Anatomical localisation of function is a fundamental principle in the neurosciences. This presentation highlights the basics neuroanatomy and correlate major brain structure with their functions.
The document provides an overview of cerebrum anatomy. It discusses that the cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres. It describes the lobes of the cerebrum including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. It also discusses the internal structures of the cerebrum including the cerebral cortex, ventricles, basal ganglia, and white matter tracts.
The brainstem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the pons and cerebrum and contains the superior and inferior colliculi. The pons connects to the cerebellum via peduncles and contains pontine nuclei and cranial nerve nuclei. The medulla oblongata connects to the spinal cord and contains cranial nerve nuclei, the inferior olives, and tracts such as the gracile and cuneate fasciculi.
The cerebrum is the largest part of the forebrain and is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere has four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - which are involved in different cognitive functions like motor control, sensory processing, memory, and vision. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer and consists of grey matter, while the deeper white matter contains axons connecting different areas. Key structures include the lateral ventricles and basal ganglia. Brodmann's areas map the histological regions of the cortex.
The brain is formed of three main areas - the brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. The brain stem controls autonomic functions and sensory/motor pathways. The cerebellum is responsible for balance, coordination, and cognitive functions. The cerebral cortex is divided into left and right hemispheres, with different functions localized to specific lobes and areas.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the brain.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an overview of the radiological anatomy of the brain through computed tomography (CT) imaging. It describes the skull bones and sutures that form the cranial vault, as well as the three cranial fossae that house different brain structures. It also discusses the meningeal layers, including the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli, and cerebrospinal fluid spaces within the brain. Key structures like the pituitary fossa and ventricular system are identified. Understanding the normal CT anatomy of the brain provides important context for radiological interpretation.
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the cerebrum and its lobes. It discusses:
- The four lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
- The frontal lobe contains motor and premotor areas that control voluntary movement, as well as prefrontal areas involved in higher cognitive functions. Damage can result in frontal lobe syndrome.
- The parietal lobe contains primary and secondary sensory areas that process touch, proprioception, and discrimination of sensory inputs.
The document describes the anatomy and functional areas of the cerebrum. It notes that the cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. It is further divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - by sulci including the central sulcus. The document outlines the motor, sensory, auditory, visual, and other functional areas located within the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes and their functions. It also describes the sulci, gyri, and structures located on the three surfaces and inferior surface of the cerebrum.
Anatomical localisation of function is a fundamental principle in the neurosciences. This presentation highlights the basics neuroanatomy and correlate major brain structure with their functions.
The document provides an overview of cerebrum anatomy. It discusses that the cerebrum is the largest part of the brain and is divided into two hemispheres. It describes the lobes of the cerebrum including the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. It also discusses the internal structures of the cerebrum including the cerebral cortex, ventricles, basal ganglia, and white matter tracts.
The brainstem is located between the cerebrum and spinal cord. It consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The midbrain connects the pons and cerebrum and contains the superior and inferior colliculi. The pons connects to the cerebellum via peduncles and contains pontine nuclei and cranial nerve nuclei. The medulla oblongata connects to the spinal cord and contains cranial nerve nuclei, the inferior olives, and tracts such as the gracile and cuneate fasciculi.
The cerebrum is the largest part of the forebrain and is divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each hemisphere has four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - which are involved in different cognitive functions like motor control, sensory processing, memory, and vision. The cerebral cortex is the outermost layer and consists of grey matter, while the deeper white matter contains axons connecting different areas. Key structures include the lateral ventricles and basal ganglia. Brodmann's areas map the histological regions of the cortex.
The brain is formed of three main areas - the brain stem, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex. The brain stem controls autonomic functions and sensory/motor pathways. The cerebellum is responsible for balance, coordination, and cognitive functions. The cerebral cortex is divided into left and right hemispheres, with different functions localized to specific lobes and areas.
Presentation1.pptx, radiological anatomy of the brain.Abdellah Nazeer
This document provides an overview of the radiological anatomy of the brain through computed tomography (CT) imaging. It describes the skull bones and sutures that form the cranial vault, as well as the three cranial fossae that house different brain structures. It also discusses the meningeal layers, including the falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli, and cerebrospinal fluid spaces within the brain. Key structures like the pituitary fossa and ventricular system are identified. Understanding the normal CT anatomy of the brain provides important context for radiological interpretation.
The document provides information about the structure and functions of the cerebrum and its lobes. It discusses:
- The four lobes of the cerebrum - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes.
- The frontal lobe contains motor and premotor areas that control voluntary movement, as well as prefrontal areas involved in higher cognitive functions. Damage can result in frontal lobe syndrome.
- The parietal lobe contains primary and secondary sensory areas that process touch, proprioception, and discrimination of sensory inputs.
The document describes the anatomy and functional areas of the cerebrum. It notes that the cerebrum is divided into two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum. It is further divided into four lobes - frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital - by sulci including the central sulcus. The document outlines the motor, sensory, auditory, visual, and other functional areas located within the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes and their functions. It also describes the sulci, gyri, and structures located on the three surfaces and inferior surface of the cerebrum.
The document summarizes key aspects of biology and behavior related to the brain, nervous system, and glands. It discusses:
- The structure and functions of neurons, glial cells, synapses, and neurotransmitters.
- The two main divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (CNS) composed of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which connects to the rest of the body.
- An overview of the major regions and structures of the brain including the cerebral cortex, lobes, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and how they contribute to functions like memory, movement, sensory processing and language.
The cerebral cortex is a thin sheet of neural tissue that surrounds the cerebrum. It plays a key role in functions like memory, awareness, language, and consciousness. It is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes. It has six layers and is made up of grey matter on the inside and white matter on the outside. The cortex contains several functional areas including sensory, motor, and associated areas. The sensory areas process somatosensation, vision, hearing, smell, and taste. The motor areas control voluntary movement. The associated areas integrate information for functions like cognition and language.
The document discusses the anatomy of the human brain. It describes the major parts as the cerebrum or forebrain, midbrain, pons varolii, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum or hindbrain. It also discusses how the brain develops from the neural tube and how this tube divides into regions that form the different parts of the brain. Key cell types that make up brain tissue are also identified.
The document describes the gross structure of the human brain. It is divided into the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem. Key structures include the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The document outlines the embryonic development and lobes of the cerebrum.
1. Brain Facts
2. MRI Imaging Techniques
3. How the Various Imaging Helps Us in Treatment
Objectives
Planning
4. Locate and Identify Pertinent Cerebral Anatomy
on CT and MRI Images
5. What is a Functional MRI and What it Tells Us
The diencephalon is located in the center of the brain and contains structures like the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus relays sensory signals to the cortex. The hypothalamus regulates body functions like temperature and hunger. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The cerebellum coordinates movement and is connected to other areas by cerebellar peduncles.
This document provides an overview of gross neuroanatomy and outlines key learning objectives:
1. Define neuroanatomy terminology and identify regions and functions of the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures.
2. Identify the major lobes and sulci on the cerebral cortex as well as structures like the basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
3. Recognize the brainstem, cerebellum, and ventricular system when viewing the ventral and medial surfaces of the brain.
The document discusses the brainstem and its nuclei. It describes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Key nuclei include the substantia nigra, oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, superior and inferior colliculi, pontine nuclei, trigeminal motor nucleus, abducens nucleus, facial motor nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, gracilis nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. The brainstem contains somatic motor, visceral motor, and sensory nuclei arranged in an "open book" configuration from midline to lateral.
This document discusses the anatomy and development of the brain stem. It begins with an overview of the three main regions of the brain stem - the medulla, pons, and midbrain. It then examines the development of the brain stem and cranial nerves in the early stages of gestation. The majority of the document focuses on detailed images and descriptions of the gross and microscopic anatomy of structures within the brain stem, including nuclei, tracts, and cranial nerve pathways.
lecture 4 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes about 15 major brain areas, anatomical terminology, brain imaging procedures (CT, MRI, EEG, PET)
The internal capsule is a central white matter structure that contains important projection fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with deep gray matter structures. It is divided into the anterior limb, genu, posterior limb, retrolenticular and sublenticular parts. The internal capsule receives its blood supply from the middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, and anterior choroidal artery. Strokes or lesions involving the internal capsule can cause motor or sensory deficits depending on the fibers affected.
The document summarizes the major parts and structures of the human brain. It discusses the four major parts: (1) brain stem, (2) cerebellum, (3) diencephalon, and (4) cerebrum. Within each part, it describes the key substructures and their functions. For example, it notes that the brain stem contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain and regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus and relays sensory information. The cerebrum is the largest part and contains areas associated with motor control, language, and the five
The document summarizes brain anatomy and development. It begins by describing the central nervous system and its major components. It then outlines the stages of brain development from conception through formation of the three main parts - forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Finally, it provides details on the anatomical subdivisions and functions of each brain region, including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.
The document provides information about the cerebral cortex. It discusses that the cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum and is divided into left and right hemispheres. It plays a key role in functions such as memory, attention, language, and consciousness. The cerebral cortex has six layers and is folded into gyri and sulci. It also describes the different lobes of the cerebral cortex including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Each lobe has different functional areas that control motor skills, sensory processing, hearing, and other cognitive functions.
The nervous system has two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain can be divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The PNS connects the CNS to sensory receptors and effector organs and contains nerves, ganglia and plexuses. It relays sensory information to the CNS and motor commands from the CNS. The autonomic nervous system is a division of the PNS that regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.
The document discusses the organization and functions of the nervous system. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and diencephalon. The spinal cord runs from the brainstem down the back. The PNS includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system is voluntary while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions like breathing and digestion.
The document provides an overview of neurophysiology and the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the development of the central nervous system from the neural tube, and defines the major subdivisions of the brain and spinal cord. It also discusses the types of neurons and glial cells, their roles, and the protective mechanisms of the central nervous system like the meninges and blood-brain barrier.
The document summarizes the organization and basic functions of the nervous system. It begins by outlining the three basic functions of the nervous system: sensation, integration, and reaction. It then describes the two main divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is outside the CNS. The document proceeds to provide more detailed information about the structure and function of the various parts of the CNS, including the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum.
Peripheral Nervous System, Audumbar MaliAudumbar Mali
Peripheral Nervous System,
Types of PNS,
Spinal nerves,
Types of neuron (3 basic types),
Plexus,
Cranial nerves,
Autonomic nervous system,
Structure of Neuron,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
Syllabus As per PCI,
B. Pharm-I
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which communicates with other neurons at junctions called synapses. The nervous system allows for sensation, integration of information, and motor responses. It contains specialized cell types like neurons and neuroglia. The brain is divided into sections including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. It is surrounded and protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and is composed of nerves and ganglia.
The document summarizes key aspects of biology and behavior related to the brain, nervous system, and glands. It discusses:
- The structure and functions of neurons, glial cells, synapses, and neurotransmitters.
- The two main divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (CNS) composed of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system which connects to the rest of the body.
- An overview of the major regions and structures of the brain including the cerebral cortex, lobes, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and how they contribute to functions like memory, movement, sensory processing and language.
The cerebral cortex is a thin sheet of neural tissue that surrounds the cerebrum. It plays a key role in functions like memory, awareness, language, and consciousness. It is divided into two hemispheres and four lobes. It has six layers and is made up of grey matter on the inside and white matter on the outside. The cortex contains several functional areas including sensory, motor, and associated areas. The sensory areas process somatosensation, vision, hearing, smell, and taste. The motor areas control voluntary movement. The associated areas integrate information for functions like cognition and language.
The document discusses the anatomy of the human brain. It describes the major parts as the cerebrum or forebrain, midbrain, pons varolii, medulla oblongata, and cerebellum or hindbrain. It also discusses how the brain develops from the neural tube and how this tube divides into regions that form the different parts of the brain. Key cell types that make up brain tissue are also identified.
The document describes the gross structure of the human brain. It is divided into the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system. The brain is divided into the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brainstem. Key structures include the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The document outlines the embryonic development and lobes of the cerebrum.
1. Brain Facts
2. MRI Imaging Techniques
3. How the Various Imaging Helps Us in Treatment
Objectives
Planning
4. Locate and Identify Pertinent Cerebral Anatomy
on CT and MRI Images
5. What is a Functional MRI and What it Tells Us
The diencephalon is located in the center of the brain and contains structures like the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus. The thalamus relays sensory signals to the cortex. The hypothalamus regulates body functions like temperature and hunger. The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord and contains the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. The cerebellum coordinates movement and is connected to other areas by cerebellar peduncles.
This document provides an overview of gross neuroanatomy and outlines key learning objectives:
1. Define neuroanatomy terminology and identify regions and functions of the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures.
2. Identify the major lobes and sulci on the cerebral cortex as well as structures like the basal ganglia, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
3. Recognize the brainstem, cerebellum, and ventricular system when viewing the ventral and medial surfaces of the brain.
The document discusses the brainstem and its nuclei. It describes the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata. Key nuclei include the substantia nigra, oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, superior and inferior colliculi, pontine nuclei, trigeminal motor nucleus, abducens nucleus, facial motor nucleus, inferior olivary nucleus, gracilis nucleus, hypoglossal nucleus, and nucleus of the solitary tract. The brainstem contains somatic motor, visceral motor, and sensory nuclei arranged in an "open book" configuration from midline to lateral.
This document discusses the anatomy and development of the brain stem. It begins with an overview of the three main regions of the brain stem - the medulla, pons, and midbrain. It then examines the development of the brain stem and cranial nerves in the early stages of gestation. The majority of the document focuses on detailed images and descriptions of the gross and microscopic anatomy of structures within the brain stem, including nuclei, tracts, and cranial nerve pathways.
lecture 4 from a college level introduction to psychology course taught Fall 2011 by Brian J. Piper, Ph.D. (psy391@gmail.com) at Willamette University, includes about 15 major brain areas, anatomical terminology, brain imaging procedures (CT, MRI, EEG, PET)
The internal capsule is a central white matter structure that contains important projection fibers connecting the cerebral cortex with deep gray matter structures. It is divided into the anterior limb, genu, posterior limb, retrolenticular and sublenticular parts. The internal capsule receives its blood supply from the middle cerebral artery, anterior cerebral artery, and anterior choroidal artery. Strokes or lesions involving the internal capsule can cause motor or sensory deficits depending on the fibers affected.
The document summarizes the major parts and structures of the human brain. It discusses the four major parts: (1) brain stem, (2) cerebellum, (3) diencephalon, and (4) cerebrum. Within each part, it describes the key substructures and their functions. For example, it notes that the brain stem contains the medulla, pons, and midbrain and regulates vital functions. The cerebellum coordinates movement and balance. The diencephalon includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus and relays sensory information. The cerebrum is the largest part and contains areas associated with motor control, language, and the five
The document summarizes brain anatomy and development. It begins by describing the central nervous system and its major components. It then outlines the stages of brain development from conception through formation of the three main parts - forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Finally, it provides details on the anatomical subdivisions and functions of each brain region, including the cerebral cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum.
The document provides information about the cerebral cortex. It discusses that the cerebral cortex is the outermost layer of the cerebrum and is divided into left and right hemispheres. It plays a key role in functions such as memory, attention, language, and consciousness. The cerebral cortex has six layers and is folded into gyri and sulci. It also describes the different lobes of the cerebral cortex including the frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes. Each lobe has different functional areas that control motor skills, sensory processing, hearing, and other cognitive functions.
The nervous system has two main divisions - the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cord, and is protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The brain can be divided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. The PNS connects the CNS to sensory receptors and effector organs and contains nerves, ganglia and plexuses. It relays sensory information to the CNS and motor commands from the CNS. The autonomic nervous system is a division of the PNS that regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion.
The document discusses the organization and functions of the nervous system. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and diencephalon. The spinal cord runs from the brainstem down the back. The PNS includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system is voluntary while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions like breathing and digestion.
The document provides an overview of neurophysiology and the structure and function of the nervous system. It describes the development of the central nervous system from the neural tube, and defines the major subdivisions of the brain and spinal cord. It also discusses the types of neurons and glial cells, their roles, and the protective mechanisms of the central nervous system like the meninges and blood-brain barrier.
The document summarizes the organization and basic functions of the nervous system. It begins by outlining the three basic functions of the nervous system: sensation, integration, and reaction. It then describes the two main divisions of the nervous system - the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is outside the CNS. The document proceeds to provide more detailed information about the structure and function of the various parts of the CNS, including the brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, and cerebrum.
Peripheral Nervous System, Audumbar MaliAudumbar Mali
Peripheral Nervous System,
Types of PNS,
Spinal nerves,
Types of neuron (3 basic types),
Plexus,
Cranial nerves,
Autonomic nervous system,
Structure of Neuron,
Human Anatomy and Physiology-I,
Syllabus As per PCI,
B. Pharm-I
The nervous system is composed of the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system. The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the neuron, which communicates with other neurons at junctions called synapses. The nervous system allows for sensation, integration of information, and motor responses. It contains specialized cell types like neurons and neuroglia. The brain is divided into sections including the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. It is surrounded and protected by meninges and cerebrospinal fluid. The peripheral nervous system connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body and is composed of nerves and ganglia.
The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord, which receive sensory input, integrate information, and respond through motor output. The PNS includes the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. The somatic system connects the CNS to skeletal muscles and senses, while the autonomic system regulates involuntary functions through its sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. Neurons are the basic functional units that conduct electrical signals, while neuroglia provide support and insulation to neurons.
control system in humans, neurons, types of neurons, nerves, human nervous system, CNS, PNS, ANS, Brain, parts of brain, spinal cord, functions of spinal cord, reflex arc, PNS, ANS,
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.
- How neurons transmit signals via electrical and chemical processes.
- Key parts of the human brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
- Common neurological disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, depression and drug addiction.
The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.
- How neurons transmit signals via electrical and chemical processes.
- Key parts of the human brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
- Common neurological disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, depression and drug addiction.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes nerves and ganglia outside the CNS.
- How neurons transmit signals via electrical and chemical processes.
- Key parts of the human brain like the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brain stem.
- Common neurological disorders like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, depression and drug addiction.
The nervous system has three main functions: sensation, integration of information, and coordination of voluntary and involuntary action. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), which connects the CNS to the rest of the body. The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system, which controls voluntary muscles, and the autonomic nervous system, which regulates involuntary functions like digestion. Within the CNS, the brain is divided into sections that control different functions, like movement, senses, and emotion. The spinal cord relays information between the brain and body via spinal nerves.
The nervous system has three main functions: sensory, integration, and motor. It is divided into the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS has two divisions - the somatic nervous system which connects to skeletal muscles, and the autonomic nervous system which regulates involuntary functions. Neurons are the basic functional units and communicate via electrical and chemical signals. The brain and spinal cord are protected by meninges and bathed in cerebrospinal fluid. Specific areas of the brain control motor, sensory, cognitive, and emotional functions.
This document provides an overview of the nervous system. It begins by defining the nervous system and its main functions of receiving sensory input, integrating information, and generating motor output. It then describes the structure and function of the main parts of the human nervous system, including the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and peripheral nervous system. Key topics covered include the structure and function of the brain lobes and other brain regions, neurons, nerve impulses, and reflexes.
The document provides an overview of the human nervous system, including:
- The central nervous system (CNS) which includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain is made up of the cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, medulla oblongata, pons, and spinal cord.
- The peripheral nervous system (PNS) which includes nerves and ganglia that connect the CNS to the rest of the body. It has somatic and autonomic divisions.
- Neurons, the basic functional units that transmit nerve impulses, and neuroglia, supporting cells that nourish neurons. Impulses are transmitted via changes in electrical potentials across neuronal membranes
The regulatory system in the human body consists of the neural system, endocrine system, and sensory organs. The neural system contains nerve cells that transmit electrical and chemical signals throughout the body to coordinate functions. Disorders can occur if there are imbalances in neurotransmitters in the neural system, which can be caused by conditions like Parkinson's disease or affected by drugs that influence neurotransmitters.
The document summarizes key topics in neuroscience and biological foundations of psychology. It discusses our genetic inheritance, including behavioral genetics and evolutionary psychology. It then covers the neural bases of behavior, including the structure and function of neurons, neural communication through neurotransmitters and action potentials, and the key roles of the nervous and endocrine systems. Finally, it provides an overview of the organization of the nervous system, including the central and peripheral divisions, and gives a tour of the structures and functions of the main parts of the brain.
The document provides an overview of the nervous system, including its evolution and components. It begins by describing how nervous systems first evolved in simple animals like cnidarians to sense and respond to stimuli. It then details the increasing complexity of nervous systems in more advanced animals, leading to centralized brains and spinal cords. In humans, the nervous system is divided into the central and peripheral nervous systems. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes nerves and ganglia. The key components and functions of the human brain and spinal cord are also summarized.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Jim Holliman, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Alterations in Body Temperature: The Adult Patient with a Fever- Reside...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Rapid Sequence Intubation & Emergency Airway Support in the Pediatric E...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Michele Nypaver, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This document provides an overview of ocular emergencies. It begins with an introduction to the Project: Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative and author information. The bulk of the document consists of slides reviewing various eye conditions and emergencies, including styes, chalazions, conjunctivitis, iritis, orbital cellulitis, subconjunctival hemorrhages, and scleritis. Treatment approaches are provided for many of the conditions. The document concludes with a discussion of the eye examination approach and areas to be reviewed.
GEMC- Disorders of the Pleura, Mediastinum, and Chest Wall- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This document provides an overview of disorders of the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall. It discusses several topics in 1-3 sentences each, including costochondritis (inflammation of the costal cartilages), mediastinitis (infection of the mediastinum), mediastinal masses, pneumothorax (air in the pleural space), and catamenial pneumothorax (recurrent pneumothorax associated with menstruation). The document aims to enhance understanding of the major clinical disorders commonly encountered in emergency medicine involving the pleura, mediastinum, and chest wall.
GEMC- Dental Emergencies and Common Dental Blocks- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Arthritis and Arthrocentesis- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Bursitis, Tendonitis, Fibromyalgia, and RSD- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Right Upper Quadrant Ultrasound- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Jeff Holmes from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
The document summarizes cardiovascular topics including pericardial tamponade, pericarditis, infective endocarditis, hypertension, tumors, and valvular disorders. It provides details on the causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic studies, and management of these conditions. The document also includes bonus sections on cardiac transplant patients, pacemakers and ICDs, and EKG morphology.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC: Nursing Process and Linkage between Theory and PracticeOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Jeremy Lapham from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
2014 gemc-nursing-lapham-general survey and patient care managementOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Jeremy Lapham from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This document discusses the evaluation and management of patients with kidney failure presenting to the emergency department. It covers causes of acute kidney injury including pre-renal, intra-renal and post-renal failure. It also discusses evaluation of kidney function, risks of intravenous contrast, dialysis indications and complications in chronic kidney disease patients including infection, cardiovascular issues and electrolyte abnormalities. Special considerations are outlined for resuscitating, evaluating and treating kidney failure patients in the emergency setting.
GEMC: The Role of Radiography in the Initial Evaluation of C-Spine TraumaOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Stephen Hartsell from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Dr. Jim Holliman from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
ISO/IEC 42001 Artificial Intelligence Management System - EN | PECB
General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) - Training Courses - EN | PECB
Webinars: https://pecb.com/webinars
Article: https://pecb.com/article
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हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
1. Author(s): Peter Hitchcock, PH.D., 2009
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4. Introduction to today s lecture:
I. Introduction to the faculty and the Normal CNS, Special Senses,
Head & Neck Sequence
II. Anatomical planes and major axes of the central nervous system
III. Principal cell types in the CNS
IV. Specialized stains and what they reveal
V. Schematic representation of the functional organization of the CNS
VI. Regional anatomy of the central nervous system
VII. Functional subdivisions, pathways and relevant concepts
VIII. Topographic organization
IX. Blood supply to the CNS
X. The cerebrospinal fluid
5. Why is learning neuroanatomy such a challenge?
You will simultaneously learn:
1) regional anatomy (spinal cord,
brainstem, etc.)
2. surface (gross) anatomy
3. internal anatomy
4. names and locations of nuclei
and tracts and the pathways they
form
5. functions of the various
pathways in the CNS
6. blood supplyS
neuronal cell biology
nerve development and
regeneration
neurotransmitters
chemical neuroanatomy
Gross Anatomy
Histology
Pharmacokinetics
Source Undetermined
Source Undetermined
6. There are three principal planes of section
that are used for viewing the brain:
horizontal, frontal (or coronal) and
sagittal.
U.S. Federal Government
Source Undetermined
frontal section through the cerebral hemispheres
7. • There are three principal axes along which
the internal anatomy of the nervous system
is organized:
– rostral-caudal axis
– dorsal ventral axis
– medial-lateral axis
• During its embryonic development the
human brain bends (known as a flexure). As
a result, the dorsal-ventral plane changes as
one moves along the neuraxis, from rostral
telencephalon to the caudal spinal cord.
• Several terms are used to indicate the
relative positions of structures or tracts in the
brain:
– Dorsal - above or superior
– Ventral -below or inferior
– Rostral -toward the front
– Caudal - toward the back
– Medial - toward the midline
Source Undetermined
– Lateral - away from the midline
– Ipsilateral - on the same side
– Contralateral - on the opposite side
8. • There are two fundamental cell types in the
CNS: neurons (10X109) and glia (10-50X
more numerous than neurons).
• Neurons communicate to each other via
specialized junctions known as synapses.
• Neurons are polarized cells that are
specialized to receive synapses on
dendrites and relay electrical impulses to
other neurons via their axons (also called Images of glia
fibers) and their synapses. and neurons
• A collection of neuronal cell bodies outside
the CNS is called a ganglion. removed
• A collection of neuronal cell bodies within
the CNS is called a nucleus.
• A discrete bundle of axons outside the
CNS is known as a nerve.
• A discrete bundle of axons within the CNS
is known as a tract (lemniscus,
fasciculus).
(read the handout for more details on
tracts)
• Nuclei and tracts that are linked by
synapses serve a common function are
generally referred to as a pathway.
9. Axons that form a tract:
have cell bodies in a common nucleus
synapse onto a common target (or set of targets)
perform a common function, e.g., somatic sensation, voluntary movement
Tracts are often named based on the site of origin and termination of their axons:
spinothalamic tract – from the spinal cord to the thalamus
corticospinal tract – from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord
The names of tracts often identify their relative location within the CNS white matter:
lateral spinothalamic tract – lateral in the spinal cord
medial lemniscus – near the midline
Tracts can carry information either up or down the neuraxis
ascending tract (spinothalamic tract) - sensory function
descending tract (corticospinal tract) - motor function
Tracts that carry sensory or motor information are generally organized in parallel:
pain and temperature vs. fine discrimination
10. The locations and spatial relationships of nuclei and tracts define the
internal anatomy of the CNS. The functions subserved by the various
nuclei and tracts define the functional anatomy of the CNS.
11. Regions of the brain that contain cell bodies are given the general descriptive term,
gray matter.
Source Undetermined
Source Undetermined
Spinal cord cerebral hemispheres
white matter gray matter gray matter white matter
Regions of the brain that contain axons are given the general descriptive term,
white matter.
12. Golgi-stained neurons (cortex)
Visualizing neurons and axons in
the central nervous system
nucleic acid stain
(lateral geniculate nucleus [dorsal thalamus])
Source Undetermined
myelin-stain (brainstem)
Source Undetermined
Source Undetermined
13. A schematic representation of the nervous system organization and function
• The nervous system of all animals
performs 3 fundamental biological
functions:
– Monitor and regulate the
internal environment
– Monitor the external
environment
– Initiate behaviors based on
infor-mation from both the
internal and external
environments
• You are generally unaware of the
majority of the functions performed
by your nervous system. glands
sensory systems: transduction, transmission, perception
motor systems: mentation, transmission, behavior
P. Hitchcock
14. Forebrai
n
REGIONAL ANATOMY OF THE CNS
• The CNS can be divided into 6 parts:
1) spinal cord
2) medulla (meyelencephalon)
3) pons (metencephalon)
Diencephalon
4) midbrain (mesencephalon)
5) thalamus (diencephalon) Midbrain
6) cerebral hemispheres Pons
Hindbrain
(telencephalon) Brainstem
• These terms may be used Cerebellum
interchangeably. Medulla
Spinal cord: cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
Patrick J. Lynch, wikimedia commons
15. These two diagrams model representative pathways
of the somaticsensory and motor systems,
respectively.
J.H. Martin. Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas.McGraw-Hill, 2003. 3rd Edition.
afferent axons - carry information into the CNS
efferent axons - carry information out of a structure
decussation - site where axons cross the midline
16. Sensory information from the
periphery enters the brain in a very
systematic manner. This creates a Sensory dermatomes
spatial order, which is preserved
throughout the sensory pathways.
Haines. Fundamental Neuroscience.
Churchill Livingstone, 2002. 2nd ed.
Source Undetermined
17. Primary
ALL Sensory and Motor sensory cortex
pathways are
topographically organized.
Sensory: There is a
point-to point
relationship between a
peripheral sensory
Modified from Tristram, wikispaces
structure and its
pathway in the CNS. Primary motor
cortex
Motor: Pathways in the
CNS are organized
according to somatic
muscle groups in the
periphery.
homunculus=little man Modified from Tristram, wikispaces
18. Sensory from
information from the
neck and below enters
the CNS via spinal
nerves, whose axons
ascend in white matter
tracts.
Depending on the
nature of the sensation,
axons may or may not
synapse in the spinal
cord.
J.H. Martin. Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas.McGraw-Hill, 2003. 3rd Edition.
19. Sensory axons may (or may
not) synapse on nuclei in the
brainstem. If they do, the
name of the tract changes.
All axons carrying sensory
information synapse in
discrete nuclei within the
dorsal thalamus.
Gray s Anatomy
20. Cerebral cortex is highly specialized.
Somatic sensory information carried by axons from the dorsal
thalamus synapse on neurons in the postcentral gyrus (primary
somatic sensory cortex) in the parietal lobe.
Expressive
Receptive
Source Undetermined
21. The brainstem controls
numerous bodily functions.
Injuries to the brainstem can
be life threatening.
The brainstem also receives
sensory information from the
head and contains the motor
neurons that innervate
muscles of the neck, head
and face.
U.S. Federal Government
22. The internal anatomy of the
brainstem is complex.
J.H. Martin. Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas.
McGraw-Hill, 2003. 3rd Edition.
Gray s Anatomy
23. Syringomyelia Brown-Séquard syndrome
J.H. Martin. Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill, 2003. 3rd Edition.
Injures to the brainstem and spinal cord give
rise to specific sensory and motor deficits. J.H. Martin. Neuroanatomy:
Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill,
Injuries to the spinal cord produce sensory 2003. 3rd Edition.
deficits that respect myotomal boundaries.
Place a lesion = what are the symptoms?
Describe the symptoms = can you place the
lesion?
24. Axons that carry motor commands for voluntary movements
originate in the precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex) of the
frontal lobe, descend into the brainstem and spinal cord and
synapse on motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles.
Expressive
Receptive
Source Undetermined
25. An example of a motor
pathway.
The corticospinal tract extends
from the precentral gyrus to
the spinal cord and subserves
the voluntary control of
skeletal muscles.
Although clinically important,
the corticospinal system is
numerically a minor
component in the control of
skeletal muscles.
Haines. Fundamental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. 2nd ed.
26. The cerebellum is a component of the motor system that
is not involved in unconscious control of skeletal
muscle.
Source Undetermined
Diseases of the cerebellum are known as ataxias.
28. The CNS is highly vascularized and interruption in the blood
supply is a common form of nervous system injury
Source Undetermined
29. The CNS is filled with and surrounded
by
cerebrospinal fluid (csf).
Internally:
-lateral ventricles
-3rd ventricle
-4th ventricle
Externally:
-subarachnoid space
CSF is a secretory product that
circulates through the ventricles and
returns to the venous side of the brain
vasculature
Source Undetermined
30. Additional Source Information
for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy
Slide 5: Sources Undetermined
Slide 6: Source Undetermined; U.S. Federal Government, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BodyPlanes.jpg
Slide 7: Source Undetermined
Slide 11: Sources Undetermined
Slide 12: Sources Undetermined
Slide 13: Peter Hitchcock
Slide 14: Patrick J. Lynch, Wikimedia Commons, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Brain_human_sagittal_section.svg, CC:BY
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/
Slide 15: Source: J.H. Martin. Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas.McGraw-Hill, 2003. 3rd Edition.
Slide 16: Source Undetermined; Haines. Fundamental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. 2nd ed.
Slide 17: Original sources, tristram, Wikispaces, http://tristram.wikispaces.com/file/view/homunculus.gif, CC:BY:SA
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/
Slide 18: J.H. Martin. Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas.McGraw-Hill, 2003. 3rd Edition.
Slide 19: Gray s Anatomy, http://www.bartleby.com/107/
Slide 20: Source Undetermined
Slide 21: U.S. Federal Government
Slide 22: J.H. Martin. Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill, 2003. 3rd Edition.; Gray s Anatomy
Slide 23: J.H. Martin. Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill, 2003. 3rd Edition.; J.H. Martin. Neuroanatomy: Text and Atlas. McGraw-Hill, 2003. 3rd
Edition.
Slide 24: Source Undetermined
Slide 25: Haines. Fundamental Neuroscience. Churchill Livingstone, 2002. 2nd ed.
Slide 26: Source Undetermined
Slide 27: The Regents of the University of Michigan
Slide 28: Source Undetermined
Slide 29: Source Undetermined