02. ch32 (ionizing radiation, nuclear energy, and elementary particles)
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Ionizing radiation consists of photons and/or moving particles that have sufficient energy to knock electrons out of atoms. Exposure measures radiation produced in air, while absorbed dose measures the energy absorbed from radiation per unit mass of material. Relative biological effectiveness compares the biological damage of different types of radiation, and biologically equivalent dose is the product of absorbed dose and RBE. Nuclear reactions occur when incident particles or photons cause changes in target nuclei, such as uranium transmuting into plutonium. Nuclear fission occurs when a slow neutron splits a heavy nucleus like uranium into lighter elements, and a controlled chain reaction in a nuclear reactor uses fuel, control rods, and a moderator.
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Introduction to Class 12 Physics - Nuclei:
In the realm of physics, the study of atomic nuclei constitutes a pivotal and intriguing segment, forming the nucleus of Class 12 Physics. Delving into the heart of matter, this section unravels the intricacies of the atomic nucleus, where protons and neutrons converge to define the essence of elements. From the formidable forces that bind these particles to the dynamic processes of radioactive decay, Class 12 Physics - Nuclei unveils the mysteries that govern the core of our physical reality.
As students embark on this journey, they will explore the minuscule dimensions of the nucleus, grapple with the potent forces that operate within, and unravel the applications that extend from nuclear power generation to medical diagnostics. The study of nuclei encapsulates the very essence of matter and energy, offering profound insights into the fundamental nature of the universe.
Through an exploration of nuclear reactions, radioactivity, and the applications that span from energy production to medical advancements, Class 12 Physics - Nuclei equips students with a comprehensive understanding of the microscopic world that shapes the macroscopic reality we inhabit. The journey into the heart of the atom awaits, promising a voyage into the fundamental building blocks that define the physical universe.
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L8 Introduction to Reactor Physics Part 1.pdf
- The document provides an introduction to reactor physics concepts including neutron interactions, nuclear cross sections, reaction rates, neutron moderation, and neutron attenuation.
- It describes various neutron interactions such as elastic scattering, inelastic scattering, radiative capture, charge production, neutron production, and fission. Microscopic and macroscopic cross sections, and their relationship to reaction rates are also covered.
- The concepts of neutron moderation, thermalization, and the role of moderators are summarized. An ideal moderator is described as having a large scattering cross section, small absorption cross section, and large energy loss per collision.
Neutrondetailspdf
This document discusses neutron radiography, including its history, principles, and sources. It provides details on:
- The early development of neutron radiography in the 1940s and improvements from research reactors in the 1950s.
- How neutron radiography works, including neutron interactions with matter like scattering, capture and how this allows imaging of light elements.
- The types of neutron sources used, including radioisotopes, generators, and research reactors. Research reactors provide the best image quality but generators can also be used.
- Key principles like attenuation of neutrons through materials and how this depends on thickness and attenuation coefficients, allowing visualization of internal structures.
Radiopharmaceuticals
Radiopharmaceuticals
inorganic Chemicals used for diagnosis as well for treatment of various disease such as cancer etc
Radiopaque contrast media:
Principles of nuclear energy
The document discusses several key concepts regarding nuclear energy including:
1) Atomic structure including atomic number, mass number, and isotopes.
2) Nuclear reactions and equations including conservation of nucleons and factors that affect neutron multiplication.
3) Energy released from nuclear fission including the total energy of about 200 MeV per fission and the breakdown of energy types.
4) Radioactivity and the different types of decay including alpha, beta, gamma, positron, neutron emission, and half-life.
Student ch 19 nuclear
The document discusses nuclear chemistry and radioactivity. It describes how radioactive decay was discovered and the differences between nuclear and chemical reactions. It defines types of radiation like alpha, beta, and gamma rays. It also explains nuclear reactions, radioactive decay, half-lives, nuclear fission and fusion, and applications of nuclear chemistry like nuclear power generation and radiocarbon dating.
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Nuclear-Chemistry-and-Applications-of-Radioactivity.pptx
Nuclear-Chemistry-and-Applications-of-Radioactivity.pptx
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https://ashpc.eu/
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EWOCS-I: The catalog of X-ray sources in Westerlund 1 from the Extended Weste...
Context. With a mass exceeding several 104 M⊙ and a rich and dense population of massive stars, supermassive young star clusters
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photon flux threshold of approximately 2 × 10−8 photons cm−2
s
−1
. The X-ray sources exhibit a highly concentrated spatial distribution,
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02. ch32 (ionizing radiation, nuclear energy, and elementary particles)
- 1. Chapter 32 Ionizing Radiation, Nuclear Energy, and Elementary Particles
- 2. 32.1 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation Ionizing radiation consists of photons and/or moving particles that have sufficient energy to knock and electron out of an atom or molecule, thus forming an ion. Exposure is a measure of the ionizing radiation produced in air by X-rays or γ-rays. In passing through the air, the beam produces positive ions whose total charge is q. Exposure is the charge per unit mass of the air. m q × = −4 1058.2 1 roentgens)(inExposure
- 3. 32.1 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation For biological purposes, the absorbed dose is a more suitable quantity because it is the energy absorbed from the radiation per unit mass of the absorbing material: materialabsorbingofMass absorbedEnergy doseAbsorbed = kgJ1Gy1 = gray gray01.0rad1 =
- 4. 32.1 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation To compare the damage produced by different types of radiation, the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) is used. effectbiologicalsamethe producesthatradiationofDose effectbiologicalcertainapruduces thatrays-XkeV-200ofDose RBE =
- 5. 32.1 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation The product of the absorbed dose and the RBE is the biologically equivalent dose: RBEdoseAbsorbed doseequivalentlyBiological ×=
- 6. 32.2 Induced Nuclear Reactions A nuclear reaction is said to occur whenever the incident nucleus, particle, or photon causes a change to occur in the target nucleus.
- 7. 32.2 Induced Nuclear Reactions Example 3 An Induced Nuclear Transmutation An alpha particle strikes an aluminum nucleus. As a result, and unknown nucleus and a neutron are produced. nXDHe 1 0 27 13 4 2 +→+ A Z P30 15
- 8. 32.2 Induced Nuclear Reactions An induced nuclear reaction in which uranium is transmuted into plutonium.
- 9. 32.3 Nuclear Fission A slowly moving neutron causes the uranium nucleus to fission into barium, krypton, and three neutrons.
- 10. 32.3 Nuclear Fission Conceptual Example 5 Thermal Neutrons Versus Thermal Protons or Alpha Particles Why is it possible for a thermal neutron to penetrate a nucleus, whereas a proton or alpha particle would need a much larger amount of energy?
- 11. 32.3 Nuclear Fission A chain reaction
- 12. 32.3 Nuclear Fission In a controlled chain reaction, only one neutron, on average, causes another neutron to fission.
- 13. 32.4 Nuclear Reactors A nuclear reactor consists of fuel elements, control rods, and a moderator.
- 14. 32.4 Nuclear Reactors The moderator slows neutrons and the control rods absorb neutrons.
- 15. 32.5 Nuclear Fusion Two nuclei of very low mass can combine to generate energy. This process is called nuclear fusion.
- 18. 32.6 Elementary Particles Pion production through p-p collision.
- 19. 32.6 Elementary Particles Antiparticles, like positrons, can be used in positron emission tomography, or PET scans.
- 21. 32.6 Elementary Particles Mesons consist of a quark-antiquark pair, while baryons consist of three quarks.
- 22. 32.6 Elementary Particles The current view of how matter is composed of basic units.
- 23. 32.7 Cosmology Hubble’s law Hdv = distance of galaxy from earth speed of galaxy year-lights m 022.0 ⋅ =H
- 24. 32.7 Cosmology