03 Recycling of Nitrogen
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The document summarizes the nitrogen cycle. It describes how nitrogen is fixed from the unreactive nitrogen gas in the air by lightning, bacteria like Rhizobium that form symbiotic relationships with plants, and the Haber process. It then discusses how fixed nitrogen is used by plants and animals, and how waste nitrogen is returned to the soil through decomposition, ammonification, and nitrification by bacteria before some of it is converted back to nitrogen gas by denitrification bacteria.
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Nitrogen metabolism
This document discusses nitrogen metabolism in plants. It notes that nitrogen is essential for plants and is absorbed from the soil in nitrate or ammonium forms. Plants obtain nitrogen mainly from the atmosphere through nitrogen fixation, which can occur through physical or biological means. About 10% occurs physically through lightning converting nitrogen to nitrates, while 90% is through biological fixation by microorganisms like bacteria and cyanobacteria either freely living or in symbiotic relationships with plants. The document provides details on the mechanisms of biological nitrogen fixation and assimilation of fixed nitrogen into amino acids in plants.
Unit III- Nitrogen metabolism and Growth
1. The document discusses nitrogen metabolism in plants and the nitrogen cycle. It describes how plants absorb nitrogen from the soil, the forms of nitrogen absorbed, and the processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
2. Key parts of the nitrogen cycle described are ammonification, nitrification, nitrate assimilation, and biological and non-biological nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen is required for important molecules like amino acids and proteins.
3. The nitrogen cycle is essential for life and involves the natural processes by which nitrogen circulates between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals.
Nitrate Reductases: Structure, Functions, and Effect of Stress Factors
Nitrogen is essential for life and its biogeochemical cycle involves many processes. There are four main types of nitrate reductases - eukaryotic assimilatory, bacterial cytoplasmic assimilatory, membrane-bound respiratory, and periplasmic dissimilatory. They contain molybdenum and molybdenum cofactor in their active sites and catalyze the reduction of nitrate to nitrite. Bacterial nitrate reductases are further classified based on their electron donors as either ferredoxin-dependent or NADH-dependent. Genes encoding the enzymes for nitrate assimilation are often organized in operons along with those for nitrate and nitrite transporters.
Nitrogen metabolism
This document discusses nitrogen metabolism, including nitrogen fixation, amino acid anabolism and catabolism, and purine catabolism. Nitrogen fixation incorporates nitrogen from the atmosphere into organic compounds through processes like symbiotic nitrogen fixation by microorganisms in plants. The urea cycle removes nitrogen from the body in the form of urea. Purine catabolism produces uric acid as its end product in humans and other primates, which can accumulate and cause gout.
Assimilation of mineral_nutrients_(2)
Plants assimilate mineral nutrients by incorporating them into organic compounds. This requires complex biochemical reactions that are highly energy-demanding, such as the assimilation of nitrogen and sulfur which uses 12-16 ATPs per reaction. Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium or nitrate that plants can absorb. Nitrate assimilation is a two-step process where nitrate is first reduced to nitrite then to ammonium. Ammonium is rapidly converted to glutamine and glutamate to avoid toxicity.
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is converted from its stable dinitrogen form in the atmosphere into ammonia. This process is essential because plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen. It is carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria that contain the nitrogenase enzyme complex. There are two types of biological nitrogen fixation - symbiotic fixation occurs through root nodules in legumes formed via their association with Rhizobia bacteria, and asymbiotic fixation by free-living bacteria and cyanobacteria in soil. Nitrogen fixation requires a large amount of energy, so it is tightly regulated by various mechanisms at the genetic level and through feedback inhibition when fixed nitrogen is abundant.
potas fertilizer
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plants that is commonly added to soils through fertilizer. Potassium regulates water flow in plants, activates enzymes, and helps with protein and starch synthesis. Common potassium fertilizers include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassium nitrate. Potassium chloride is the most widely used due to its low cost, though it can harm sensitive plants. Proper potassium levels in soil support plant growth and development and prevent leaf damage.
Nitrogen cycle
The nitrogen cycle describes the biological and physical processes by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms and circulates between terrestrial, marine, and atmospheric ecosystems, driven largely by microbial activity such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification; nitrogen is essential but scarce for biological use, and the nitrogen cycle maintains its abundance through these processes of conversion between its inert atmospheric form and bioavailable forms incorporated into living tissues.
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Nitrogen metabolism
This document discusses nitrogen metabolism in plants. It notes that nitrogen is essential for plants and is absorbed from the soil in nitrate or ammonium forms. Plants obtain nitrogen mainly from the atmosphere through nitrogen fixation, which can occur through physical or biological means. About 10% occurs physically through lightning converting nitrogen to nitrates, while 90% is through biological fixation by microorganisms like bacteria and cyanobacteria either freely living or in symbiotic relationships with plants. The document provides details on the mechanisms of biological nitrogen fixation and assimilation of fixed nitrogen into amino acids in plants.
Unit III- Nitrogen metabolism and Growth
1. The document discusses nitrogen metabolism in plants and the nitrogen cycle. It describes how plants absorb nitrogen from the soil, the forms of nitrogen absorbed, and the processes of nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification.
2. Key parts of the nitrogen cycle described are ammonification, nitrification, nitrate assimilation, and biological and non-biological nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen is required for important molecules like amino acids and proteins.
3. The nitrogen cycle is essential for life and involves the natural processes by which nitrogen circulates between the atmosphere, soil, plants, and animals.
Nitrate Reductases: Structure, Functions, and Effect of Stress Factors
Nitrogen is essential for life and its biogeochemical cycle involves many processes. There are four main types of nitrate reductases - eukaryotic assimilatory, bacterial cytoplasmic assimilatory, membrane-bound respiratory, and periplasmic dissimilatory. They contain molybdenum and molybdenum cofactor in their active sites and catalyze the reduction of nitrate to nitrite. Bacterial nitrate reductases are further classified based on their electron donors as either ferredoxin-dependent or NADH-dependent. Genes encoding the enzymes for nitrate assimilation are often organized in operons along with those for nitrate and nitrite transporters.
Nitrogen metabolism
This document discusses nitrogen metabolism, including nitrogen fixation, amino acid anabolism and catabolism, and purine catabolism. Nitrogen fixation incorporates nitrogen from the atmosphere into organic compounds through processes like symbiotic nitrogen fixation by microorganisms in plants. The urea cycle removes nitrogen from the body in the form of urea. Purine catabolism produces uric acid as its end product in humans and other primates, which can accumulate and cause gout.
Assimilation of mineral_nutrients_(2)
Plants assimilate mineral nutrients by incorporating them into organic compounds. This requires complex biochemical reactions that are highly energy-demanding, such as the assimilation of nitrogen and sulfur which uses 12-16 ATPs per reaction. Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium or nitrate that plants can absorb. Nitrate assimilation is a two-step process where nitrate is first reduced to nitrite then to ammonium. Ammonium is rapidly converted to glutamine and glutamate to avoid toxicity.
Nitrogen fixation
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which nitrogen is converted from its stable dinitrogen form in the atmosphere into ammonia. This process is essential because plants cannot use atmospheric nitrogen. It is carried out by nitrogen-fixing bacteria that contain the nitrogenase enzyme complex. There are two types of biological nitrogen fixation - symbiotic fixation occurs through root nodules in legumes formed via their association with Rhizobia bacteria, and asymbiotic fixation by free-living bacteria and cyanobacteria in soil. Nitrogen fixation requires a large amount of energy, so it is tightly regulated by various mechanisms at the genetic level and through feedback inhibition when fixed nitrogen is abundant.
potas fertilizer
Potassium is an essential nutrient for plants that is commonly added to soils through fertilizer. Potassium regulates water flow in plants, activates enzymes, and helps with protein and starch synthesis. Common potassium fertilizers include potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, and potassium nitrate. Potassium chloride is the most widely used due to its low cost, though it can harm sensitive plants. Proper potassium levels in soil support plant growth and development and prevent leaf damage.
Nitrogen cycle
The nitrogen cycle describes the biological and physical processes by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms and circulates between terrestrial, marine, and atmospheric ecosystems, driven largely by microbial activity such as nitrogen fixation, nitrification, and denitrification; nitrogen is essential but scarce for biological use, and the nitrogen cycle maintains its abundance through these processes of conversion between its inert atmospheric form and bioavailable forms incorporated into living tissues.
C am.ppt
This document summarizes Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a carbon fixation pathway used by some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. CAM allows plants to collect carbon dioxide at night through open stomata and store it as an acid, then use the stored carbon dioxide for photosynthesis during the day when stomata are closed. This reduces water loss compared to C3 plants. Key benefits of CAM include keeping stomata closed during the day to reduce evapotranspiration and water loss. It was first observed in the Crassulaceae family.
Nitrogen assimilation in plants
NITROGEN CYCLE
NITROGEN FIXATION
Establishing Symbiosis Requires an Exchange of Signals
NODULE FORMATION
NITROGENASE ENZYME
NITRATE ASSIMILATION
AMMONIUM ASSIMILATED BY GS/GOGAT PATHWAY
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This document discusses biological nitrogen fixation, which is responsible for 65% of nitrogen used by humans through food. It occurs through nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which can be free-living like Azotobacter or symbiotic like Rhizobium that form nodules on legume roots. The bacteria contain the enzyme nitrogenase, which converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia in an oxygen-free environment within the nodules. The ammonia is then assimilated into amino acids and other biomolecules through a series of reactions.
cam pathway
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway adapted by some plants for arid conditions. It was first discovered in the late 1940s in succulent plants. CAM plants keep their stomata closed during the day to reduce water loss, and open at night to collect and store carbon dioxide as the acid malate. During the day, the malate is broken down and the carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis. This allows CAM plants to efficiently fix carbon dioxide while minimizing water loss.
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The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
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Crassulacean acid metabolism (cam)
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. During the night, the plant takes in carbon dioxide and stores it as the acid malate. During the day, the stomata close to reduce water loss while the malate is broken down, releasing carbon dioxide to be used in photosynthesis through the Calvin cycle. This allows plants like cacti and pineapples to fix carbon dioxide at night to cope with drought conditions.
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Fertilizers undergo various chemical reactions in soil that determine their availability to plants. Nitrogenous fertilizers like ammonium sulfate and urea release ammonium ions through cation exchange or hydrolysis reactions. These ions can then be further transformed by soil microbes. Phosphate fertilizers like single superphosphate dissolve in soil water but can precipitate or react with soil minerals to form insoluble compounds depending on the soil pH. Potassium fertilizers like potassium chloride and potassium sulfate readily dissolve to release potassium ions for plant uptake. After application, the nutrients in fertilizers may be taken up by crops, react with the soil, leach below the root zone, or be lost through erosion, runoff or gas emission.
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This document provides an overview of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrition principles for plants. It discusses the essential roles of N, P, and K in plants including protein synthesis, energy production, photosynthesis, and growth. The key cycles and processes involving N, P, and K in soils are summarized, including mineralization, nitrification, fixation, leaching, precipitation, and adsorption. Soil testing methods and interpreting results for N, P, and K are covered. Commercial fertilizer sources of N, P, and K are also mentioned.
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This document discusses the structure and replication of DNA. It describes that DNA is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogen bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. The bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine make up DNA, with adenine pairing with thymine and cytosine pairing with guanine. DNA exists as a double helix with two polynucleotide strands running in opposite directions and held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. During DNA replication, the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand.
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01 Classification
The document summarizes the evolution of classification systems for living organisms from early two-kingdom systems to the current three domain system. It describes the five kingdom classification system proposed by Whittaker in 1969 that divides organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on characteristics like cell structure and nutrition.
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This document discusses respiratory substrates and their energy values. It notes that glucose is the primary substrate for some cells, while others can use lipids and amino acids. Lipids have the highest energy value per gram and are oxidized into acetyl CoA units. The energy released during aerobic respiration comes from hydrogen oxidation. The respiratory quotient is the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed, and can indicate the substrate being used or if anaerobic respiration is occurring. Respirometers are used to measure oxygen consumption and respiratory quotients.
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Nervous communication uses electrical and chemical signals to transmit messages rapidly through nerve cells, allowing for immediate localized responses. Hormonal communication uses chemical signals transmitted through the bloodstream to target distant tissues, resulting in slower but longer-lasting and more widespread responses.
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Photosynthesis as an Energy Transfer Process
Photosynthesis involves two main sets of reactions: light-dependent reactions where light energy is absorbed and electron transport is used to make ATP and NADPH; and light-independent reactions where CO2 is fixed into sugars using the energy from the light reactions. The light reactions take place in the chloroplasts and involve the absorption of light by pigments and the splitting of water to provide electrons and protons. The Calvin cycle fixes CO2 into carbohydrates using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. Factors like light intensity, temperature, and CO2 concentration can limit the rate of photosynthesis.
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C am.ppt
This document summarizes Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), a carbon fixation pathway used by some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. CAM allows plants to collect carbon dioxide at night through open stomata and store it as an acid, then use the stored carbon dioxide for photosynthesis during the day when stomata are closed. This reduces water loss compared to C3 plants. Key benefits of CAM include keeping stomata closed during the day to reduce evapotranspiration and water loss. It was first observed in the Crassulaceae family.
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NITROGEN CYCLE
NITROGEN FIXATION
Establishing Symbiosis Requires an Exchange of Signals
NODULE FORMATION
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NITRATE ASSIMILATION
AMMONIUM ASSIMILATED BY GS/GOGAT PATHWAY
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This document discusses biological nitrogen fixation, which is responsible for 65% of nitrogen used by humans through food. It occurs through nitrogen-fixing bacteria, which can be free-living like Azotobacter or symbiotic like Rhizobium that form nodules on legume roots. The bacteria contain the enzyme nitrogenase, which converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia in an oxygen-free environment within the nodules. The ammonia is then assimilated into amino acids and other biomolecules through a series of reactions.
cam pathway
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway adapted by some plants for arid conditions. It was first discovered in the late 1940s in succulent plants. CAM plants keep their stomata closed during the day to reduce water loss, and open at night to collect and store carbon dioxide as the acid malate. During the day, the malate is broken down and the carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis. This allows CAM plants to efficiently fix carbon dioxide while minimizing water loss.
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The slide is conserned with the potassium fertilisers apllied in the soils. When the fertiliser applied in higher amount then it is avail in different form for plant uptake and there exist a equilibrium in soils and it has many agricultural significance and the slide also deal with brief on the mechanism of potassium fixation in the soil.
Nitrogen metabolism overview
nitrogen is the most abundant atmospheric gas,yet is a limiting factor. this presentation is a bird's eye view, of nitrogen cycle, its fixation, uptake and assimilation in plants
Crassulacean acid metabolism (cam)
Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. During the night, the plant takes in carbon dioxide and stores it as the acid malate. During the day, the stomata close to reduce water loss while the malate is broken down, releasing carbon dioxide to be used in photosynthesis through the Calvin cycle. This allows plants like cacti and pineapples to fix carbon dioxide at night to cope with drought conditions.
Fertilizer reaction in soil (1)
Fertilizers undergo various chemical reactions in soil that determine their availability to plants. Nitrogenous fertilizers like ammonium sulfate and urea release ammonium ions through cation exchange or hydrolysis reactions. These ions can then be further transformed by soil microbes. Phosphate fertilizers like single superphosphate dissolve in soil water but can precipitate or react with soil minerals to form insoluble compounds depending on the soil pH. Potassium fertilizers like potassium chloride and potassium sulfate readily dissolve to release potassium ions for plant uptake. After application, the nutrients in fertilizers may be taken up by crops, react with the soil, leach below the root zone, or be lost through erosion, runoff or gas emission.
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Npk.ppt 1
This document provides an overview of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) nutrition principles for plants. It discusses the essential roles of N, P, and K in plants including protein synthesis, energy production, photosynthesis, and growth. The key cycles and processes involving N, P, and K in soils are summarized, including mineralization, nitrification, fixation, leaching, precipitation, and adsorption. Soil testing methods and interpreting results for N, P, and K are covered. Commercial fertilizer sources of N, P, and K are also mentioned.
potassium fixation in different clay minerals
This document discusses potassium fixation in different clay minerals. It explains that potassium fixation was first reported in 1887 and involves potassium penetrating between clay layers and becoming tightly held. The degree of potassium fixation varies between clay types, with vermiculite showing the highest fixation due to its high charge density and large interlayer space, followed by illite, montmorillonite, and kaolinite. Factors like charge density, interlayer space size, solution concentration, and presence of other cations can influence how much potassium is fixed within clay minerals. The practical implication is that fixed potassium contributes to long-term potassium availability in soils.
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This document discusses the structure and replication of DNA. It describes that DNA is made up of nucleotides containing nitrogen bases, pentose sugars, and phosphate groups. The bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine make up DNA, with adenine pairing with thymine and cytosine pairing with guanine. DNA exists as a double helix with two polynucleotide strands running in opposite directions and held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases. During DNA replication, the double helix unwinds and each strand serves as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand, resulting in two identical DNA molecules each with one original and one new strand.
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The document summarizes the evolution of classification systems for living organisms from early two-kingdom systems to the current three domain system. It describes the five kingdom classification system proposed by Whittaker in 1969 that divides organisms into five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia based on characteristics like cell structure and nutrition.
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This document discusses respiratory substrates and their energy values. It notes that glucose is the primary substrate for some cells, while others can use lipids and amino acids. Lipids have the highest energy value per gram and are oxidized into acetyl CoA units. The energy released during aerobic respiration comes from hydrogen oxidation. The respiratory quotient is the ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed, and can indicate the substrate being used or if anaerobic respiration is occurring. Respirometers are used to measure oxygen consumption and respiratory quotients.
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The two main types of communication differ in their mode of transmission, speed, response time, area of impact, and duration of effects. While nervous communication is localized through specific nerve pathways, hormonal communication has a more generalized effect through chemical signaling in the bloodstream.
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Photosynthesis involves two main sets of reactions: light-dependent reactions where light energy is absorbed and electron transport is used to make ATP and NADPH; and light-independent reactions where CO2 is fixed into sugars using the energy from the light reactions. The light reactions take place in the chloroplasts and involve the absorption of light by pigments and the splitting of water to provide electrons and protons. The Calvin cycle fixes CO2 into carbohydrates using the ATP and NADPH produced in the light reactions. Factors like light intensity, temperature, and CO2 concentration can limit the rate of photosynthesis.
02 Respiration
Respiration is a process where organic molecules act as fuel and are broken down through a series of steps to release energy in the form of ATP. Glucose breakdown occurs in four stages - glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. In glycolysis, glucose is broken down to pyruvate, generating a small amount of ATP. In the link reaction, pyruvate enters the mitochondria and is converted to acetyl-CoA. The Krebs cycle further breaks down acetyl-CoA, producing carbon dioxide and hydrogen carriers. Finally, oxidative phosphorylation uses the hydrogen carriers to power the electron transport chain and generate most of the ATP through phosphorylation.
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01 The need for Energy in Living Organisms
1) Living organisms need energy, which is supplied through photosynthesis or the breakdown of chemical compounds. Autotrophs use photosynthesis or inorganic compounds, while heterotrophs rely on organic compounds from autotrophs.
2) Energy is stored and transported within cells as ATP and is used for anabolic reactions, transport, movement, bioluminescence, and maintaining homeostasis.
3) ATP is synthesized during glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and chemiosmosis, where electrons are used to create a proton gradient across membranes that is then used by ATP synthase to add a phosphate to ADP.
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01 Importance of Homeostasis; Excretion; Control of Water
Homeostasis and regulation in the human body involves maintaining constant conditions for cells. Negative feedback loops help control parameters like temperature, water levels, and glucose. The kidneys play a key role by filtering blood, reabsorbing useful molecules, and excreting waste like urea. Ultrafiltration separates blood components, and reabsorption retrieves molecules for reuse. Hormones like antidiuretic hormone regulate water balance by increasing water permeability in the kidneys.
02 Energy Flow through Ecosystems
Energy flows through ecosystems in one direction, from photosynthesizers to consumers to decomposers. Photosynthesizers like plants get energy from the sun and store it in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins through photosynthesis. Consumers get energy by eating photosynthesizers or other consumers. Decomposers get energy by breaking down dead organisms and waste. With each transfer between trophic levels, much of the energy is lost as heat.
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Plants communicate and regulate growth through electrical signals and chemical messengers like plant hormones. The document discusses several key plant hormones:
1) Auxins promote upward growth and inhibit lateral branching through a process called apical dominance. Gibberellins stimulate stem elongation and seed germination.
2) Abscisic acid induces stomatal closure in response to drought stress and may play a role in leaf senescence.
3) While many plant hormones are involved in growth and stress responses, their levels and effects are controlled through complex interactions rather than isolated pathways.
01 Meiosis
Meiosis involves two cell divisions that result in four haploid cells from one diploid cell. Meiosis I is the reduction division where homologous chromosomes separate and half the number of chromosomes are in each daughter cell. Meiosis II is similar to mitosis, where each daughter cell from Meiosis I divides to produce a total of four haploid cells that can fuse during fertilization. Crossing over and independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during Meiosis I introduces genetic variation.
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Similar to 03 Recycling of Nitrogen
Nitrogen cycle
The nitrogen cycle describes the conversion of nitrogen between its various chemical forms and involves both biological and non-biological processes. Key processes include nitrogen fixation by bacteria and lightning which converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonia; nitrification by bacteria which converts ammonia into nitrites and nitrates; assimilation by plants which use nitrates and ammonium for growth; ammonification by decomposers which converts organic nitrogen waste into ammonia; and denitrification by bacteria which converts nitrates back into nitrogen gas. Human activities like fossil fuel combustion, agriculture, and deforestation have significantly impacted the global nitrogen cycle.
Nda
The document describes the nitrogen cycle. Key steps include:
1. Nitrogen fixation by bacteria converts nitrogen gas to ammonium.
2. Plants take up nitrates from the soil and convert them into proteins.
3. Animals get nitrogen by eating plant proteins.
4. Bacteria break down waste and dead organisms, releasing ammonium.
5. Other bacteria convert ammonium to nitrites then nitrates.
6. Some bacteria use nitrates and release nitrogen gas, completing the cycle.
Mineral nutrition
Minerals are essential inorganic nutrients that are required for plant growth and development. There are two types of minerals: macronutrients which are needed in large amounts and micronutrients which are needed in trace amounts. Hydroponics is a method used to study mineral requirements of plants by growing them in nutrient solutions. Essential minerals meet certain criteria and are involved in key metabolic processes in plants. Nitrogen is an important macronutrient that plants obtain through nitrogen fixation by symbiotic bacteria in root nodules of legumes or free-living soil bacteria. The nitrogen is then assimilated into amino acids and proteins in plants.
mineralnutrition 2.docx
Minerals are essential inorganic nutrients that are required for plant and animal growth and development. There are two types of minerals: macronutrients which are needed in large amounts, and micronutrients which are needed in trace amounts. Hydroponics experiments showed that specific mineral salts are required to support plant growth. Minerals play important roles such as being components of biomolecules, providing energy, and activating enzymes. Some minerals like nitrogen must be obtained from the environment through nitrogen-fixing bacteria that form nodules on plant roots and convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. Legumes have a symbiotic relationship with Rhizobium bacteria in their root nodules to fix nitrogen.
Nitrogen m pr
Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi break down dead organic matter and release nutrients back into the soil. Nitrogen is an essential nutrient that is recycled through a nitrogen cycle. This involves nitrogen fixation by bacteria, assimilation by plants, ammonification through decomposition, nitrification by special bacteria, and denitrification which returns nitrogen to the atmosphere. Maintaining this nitrogen cycle is important for supporting new plant growth in ecosystems.
Nitrogen cycle student slides.pptx
The document describes the nitrogen cycle, which includes several processes:
1) Denitrification is the conversion of nitrate ions into nitrogen gas by anaerobic bacteria.
2) Nitrification is the aerobic conversion of ammonium ions into nitrites and then nitrates through a series of oxidation reactions.
3) Nitrogen fixation is the conversion of nitrogen gas into ammonium compounds through nitrogen-fixing bacteria or lightning. This process makes nitrogen biologically available.
biogeochemical_cycle.pdf
The carbon cycle describes the movement of carbon through producers, consumers, and decomposers. Carbon dioxide enters producers through photosynthesis and is consumed by consumers when eating other organisms. Decomposers and respiration return carbon to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. The oceans and rocks store large amounts of carbon but exchange it slowly.
The nitrogen cycle involves transformation of nitrogen between organic and inorganic forms by microbes and other organisms. Nitrogen is fixed from the atmosphere by lightning, industrial processes, and microbial activity. Plants and microbes assimilate nitrogen from the soil and it is returned through ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification.
8.2, Bio-transformation and geochemical cycle
This document provides an overview of the nitrogen cycle through four main processes:
1) Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia through lightning, industrial fixation, or biological fixation by nitrogen-fixing bacteria.
2) Ammonification converts organic nitrogen sources into ammonium via bacteria.
3) Nitrification converts ammonium to nitrite and then nitrate through two steps with nitrifying bacteria.
4) Denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas, closing the cycle, through denitrifying bacteria using nitrates instead of oxygen.
Nitrogen Cycle .docx
Nitrogen is essential for ecosystems and life but it exists largely as unreactive nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. The nitrogen cycle involves four key processes - nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification - that convert nitrogen between different chemical forms so it can be used by plants and other organisms. Nitrogen fixation involves bacteria and lightning converting nitrogen gas into forms plants can use. Ammonification and nitrification further transform nitrogen into ammonium and nitrates. Denitrification ultimately converts nitrogen back to its unreactive gas form through bacteria, balancing the nitrogen added through fixation.
N2 CYCLE PRESENTATION. 11.05.22.pptx gkfv
The document discusses the nitrogen cycle, which is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms as it circulates between the atmosphere, soil, water, living organisms, and rocks. Key processes include nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification. Nitrogen fixation involves converting atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia or nitrates that organisms can use, while denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere.
NITROGEN CYCLE
The nitrogen cycle describes how nitrogen is converted between its gaseous form in the atmosphere and biological and chemically active forms in soils, oceans, and the biosphere. Key processes include nitrogen fixation, nitrification, assimilation, ammonification, and denitrification which convert nitrogen between gaseous, ionic, and organic forms. Through these processes, nitrogen is circulated naturally between the living world and the atmosphere.
N2 fixation sith
Nitrogen is essential for all life and is required to make proteins, DNA, RNA and other biomolecules. It can be obtained through nitrogen fixation, the process by which atmospheric nitrogen is converted to nitrogen-containing compounds that can be used by plants and other organisms. This process is carried out by bacteria that are able to break the strong triple bond of dinitrogen gas and "fix" it into useable forms like ammonia. Important nitrogen-fixing bacteria include Rhizobium species that form symbiotic root nodules on legumes and blue-green algae. Nitrogen fixation provides the main natural source of nitrogen in ecosystems and is vital for agriculture.
Lab.8 isolation of nitrogen fixer bacteria
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. The enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation is nitrogenase. The level of O2 is regulated to obtain maximum nitrogenase activity through a process called microaerophily, where O2 concentration is kept low to protect the oxygen-sensitive nitrogenase enzyme.
2. Nitrogen fixation is important because atmospheric nitrogen gas (N2) is inert and unavailable to most organisms. Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric N2 into bioavailable forms like ammonia (NH3) that can be used by plants and other organisms for growth. It replenishes soil nitrogen.
3. The Rhizobiaceae that form symbiotic relationships with legumes are more important than the Azotobacteraceae in
Nitrogen Cycle
The nitrogen cycle involves the circulation of nitrogen between the atmosphere, biosphere, lithosphere and hydrosphere. Nitrogen is essential for life but is biologically unavailable in its atmospheric form. Certain bacteria are able to fix nitrogen by converting it to ammonia. This ammonia can then be converted to nitrites and nitrates through nitrification or incorporated into living things through assimilation. Upon death and decomposition, nitrogen is returned to the soil through ammonification. Denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere, completing the cycle. Human activities like fossil fuel combustion and excessive fertilizer use have disrupted the nitrogen cycle, contributing to issues like acid rain, eutrophication and algal blooms.
Nitrogen cycle
The nitrogen cycle describes the biological and chemical processes by which nitrogen is converted between its various chemical forms and circulated between living and nonliving matter in the biosphere. The key processes in the nitrogen cycle include nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, immobilization, mineralization, and leaching. These processes are carried out by various microorganisms in soil and allow nitrogen to be available for plant and animal life.
Biogeochemical cycles
• Nutrient cycles referred to as biogeochemical cycles
• Gaseous forms of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen occur in the atmosphere and cycle globally
• Less mobile elements, including phosphorous, cycle on a more local level
• Still, gains and losses from outside of the ecosystem are generally small when compared to the rate at which nutrients are cycled within the system.
Nitrogen cycle and NITROGEN FIXATION
Nitrogen is an essential element that cycles through various forms in the environment. The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation, ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification processes carried out by microorganisms. Nitrogen fixation converts atmospheric nitrogen gas into ammonium which can then be used by plants and other organisms. Ammonification and nitrification convert organic nitrogen and ammonium into nitrates. Denitrification returns nitrogen to the atmosphere as nitrogen gas. The nitrogen cycle is crucial for ecosystems as it makes nitrogen available to support primary production.
Agri micro
Microbes play a key role in biogeochemical cycles by facilitating the conversion of elements like nitrogen into biologically useful forms. The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation by bacteria, assimilation by plants, ammonification by microbes breaking down organic matter, nitrification of ammonia to nitrites and nitrates by other microbes, denitrification of nitrates back to nitrogen gas, and sedimentation of nitrogen compounds. Nitrogen is fixed from the atmosphere by lightning, industrial processes, and symbiotic and free-living bacteria, and it is then incorporated into living tissues through assimilation or converted between forms like ammonium, nitrite and nitrate by a variety of microorganisms in the soil.
Nitrogen fixed by bacteria
Bacteria play a key role in the nitrogen cycle by fixing nitrogen from the atmosphere in forms that can be used by other organisms. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria are found in root nodules of legumes like clover and fertilize the soil. The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen being fixed, then changing forms through ammonification by bacteria, nitrification by other bacteria, plant/animal uptake, and denitrification before returning to the atmosphere. Ammonification is the breakdown of organic matter by microorganisms, producing ammonia and related compounds.
Microbes and the Environment Handout
Microbes play important roles in the environment as producers, nitrogen fixers, and decomposers. The nitrogen cycle involves nitrogen fixation by bacteria, nitrification by nitrosomas and nitrobacter bacteria, and denitrification by pseudonomas bacteria. Sewage causes nutrient enrichment and algal blooms if not treated. Sewage treatment systems like trickling filters and reed beds use aerobic bacteria to break down organic matter and reduce biochemical oxygen demand. Methane is generated from organic waste by three groups of microbes that first convert the waste and then produce methane.
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Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
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Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
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03 Recycling of Nitrogen
- 1. Recycling of Nitrogen ALBIO9700/2006JK
- 2. • Nitrogen present in proteins and nucleic acids • Organisms cannot use nitrogen gas in the air (N≡N) • Must be converted from N2 into more reactive form (e.g. NH3 or NO3-) – nitrogen fixation ALBIO9700/2006JK
- 3. Nitrogen fixation • Fixation by living organisms – Prokaryotes (Rhizobium) - mutualism – Lives freely in soil and roots of plants (e.g. leguminous plants). – Plant roots produce protein (lectins) which bind to polysaccharides on cell surface. Bacteria invade roots and stimulate cells in the root to divide and develop into small lumps or nodules, inside which the bacteria form colonies. – Bacteria fix nitrogen with nitrogenase – Nitrogen gas (N2) to ammonium ions (NH4+) • Supply of H (comes from reduced NADP) • Supply of ATP (metabolism of sucrose) • Anaerobic conditions (maintained through production of leghaemoglobin – gets rid of oxygen which diffuses into nodules) ALBIO9700/2006JK
- 4. Rhizobium ALBIO9700/2006JK
- 5. • Fixation in the atmosphere – Lightning can cause nitrogen molecules to react with oxygen to form nitrogen oxides – Dissolves in rain and carried to ground ALBIO9700/2006JK
- 6. • Fixation by the Haber process – Nitrogen and hydrogen gases are reacted together to produce ammonia – Ammonia often converted to ammonium nitrate – inorganic fertiliser ALBIO9700/2006JK
- 7. • Use of fixed nitrogen by plants – In legumes: • to make amino acids • transported into xylem, distributed to all parts and used within cells to synthesise proteins – Other plants: • Rely on fixed nitrogen in soil • Root hairs take up nitrate ions by active transport • Nitrate converted in roots to nitrite (NO2-) then ammonia then amino acids which are transported to other parts in xylem ALBIO9700/2006JK
- 8. • Assimilation of nitrogen by animals – Nitrogen supply comes from proteins in diet and nucleic acids – Proteins broken down to amino acids (digestion), absorbed into blood and distributed to cells, then built up again into proteins – Excess amino acids are deaminated in liver, where nitrogen becomes part of urea molecules and excreted in urine ALBIO9700/2006JK
- 9. • Return of nitrate to the soil from living organisms – Protein in cells broken down to amino acids upon death (decomposers – protease enzymes) – Decomposers use some amino acids, some are broken down and nitrogen released as ammonia – Ammonia also produced from urea (ammonification ) – Ammonia in soil is converted to nitrite ions (NO2-) and then nitrate ions (NO3-) by nitrifying bacteria (Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter) – Only occurs freely in well-aerated soils – Some plants adapt by supplementing their nitrogen intake using animal protein ALBIO9700/2006JK
- 10. ALBIO9700/2006JK
- 11. • Denitrification – Denitrifying bacteria provide themselves with energy by reversing nitrogen fixation and converting nitrate to nitrogen gas, which is returned to the air – Common in sewage treatment plants, compost heaps and wet soils ALBIO9700/2006JK