Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
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introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
Describes the complement system components and their activation pathways, the regulation of the complement
system, the effector functions of various complement components,
and the consequences of deficiencies in them.
B cell Activation by T Independent & T Dependent Antigens-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
During humoral immune response, Ab production is brought about by B lymphocytes. Based on the ability to induce Ab formation, antigens can be classified into T independent and T dependent antigens. Some antigens can directly induce the B cells to produce the Abs and are called T Independent Ans. However, some Ans require the help of T lymohocytes for the production of Abs from B cells. These Ans are called T Dependent Ans.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
02.09.09(a): Case Study: Type I Diabetes Overview of Immune Response Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
B Cell Receptor & Antibody Production-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
Antibody production is the function of B lymphocytes. These slides describe the structure of B cell receptor and steps involved in antibody production by B lymphocytes
Describes the complement system components and their activation pathways, the regulation of the complement
system, the effector functions of various complement components,
and the consequences of deficiencies in them.
B cell Activation by T Independent & T Dependent Antigens-Dr C R MeeraMeera C R
During humoral immune response, Ab production is brought about by B lymphocytes. Based on the ability to induce Ab formation, antigens can be classified into T independent and T dependent antigens. Some antigens can directly induce the B cells to produce the Abs and are called T Independent Ans. However, some Ans require the help of T lymohocytes for the production of Abs from B cells. These Ans are called T Dependent Ans.
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
02.09.09(a): Case Study: Type I Diabetes Overview of Immune Response Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
10.07.08(a): Transplant Surgery and Immunology Open.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School’s M2 Renal sequence
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02.18.09: Review: Type 1 Diabetes and Overview of Immune ResponseOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical
School's M1 Immunology sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Immunology
The cells of the immune system can be categorized as lymphocytes (T-cells, B-cells and NK cells), neutrophils, and monocytes/macrophages. These are all types of white blood cells. The major proteins of the immune system are predominantly signaling proteins (often called cytokines), antibodies, and complement proteins.
Monoclonal antibodies (mAb or moAb) are antibodies that are made by identical immune cells that are all clones of a unique parent cell. Monoclonal antibodies can have monovalent affinity, in that they bind to the same epitope (the part of an antigen that is recognized by the antibody). In contrast, polyclonal antibodies bind to multiple epitopes and are usually made by several different plasma cell (antibody secreting immune cell) lineages. Bispecific monoclonal antibodies can also be engineered, by increasing the therapeutic targets of one single monoclonal antibody to two epitopes. Given almost any substance, it is possible to produce monoclonal antibodies that specifically bind to that substance; they can then serve to detect or purify that substance. This has become an important tool in biochemistry, molecular biology, and medicine. When used as medications, non-proprietary drug names end in -mab and many immunotherapy specialists use the word mab anacronymically.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Jim Holliman, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Alterations in Body Temperature: The Adult Patient with a Fever- Reside...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Rapid Sequence Intubation & Emergency Airway Support in the Pediatric E...Open.Michigan
This is a lecture by Michele Nypaver, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Disorders of the Pleura, Mediastinum, and Chest Wall- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Andrew Barnosky, DO from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Dental Emergencies and Common Dental Blocks- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Arthritis and Arthrocentesis- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Bursitis, Tendonitis, Fibromyalgia, and RSD- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC- Right Upper Quadrant Ultrasound- Resident TrainingOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Jeff Holmes from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Joe Lex, MD from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC: Nursing Process and Linkage between Theory and PracticeOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Jeremy Lapham from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
2014 gemc-nursing-lapham-general survey and patient care managementOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Jeremy Lapham from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Dr. Jessica Holly from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
GEMC: The Role of Radiography in the Initial Evaluation of C-Spine TraumaOpen.Michigan
This is a lecture by Dr. Stephen Hartsell from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
This is a lecture by Dr. Jim Holliman from the Ghana Emergency Medicine Collaborative. To download the editable version (in PPT), to access additional learning modules, or to learn more about the project, see http://openmi.ch/em-gemc. Unless otherwise noted, this material is made available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike-3.0 License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
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This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
1. Attribution: University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Microbiology
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4. 1. Receptors and cells in innate immunity.
2. The two fundamental stages of B cell
differentiation.
3. The steps in antigen-independent B cell
differentiation.
4. How is possible for a human to express
more than ten million antibodies?
5. How are the genes for antibody variable
regions organized?
5. Innate immunity is that protection against
pathogens which is rapid and does not
require specific recognition of the pathogen.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are used to
recognize bacteria and viruses in innate
immunity. They are named after similar
receptors in Drosophilia. One function of
these receptors in Drosophilia is to induce
immunity against fungi.
7. TLR recognition displays only limited
specificity. TLRs bind to pattern molecules
that are not expressed by humans, but are
shared by groups of pathogens.
TLRs are expressed by many cells, including
leukocytes.
8. Binding to pattern molecules results in signal
transduction from the TLR to the nucleus.
Consequences of TLR signaling:
• Production of cytokines and chemokines
and subsequent inflammation.
• Production of Type I interferons (α and β)
• Killing or inhibition of viruses and
intracellular bacteria.
• Upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules
that help to activate T and B lymphocytes.
9. NOD receptors are another set of receptors
associated with innate immunity. They are
expressed in the cytoplasm.
NOD: containing a nucleotide-binding/
oligomerization domain
10. Several cells are associated with innate immunity:
• Macrophages and neutrophils
• B1 B cells—make most of the antibody in serum.
These antibodies tend to bind common epitopes on
pathogens.
• Dendritic cells, γδ T cells, NK T cells (Dr. Chang)
The innate B and T cells tend to have a set of
antigen receptors with a limited diversity.
11. NK cells are lymphocytes that may be a little larger
and more granular than T and B lymphocytes. They
kill cells that do not express MHC class I molecules
(for example, those infected with viruses or tumor
cells). Their killing is regulated by a complex
interaction among several inhibitory (for example,
binding to some class I MHC inhibits killing) and
activating receptors.
Some NK cells have an Fc receptor that allows them
to bind antibody that is bound to a cell, and kill that
cell by a process called antibody-dependent, cell-
mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC).
12. Immature
Mature
Stem cell
Pro B cell
Pre B cell
B cell
B cell
Y
Y
Y
µ
IgD and IgM
µ chain in
IgM on
on cell
Absent
Absent
cytoplasm
cell surface
surface
University of Michigan Department of Microbiology and Immunology
13. B cell differentiation occurs in the bone marrow
from pluripotent stem cells.
Pro B cells can be distinguished from stem cells
by the expression of several CD antigens: CD19,
CD20, etc.
B cell development depends on the adherent cell
part of bone marrow (stromal cells) and
cytokines (IL-7).
The final product is a mature B cell, which has
never been exposed to antigen (it is naïve).
14. CD molecules (cluster of differentiation).
These molecules are found on the surface of a
group of cells that are at the same state of
differentiation. The group of cells can be large
(all lymphocytes) or small (CD8+ T cells).
Thus, the expression of a CD molecule can be
used to define the state of development of a
cell. They are detected by monoclonal
antibodies.
15. Flow Cytometry (FACS).
This instrument is used to detect the cell
surface expression of CD molecules.
Bind an antibody that is tagged with a
fluorescent molecule (fluorescein,
phycoerythrin, or rhodamine, for example) to a
cell surface molecule.
Analyze amount of antibody bound, and
therefore expression of the cell surface
molecule, in the flow cytometer.
16. Janeway. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. Current Biology Ltd./Garland Publishing, Inc. 1997
17. If one uses two different fluorescent tags on two
different antibodies, excites them with two
different lasers, and detects them at two
different emission wavelengths, then one can
monitor two cell surface molecules at once. (Or
even more.)
Data presentation: Each cell is represented as
one dot. For single colors, data are often
presented as the number of cells versus
relative fluorescence.
18. Normal
Immunodeficient Immunodeficient
Minegishi et al., J. Clin Invest. 104: 1115-21 (1999)
Pro and Pre
B cells
B cells
Stem cells
19. Antigen-independent B cell differentiation
from a pre B cell to an immature B cell
depends on positive signaling through a
receptor with the mu heavy chain only
(the pre B cell receptor).
20. Janeway. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. Current Biology Ltd./Garland Publishing, Inc. 1997
21. Bruton s agammaglobulinemia
• Boys with repeated infections by
encapsulated bacteria or sometimes viruses
• X-linked
• Failure to produce antibodies
• Almost no production of immature B cells in the
bone marrow
Mutation in Bruton s tyrosine kinase (btk) that is
activated upon engagement of the pre B cell
receptor. A signal from mu on the surface of pre
B cells in these boys does not reach the nucleus
—positive signaling fails.
22. Antigen-independent B cell differentiation
in the bone marrow results in ten million
different clones of B cells, each with an
antibody on their surface that binds a
different epitope. (The sequences of
heavy chain variable region and the light
chain variable region are different for
every B cell clone.) Thus, the receptor
repertoire is ten million.
(A human has more than 1012 B cells).
23. Each antibody is made by one clone of B
cells. Hence, antibodies are clonally
distributed .
Regents of the University of Michigan
24. Immature B cells with an
immunoglobulin on their surface
that binds to a self antigen sends a
negative signal, resulting in deletion of
the immature B cells in the bone
marrow.
Clonal deletion
This is part of self-tolerance
for B cells
26. Allelic exclusion: In a B cell clone, only one of the two
antibody loci (one of the two homologous
chromosomes) is expressed as antibody protein.
Therefore, even though a B cell could express two mu
heavy chains, it only expresses one. Even though a B
cell could express four light chains, it expresses only
one.
27. B cell diversity of more than ten million clones is
generated during antigen-independent B cell
development. How is this diversity generated?
A hint comes from the fact that antibodies are two-part
proteins.
Constant region--one gene. If there were two genes,
single amino acid changes would occur and there
would soon be two isotypes: λI, λII, λIII, etc.
Variable region--many genes for the three kinds of
variable regions: Vκ, Vλ, and VH.
28. Janeway. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. Current Biology Ltd./Garland Publishing, Inc. 1997
Vκ encodes amino acids 1-95
Jκ encodes amino acids 96-107
Cκ encodes amino acids 108-214
29. Human Vκ
1500 kb of DNA. V genes are 5 to 20 kb
apart.
Most 3 Vκ is 23 kb 5 of Cκ.
Five Jκ regions, encoding amino acids 96
to 107, lie 1.2 kb 5 of Cκ.
30. Of the 79 Vκ genes, almost one-half are
pseudogenes--genes that cannot be
expressed as a light chain, because they
have an in frame stop codon, lack an
invariant amino acid, or are truncated at
the 5 end.
31. V codon 95 CACAGTG--spacer--GGTTTTTGT
ACAAAAACC--spacer--CACTGTG J codon 96
Each V is followed by CACAGTG--spacer--
GGTTTTTGT (recombination signal sequence),
or a slight variant of it, and each J segment is
preceded by ACAAAAACC--spacer--CACTGTG,
or a slight variant of it.
This is true for the variable regions and
J segments associated with heavy chain, kappa,
and lambda light chain genes.
32. orange arrow: CACAGTG
blue arrow: GGTTTTTGT
Janeway. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. Current Biology Ltd./Garland Publishing, Inc. 1997
33. V(D)J recombination is mediated by the
lymphoid specific recombination activating genes
RAG1 and RAG2.
Mutations in the recombination activating genes
lead to severe combined immunodeficiency (no B
or T cells) or to Omenn s syndrome, a milder
immunodeficiency.
34. Summary
1. Innate immunity involves recognition by TLRs and
NODs--receptors for pattern molecules.
2. NK cells kill cells with low expression of MHC class I
molecules.
3. Antigen-independent B cell differentiation occurs in
the bone marrow.
It includes several stages that involve changes in
immunoglobulin heavy and light chain expression, as
well as other CD antigens.
Antigen-independent B cell differentiation results in a
repertoire of at least ten million clones of B cells.
35. 4. Anti-self, immature B cells are deleted.
5. Variable and constant region genes for
immunoglobulins are separated in DNA.
6. Variable regions are encoded by many genes
—Germline diversity.
7. V(D)J joining uses specific sequences
(CACAGTG--spacer--GGTTTTTGT) and is
mediated by the recombination activating gene
products.
36. Additional Source Information
for more information see: http://open.umich.edu/wiki/CitationPolicy
Slide 12: University of Michigan Department of Microbiology and Immunology
Slide 17: Janeway. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. Current Biology Ltd./Garland Publishing, Inc. 1997
Slide 18: Minegishi et al., J. Clin Invest. 104: 1115-21 (1999)
Slide 20: Janeway. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. Current Biology Ltd./Garland Publishing, Inc. 1997
Slide 23: Regents of the University of Michigan
Slide 25: Regents of the University of Michigan
Slide 28: Janeway. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. Current Biology Ltd./Garland Publishing, Inc. 1997
Slide 32: Janeway. Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease. Current Biology Ltd./Garland Publishing, Inc. 1997