative principle.
The document summarizes Grice's theory of conversational implicature, which proposes that conversations are generally cooperative endeavors governed by a cooperative principle and four maxims: quality, quantity, relation, and manner. It provides definitions and examples of each maxim, and explains how apparent violations of the maxims, known as floutings, can imply additional meanings through implicature.
Pragmatics presupposition and entailnment
The document discusses presupposition and entailment, defining presupposition as implicit assumptions in an utterance and entailment as logical implications. It identifies different types of presupposition triggers including existential, factive, lexical, and structural presuppositions. Entailment is characterized as a relationship between propositions where the truth of one implies the truth of the other based on word meanings.
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Conversational Implicature ,coperative principles , conventional implicature
This document provides an overview of conversational implicature including:
- Grice's contributions to implicature through his cooperative principles and how flouting them leads to implicature.
- Types of implicature such as generalized, particularized, and scalar.
- The difference between conversational and conventional implicature.
- Examples of implicature derived from flouting the Gricean maxims of quality, quantity, relation, and manner.
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Hedges
Hedges are linguistic devices used by speakers to acknowledge they may not fully adhere to the maxims of quality, quantity, relation and manner. Examples of hedges include "I'm not sure if..." or "As far as I know..." which show respect for the quality maxim. Hedges allow speakers to convey uncertainty or lack of information while still communicating effectively. Inference is a conclusion drawn by a listener based on their background knowledge, while a presupposition is an implicit assumption that underlies what is said.
Pragmatics implicature 2
Implicature refers to what a speaker implies rather than literally says. There are two main types: conversational implicature which is derived from cooperative conversation principles, and conventional implicature which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature includes generalized implicature which does not depend on context, and particularized implicature which does. Scalar implicature also falls under conversational implicature and is implied when a weaker term on a scale is used. Particularized implicature provides more contextual information than generalized implicature. Implicatures can intentionally or unintentionally impact understanding in conversations.
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This document discusses conversational implicature and related concepts. It defines implicature as implied meanings communicated through conversation beyond the literal meaning of the words. Conversational implicatures arise through adherence to the Cooperative Principle and its maxims of Quantity, Quality, Relation, and Manner. Generalized implicatures can be calculated without specific context, while particularized implicatures depend on contextual assumptions. Scalar implicatures occur through terms on scales like "some but not all." Conversational implicatures are cancelable and reinforceable, unlike conventional implicatures associated with words like "but."
Deixis
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that can only be interpreted based on contextual information like who is speaking, their location, or the time. There are several types of deixis:
1. Person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he, she that indicate speakers and addressees.
2. Place or spatial deixis uses words like here, there, this, that to indicate locations relative to the speaker.
3. Time or temporal deixis includes words like now, then, tomorrow to reference times in relation to the moment of speaking.
4. Other types include discourse deixis which references elements within a conversation or text, and social deixis which reflects social relationships
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The document summarizes Grice's theory of conversational implicature, which proposes that conversations are generally cooperative endeavors governed by a cooperative principle and four maxims: quality, quantity, relation, and manner. It provides definitions and examples of each maxim, and explains how apparent violations of the maxims, known as floutings, can imply additional meanings through implicature.
Pragmatics presupposition and entailnment
The document discusses presupposition and entailment, defining presupposition as implicit assumptions in an utterance and entailment as logical implications. It identifies different types of presupposition triggers including existential, factive, lexical, and structural presuppositions. Entailment is characterized as a relationship between propositions where the truth of one implies the truth of the other based on word meanings.
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- Grice's contributions to implicature through his cooperative principles and how flouting them leads to implicature.
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- The difference between conversational and conventional implicature.
- Examples of implicature derived from flouting the Gricean maxims of quality, quantity, relation, and manner.
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This document discusses implicature, which refers to what a speaker suggests or implies beyond the literal meaning of an utterance. There are two types of implicature: conversational implicature, which is derived from conversational principles and assumptions, and conventional implicature, which is associated with specific words. Conversational implicature can be generalized or particularized. Scalar implicature communicates additional information based on a scale of values used in an utterance. The document provides examples to illustrate these concepts of implicature.
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This document discusses semantics and pragmatics, implicature, and Grice's theory of implicature. It defines semantics as the study of literal meaning and pragmatics as the study of intended meaning. Pragmatics considers what is meant rather than solely what is said. Grice's theory proposes that speakers follow a cooperative principle with maxims of quantity, quality, relation, and manner to ensure conversations are cooperative and successful. Implicature is the additional meaning implied rather than stated. There are different types of implicature including scalar, conversational, conventional, generalized, and particularized.
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(2) Deixis is important in pragmatics and conversation analysis because it concerns how the structure of language relates to the context in which it is used. Deictic expressions point to elements either in the immediate physical context ("proximal") or not ("distal").
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The document discusses speech acts and speech events. It provides definitions and examples of key concepts:
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2. Speech events are longer interactions composed of multiple speech acts that share a common purpose, topic, participants, and language variety. Examples include conversations, interviews.
3. Performatives are utterances like "I promise" that perform an action in their saying, as opposed to just describing something. Felicity conditions determine whether a speech act succeeds or fails based on the context and participants.
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This document discusses implicature and entailment. It defines implicature as what is suggested in an utterance, even if not directly expressed or implied. There are two types of implicature: conversational and conventional. Conversational implicature relies on conversational principles while conventional implicature is part of a lexical item's meaning. Entailment is the relationship between sentences where the truth of one requires the truth of the other due to word meanings. There are also different types and classifications of entailment.
Implicature
1. In the first conversation, the Quality maxim is being flouted.
2. In the second conversation, the Quantity maxim is being flouted.
3. In the third conversation, the Relevance maxim is being flouted.
4. In the fourth conversation, the Manner maxim of avoiding ambiguity is being flouted.
2. Yes, the implicatures are successful in each case because the hearer recognizes that a maxim is being flouted and is able to infer the implicated meaning.
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The document discusses integrating discourse analysis and pragmatics into teaching grammar. It begins by defining pragmatics and outlining some key pragmatic concepts like implicature, presupposition, and conversational maxims. It then analyzes an episode of an English language TV show to identify violations of the maxims. Finally, it argues that teaching grammar should develop both grammatical competence and discourse/pragmatic competence. Teachers should focus on how sentences are combined into coherent and pragmatically appropriate discourse. This approach helps students understand and produce language in context.
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This document discusses linguistic politeness and face. It explains that Brown and Levinson theorized that all cultures have a need to be polite in order to maintain face, which refers to one's public self-image and expectations of how one wishes to be treated. The document outlines that people behave as if their face wants, or expectations of self-image, will be respected by others. It also discusses that speakers can perform face-threatening acts and face-saving acts in their language use. Face-threatening acts are those that damage another's face, while face-saving acts are ways of speaking that lessen threats to another's face.
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This document discusses theories of politeness from a socio-pragmatic perspective. It outlines Brown and Levinson's influential theory of politeness from 1978, which proposes that politeness arises from people's desire to protect each other's "face" or public self-image. Brown and Levinson identify two types of face - positive face, which is the desire to be approved of, and negative face, which is the desire to not be imposed on. They suggest politeness strategies like indirect speech acts that mitigate potential threats to another's face. The document also reviews other approaches to politeness including social norm, conversational contact, and maxims approaches.
Pragmatics (Speech Acts)
Pragmatics is the study of meaning in context and how language is used in communication. Speech act theory analyzes utterances as locutionary acts (the words spoken), illocutionary acts (the intention or force behind the words), and perlocutionary acts (the effect on the listener). There are five main speech act sets: representatives that assert facts, directives that command or request, commissives that commit the speaker to actions, expressives that convey attitudes, and declarations that bring about changes through uttering. Apologies typically involve expressing regret, taking responsibility, providing an explanation or offer to repair the situation, and promising non-recurrence. Cultural factors influence apology strategies used.
Speech Acts And Speech Events, By Dr.Shadia Yousef Banjar.Pptx
The document discusses speech acts and speech events. It provides definitions and examples of key concepts:
1. Speech acts are the basic units of linguistic communication and can take the form of requests, apologies, greetings, etc.
2. Speech events are longer interactions composed of multiple speech acts that share a common purpose, topic, participants, and language variety. Examples include conversations, interviews.
3. Performatives are utterances like "I promise" that perform an action in their saying, as opposed to just describing something. Felicity conditions determine whether a speech act succeeds or fails based on the context and participants.
Pragmatics implicature
This document discusses implicature and entailment. It defines implicature as what is suggested in an utterance, even if not directly expressed or implied. There are two types of implicature: conversational and conventional. Conversational implicature relies on conversational principles while conventional implicature is part of a lexical item's meaning. Entailment is the relationship between sentences where the truth of one requires the truth of the other due to word meanings. There are also different types and classifications of entailment.
Implicature
1. In the first conversation, the Quality maxim is being flouted.
2. In the second conversation, the Quantity maxim is being flouted.
3. In the third conversation, the Relevance maxim is being flouted.
4. In the fourth conversation, the Manner maxim of avoiding ambiguity is being flouted.
2. Yes, the implicatures are successful in each case because the hearer recognizes that a maxim is being flouted and is able to infer the implicated meaning.
Presentation on deixis and distance
Deixis refers to linguistic expressions that depend on context for their interpretation. There are three main types of deixis: person deixis refers to pronouns like I, you, he; spatial deixis refers to spatial relationships like here and there; and temporal deixis refers to temporal relationships like now and then. Deixis is important in linguistics because it shows how language relies on and reflects the context in which it is used. Grammatical structures like direct and indirect speech demonstrate the difference between proximal and distal deixis.
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The document discusses integrating discourse analysis and pragmatics into teaching grammar. It begins by defining pragmatics and outlining some key pragmatic concepts like implicature, presupposition, and conversational maxims. It then analyzes an episode of an English language TV show to identify violations of the maxims. Finally, it argues that teaching grammar should develop both grammatical competence and discourse/pragmatic competence. Teachers should focus on how sentences are combined into coherent and pragmatically appropriate discourse. This approach helps students understand and produce language in context.
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Pragmatics studies how utterances are used and interpreted based on context. It examines linguistic context like other words used, physical context like location, and how deixis requires shared knowledge. Speech act theory analyzes locutionary meaning, illocutionary intention, and perlocutionary effect. Cooperation theory proposes maxims for conversation like being relevant and clear. Pragmatic analysis considers how meaning relates to situation, people, context, and shared information.
Politeness - Pragmatic
This document discusses linguistic politeness and face. It explains that Brown and Levinson theorized that all cultures have a need to be polite in order to maintain face, which refers to one's public self-image and expectations of how one wishes to be treated. The document outlines that people behave as if their face wants, or expectations of self-image, will be respected by others. It also discusses that speakers can perform face-threatening acts and face-saving acts in their language use. Face-threatening acts are those that damage another's face, while face-saving acts are ways of speaking that lessen threats to another's face.
Pragmatics presentation
Pragmatics is the study of how context contributes to meaning in communication. It focuses on the users of language and how the context of language use affects meaning, rather than just the semantic meaning of words. Pragmatics examines implied meanings, presuppositions, and speech acts. It studies how people choose language to achieve different purposes in social interactions and how those choices affect others. Pragmatics analyzes both linguistic and non-linguistic aspects of communication, such as physical context, shared knowledge between speakers, social relationships, and more. Theorists like Austin and Searle contributed speech act theory to pragmatics, distinguishing between what is said and what is meant by an utterance. Grice's
Cooperative principles and implicatures
Rachel and Ross infringe the maxims of quantity and manner due to drunkenness, leading to unclear and overly verbose speech. Joey seeks their help in a serious matter but they are unable to cooperate due to their impaired state.
Discourse and conversation
This document discusses discourse analysis techniques for analyzing spoken conversation. It focuses on conversation analysis, which examines everyday conversational interactions to understand how speakers manage turn-taking, use adjacency pairs and sequencing, display preferences, give feedback, and repair misunderstandings. The document provides examples of these conversational structures and notes they may differ across cultures. Conversation analysis involves transcribing recordings of natural conversation to closely analyze linguistic and social behaviors.
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This document discusses linguistic politeness and various models of politeness. It defines politeness as linguistic structures that express a speaker's attitude in a pragmatic rather than semantic way. Interactions involve both conveying meaning and observing social rules shaped by distance and closeness between participants. Watts groups standard behaviors like "thank you" and address terms under the term "politic behavior" which society expects in certain situations. The document outlines politeness models including Lakoff's social norm model, Leech's conversational maxim model, Fraser and Nolen's conversational contract model, and Brown and Levinson's face theory of politeness involving face-threatening acts and strategies to maintain one's own and others' positive and negative face.
Reference and sense
This document discusses the concepts of reference and sense in linguistics. Reference deals with the relationship between language and real-world entities, while sense relates to the system of relationships between linguistic elements themselves. Referring expressions identify entities, with referring and non-referring expressions defined. Referents can be unique, variable, concrete, abstract, countable or non-countable. Sense involves the meanings and relationships between words and phrases. Ambiguous, anomalous, contradictory and paraphrased sentences are examined.
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Para tener éxito en el estudio debemos ser prácticos y desarrollar estrategias y métodos que nos permitan logar nuestro objetivo. Debemos aprender a aprender.
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El documento describe el desarrollo del pensamiento y la inteligencia humanos. Explica que el pensamiento es la actividad de la mente y que la inteligencia es la capacidad de pensar y procesar información. Además, presenta la teoría del desarrollo cognitivo de Piaget, la cual propone que los niños pasan por cuatro etapas clave - sensoriomotriz, preoperatoria, de operaciones concretas y de operaciones formales - a medida que maduran biológicamente y interactúan con su entorno.
Tipos de inteligencia
La inteligencia es la capacidad desarrollable y no sólo “la capacidad de resolver problemas y/o elaborar productos que sean valiosos en una o más culturas”.
La inteligencia no sólo se reduce a lo académico sino que es una combinación de todas las inteligencias. Ser hábil en el deporte o en las relaciones humanas implica unas capacidades que, por desgracia, no están seriamente contempladas en los programas de formación académica.
Los examenes
Son una prueba que se hace para comprobar los conocimientos que posee una persona sobre determinados temas. En el ámbito educativo, los docentes toman exámenes a sus alumnos para confirmar que han comprendido las asignaturas impartidas
Tecnicas de fichaje
Es una técnica que facilita la sistematización bibliográfica, la ordenación lógica de las ideas y el acopio de información en síntesis
Aspectos Psicológicos de las Técnicas de Estudio
Este documento presenta varias técnicas de estudio efectivas como la relajación, concentración y motivación. Describe el subrayado, toma de apuntes y esquemas como formas de captar la información clave de un texto o clase. Explica también las bases psicológicas del aprendizaje, incluyendo el condicionamiento operante y clásico y el aprendizaje observacional.
REBELIONES INDIGENAS CECILIO TADAY
Este documento resume varias rebeliones indígenas en Ecuador entre los siglos XVIII y XX. En 1803, Cecilio Taday lideró una rebelión de indígenas en Chimborazo que se extendió rápidamente por el sur hacia Perú y por el norte hacia Colombia. Usaron tácticas de guerrilla retirándose a las montañas y luego atacando con honderos. Otras rebeliones notables fueron las de Ambato y Latacunga antes de la independencia, y el levantamiento indígena de 1994 liderado por la CONAIE.
Fascismo
ideologías que predominaron el siglo XX.
El fascismo, básicamente, fue una aberración de la crisis de crecimiento de la social democracia europea.
Obras Literarias Eugenio Espejo
Eugenio de Santa Cruz y Espejo fue un médico, escritor y periodista ecuatoriano nacido en 1747 en Perú y fallecido en 1795. Fue una figura clave en la Ilustración hispanoamericana que escribió varias obras importantes criticando la situación colonial y promoviendo ideas liberales. Entre sus obras más destacadas se encuentran "Cartas riobambenses" y el primer periódico de Quito, "Primicias de la Cultura de Quito". También realizó importantes contribuciones a la medicina como sus escrit
LA EDUCACIÓN EN EL FEUDALISMO
El documento describe la educación durante el feudalismo. La educación estaba en manos de la iglesia y se centraba en métodos memorísticos y disciplina. La educación superior se impartía en universidades anexas a catedrales. La educación solo estaba disponible para los hijos de los señores feudales, aunque comenzó a expandirse debido al comercio. La educación básica consistía en el trivium (gramática, dialéctica y retórica) y el cuadrivium (aritmética, geometría, astronomía y música).
Espartaco
Espartaco nació en Tracia y fue esclavizado por los romanos. Se convirtió en gladiador pero se rebeló junto a otros 74 gladiadores. Derrotó a las tropas romanas en la Batalla del Vesubio. Organizó un ejército de 70.000 hombres pero finalmente fue derrotado y muerto por Marco Licinio Craso, aunque su rebelión contribuyó al declive de la esclavitud en Roma.
El feudalismo
El feudalismo comienza con las invasiones germánicas en el siglo V, sobre el imperio romano, Las características generales del feudalismo son: poder descentralizado (en manos de los señores feudales), economía basada en la agricultura y el uso del trabajo de los siervos como sostenimiento de los feudos.
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Conversational implicature
- 1. CONVERSATIONA L IMPLICATURE Names: Daniel Chimbolema Angela Imbaquingo Fabian Rodriguez Saul Salazar
- 2. CONVESATIONAL IMPLICACATURE ▪ MAIN CONCEPTS ▪ EXAMPLES ▪ EXAMPLES and EXPLANATION ▪ CONCLUSION ▪ ACTIVITY
- 3. COVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE ▪ Conversational implicature is the assumption suggested by the speaker and inferred by the hearer or addressee in an exchange situation SPEAKER HEARERCOOPERATION
- 4. Examples Charlene: I hope you brought the bread and the cheese. Dexter: Ah, I brought the bread.
- 5. Sally: What’s the weather going to be like today? Harold: You should bring your umbrella.
- 6. SPEAKERS MEANING IMPLICATURE LISTENERS RECOGNIZE INFERENCE
- 7. The inferences selected are those which will preserve the assumption of cooperation.
- 8. CONCLUSION
- 10. Charlene: b & c Dexter: b (+> NOT c)
- 11. THANK YOU GUYS Have a great day