The document discusses the history and features of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. It originated suddenly around 3100 BC in a fully developed form, and remained unchanged for over 3000 years. Hieroglyphs were pictographic symbols that could represent sounds, syllables, or objects. They were used in monumental inscriptions but later evolved into cursive scripts for common use. The Rosetta Stone helped French scholar Champollion decode hieroglyphs in 1822 by providing a multilingual text for comparison.
Introduction; Decipehring and Rawlinson who deciphered Cuneiform; multi-lingual inscription on the Behustun hill; writing materials, picture to pictogram, to ideogram, to alphabet; Hammurabi’s Code.
An illiterate world; Achievement through Writing; beginnings in rock paintings; is writing necessary and achievement of non-writing culture like the Incas and the Vedic Indians; felt need for writing – record keeping, religious purposes and royal proclamations; stages of development of writing – pictogram, ideogram and phonetics; phonetic systems – alphabetic and syllabic; how materials used for writing influenced scripts; places of origin of writing – Samaria, Egypt, China, India and Meso-America
A presentation by Prof. Subramanain Swaminathan
A Brief slideshow presentation about Egyptian Hieroglyphics: Etymology, History and Development, and some example about Hieroglyphics; and ending the slideshow with article 1 of the human writes written in Hieroglyphics.
Introduction; Decipehring and Rawlinson who deciphered Cuneiform; multi-lingual inscription on the Behustun hill; writing materials, picture to pictogram, to ideogram, to alphabet; Hammurabi’s Code.
An illiterate world; Achievement through Writing; beginnings in rock paintings; is writing necessary and achievement of non-writing culture like the Incas and the Vedic Indians; felt need for writing – record keeping, religious purposes and royal proclamations; stages of development of writing – pictogram, ideogram and phonetics; phonetic systems – alphabetic and syllabic; how materials used for writing influenced scripts; places of origin of writing – Samaria, Egypt, China, India and Meso-America
A presentation by Prof. Subramanain Swaminathan
A Brief slideshow presentation about Egyptian Hieroglyphics: Etymology, History and Development, and some example about Hieroglyphics; and ending the slideshow with article 1 of the human writes written in Hieroglyphics.
A brief overview of the history of writing - who invented the first writing system, where and for what purpose. From Mesapotamia tax records to modern-day emoticons and txt spk : )
From January-March 2016, inaugural EES Cairo Fellow, Melanie Pitkin, is presenting a series of workshops focused on 'Research Skills for Egyptology' primarily at the Greek Campus in Downtown Cairo, but also across other parts of Egypt. This is a copy of Melanie's presentation. To find out more upcoming workshops, or for any questions you might have related to the content, please contact Melanie: melanie.pitkin@ees.ac.uk.
I prepared this PPT for UZTEA ( Uzbekistan Teachers of English Association) conference last year. I shared my experience how I motivate my pupils in the language through Egyptian symbols.
A brief overview of the history of writing - who invented the first writing system, where and for what purpose. From Mesapotamia tax records to modern-day emoticons and txt spk : )
From January-March 2016, inaugural EES Cairo Fellow, Melanie Pitkin, is presenting a series of workshops focused on 'Research Skills for Egyptology' primarily at the Greek Campus in Downtown Cairo, but also across other parts of Egypt. This is a copy of Melanie's presentation. To find out more upcoming workshops, or for any questions you might have related to the content, please contact Melanie: melanie.pitkin@ees.ac.uk.
I prepared this PPT for UZTEA ( Uzbekistan Teachers of English Association) conference last year. I shared my experience how I motivate my pupils in the language through Egyptian symbols.
I’m going to spell some things out for you! When I was a kid, I really struggled with spelling. Other kids seemed to pick it up so easily, and I was told to just memorize lists of words, but no one would ever tell me why words were spelled the way they were. It was only when I learned some history of the language in university that it finally starts to make sense.
At first glance, English seems to have a downright chaotic spelling system, causing difficulties for young native speakers and adult second language speakers alike. Why is it ‘circus’ not ‘serkis’? Why are we so confused about whether it’s Gif or Jif? And why can a rough, dough-faced ploughman stride, coughing thoughtfully, through the streets of Scarborough?!Can’t we just simplify English spelling?
Well, as we’ll see, English may not be quite as irregular as it seems, and there may actually be some benefits to those peculiarities; and maybe the problem isn’t so much the spellings the way it’s taught, unconnected to the fascinating story of its development. Now, that’s a fairly complicated story, so I’m going to pick a few key examples, and I’ll also be filling in a lot of details later with some other videos about specific letters and sound changes.
Hieroglyphics language the history of ancient egyptAlex Donvour
Hieroglyphics language represent the official language of Pharaonic civilization, the first civilization known to man on the banks of the Nile Valley, where the science, arts and religious beliefs of ancient Egyptian on the walls and papyrus leaves to be the main role in the transfer of Pharaonic civilization and the discovery of its secrets and events and science and arts.
The ancient egyptian hieroglyphics languageAlex Donvour
Hieroglyphics represent the official language of Pharaonic civilization, the first civilization known to man on the banks of the Nile Valley, where the science, arts and religious beliefs of ancient Egyptian on the walls and papyrus leaves to be the main role in the transfer of Pharaonic civilization and the discovery of its secrets and events and science and arts.
Join me and us on the videoconference. The topîcs are deep and hot since we are dealing with how human beings tanks to language and arts managed to capture the symbolical dimension of reality. This means all mental and spiritual production of human beings from science to religion are symbolical of the mental power of Jomom Sapiens, a mental power in vast expansion for more than 300,000 years. He did not start from scratch but the very first step on this march was the invention of the rotation of vowels and consonants without which nothing was possible
Live on Sa Neter TV - The Mdu Ntr for Intellectual Warfare by Bro. Reggie. This presentation is a short guide on reading the Ancient Egyptian Mdu Ntr based on a lecture on Sa Neter TV
Khamas is a very evocative raga, and all new comers use ‘sujana jeevana’ as their key to this raga. Sankarabharam, though a Telugu movie, became a big hit; who would not remember its ‘brocheva’?
Meso-American civilization; Meso-American writing; Proto-writing like Olmec heads, symbolinc images of Chalcatzingo, Humboldt celt; fifteen writing systems, rudimentary as well as developed; complex pictures as glyphs; Media used; engraving on stone, painting on ceramics and codex; Zapotec, Epi-olmec, Aztec and Mixtec scripts; La Mojarra inscription; Mayan civilization and script; deciphering Mayan script – syllabic and logographic charts; difficulties in deciphering; Mayan number system and Mayan calendar; Dresden Codex; Sarcophagus of Pacal at Palenque
The Pallavas contributions to temple architecture are many, of which conceiving temples sculpted out of single blocks of stone would remain the most important. There are as many as eight in Mamallapuram, each of which has certain special features. The Panch-pandava group is the most important, in which the Dharmaraja Ratha stands out as the best, containing some exquisite sculptures never found later in this part of India.
A presentation by Prof.Subramanian Swaminathan
Structural temples were the last executed by the Pallavas before their attention was shifted to their capital, Kanchipuram and its environs. However these temples in Mamallapuram were the earliest structural temples in the Tamil country. Even the four that were constructed here bring out the fanciful nature of the clan; the two Shore Temples are built on the very edge of the sea, the Olakkanesvara Temple on top of a hillock and the Mukundanayanar Temple on the ground. The Shore Temples, though highly eroded, have sculptures which would remind of the exceptional grace and beauty in the bygone era.
A presentation by Prof.Subramanian Swaminathan
The Great Penance is an achievement in relief sculpturing. This along with the Govardhana composition would rank among the best in the world. Not only the Pallavas were the pioneer in this genre of art, it is only in Mamallapuram one can see open-are bas-rieifs, and there are five them.
A presentation by Prof.Subramanian Swaminathan
Significance of the Pudukkottai district; Importance of preservation of Sittannavasal monuments; state of its paintings; aims od Project Sittannavasal – building a replica od cave shrine and designing pavilions to showcase development of paintings (Chitram), temple architecture (Mandiram) and Indian scripts (Aksharam) and Jaina contribution to Tamil culture. A presentation by Prof. Subramanian Swaminathan
Jainism was a thriving religion in the Tamil coutry from 3rd century BCE till the resurgence of Hinduism following the Bhakti Movement of the 6th - 9th centuries CE. Pudukkottai district in Tamilnadu has the largest number of centrally protected Jaina monuments, which the presentation highlights.A presentation by prof. Subramanian Swaminathan
Lalitankura-Pallava-Griham is one of the two cave temples situated in the Rockfort complex in Tiruchirappalii, the other being a Pandya Cave shrine. Excavated in the early 7th century by Mahendra Pallava has a beautiful Gangadhara relief. The sculpture as well as the 8-stanza poetry has teasing double meaning, bringing out the multi-facetted personality of the king.
The monuments contain famous Jaina paintings and isncriptions in Tamil from 2nd century BCA Presentation by Prof. Subramanian Swaminathan on the paintings of Sittanavasal
Jataks stories are the common themes in Ajanta paintings. Mahajanak Jataka painted in Cave One is one of the important compositions.
A Presentation byf Prof. Subramanian Swaminathan on the paintings of Ajanta.
Ajanta paintings are a treasure house of information about the period, namely, 2nd century BCE to 6th century CE. The textiles shown are astonishingly varied in dyes, yarn manipulation and garment design. The presentation showcases all these
A Presentation by Prof. Subramanian Swaminathan on the paintings of Ajanta
A Presentation by Prof. Subramanian Swaminathan on the paintings of Ajanta
Buddhist paintings on the walls and ceilings of the 29 caves in Ajanta are not only the ealiest in India but also the best the subcontinent produced. These are also the forerunniners of religious paintings of India and Indian Asia.
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
Slack (or Teams) Automation for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Soluti...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on the notifications, alerts, and approval requests using Slack for Bonterra Impact Management. The solutions covered in this webinar can also be deployed for Microsoft Teams.
Interested in deploying notification automations for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
State of ICS and IoT Cyber Threat Landscape Report 2024 previewPrayukth K V
The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
3. Among all the scripts, current or extinct, Egyptian hieroglyphs exert a mysterious charm like the Meso-American scripts. The characters look vaguely familiar, but unfathomable. On the other hand the Chinese script is enigmatic and inscrutable, epithets often used for the Chinese people themselves. But there is some commonalty between Chinese and Hieroglyphs; in both writing fuses with art. In the monumental writing in the pyramids we witness this. The skilful integration with the objects they adorn is this special feature of Egyptian hieroglyphic writing. We may start with the puzzle: how did Egyptian hieroglyphic writing originate? Why this question at all? This is because we find the hieroglyphs suddenly appear by 3100 BC virtually fully developed, and does not appear to have developed over centuries. (The period before 3100 BC is called pre-dynastic period.) Scripts tend to change over the period. But Hieroglyphs were in use for over three thousand years without change. It is quite surprising. Is it because hieroglyphs were considered the language of the gods ('the God's Words')?
4. What about Sumeria influencing Egypt? Sumeria is close by and had developed a script a few centuries before, 3300 BC, to be specific. May be the idea of writing diffused into Egypt. However, many researchers feel, the Egyptian might have stumbled on phonetic principle independently. This is because there are differences between early Egyptian and Sumerian pictograms. The original script, called 'hieroglyphic, gave rise to two cursive scripts. The first was 'hieratic' almost from the time of 'invention' of hieroglyphs. The second 'demotic' came into use from about 650 BC. The latter became the vehicle for common use, pushing hieratic only for the use of the priestly class.
5. Now let us consider the script proper. Most hieroglyphic signs are consonants. Vowels were taken foe granted. Today we seem to have deciphered, but have no clue about the pronunciation. A scripts consisting of consonants only? The confusion does not stop here, for some signs may represent more then one consonant; there are bi-consonants and even tri-consonants! To confound the same symbol could be mono- or multi-consonants. You will appreciate this when you go through my presentation. From hind-sight we may wonder, why they made the script more complicated than required. This can happen to natural languages. The unnecessary baggage acquired over centuries cannot be thrown overboard. Even in English we still continue with 'night', right etc, while 'gh' became silent quite some ago. (In German these are 'nacht' and 'richt' respectively and 'ch' is pronounced.) And for the same reason we have not replaced 'thru' for 'through'.
6. I mentioned that ancient Egyptians did not mark vowels. This feature exists in certain languages spoken today, like Arabic, whose writing consists basically consonants. I am told that the name of Col. Gadaffi may be written in 20 different ways! I always wonder how the life would have been in the far off time. What did they eat? How did they live etc? We never get to know all these. We get some vignettes from these monumental writing. I have taken a sample from the Book of Dead in my presentation.
7. But such monumental writing is not about common people. The following short pieces, for example, tell us that the common man's attitude to life was not too different from ours today. For example, see how a teacher chides his pupil: 'I know that you frequently abandon your studies and whirl around in pleasure, that you wander from street to street and every house stinks of beer when you leave it … You, boy! You don't listen when I speak! You are thicker than a tall obelisk 100 cubits high and 10 cubits wide.' In another place a father gives advantages of white-collar job. He advises him to be diligent in the school if he is to avoid a life of back-breaking manual labour: 'I have seen the smith at his work besides his furnace,' the father declares. 'His fingers are like crocodile skin, and he stinks worse than fish roe.' World has not changed much in these 5000 years!
8. We have an ongoing debate whether we, Indians, lack a sense of history, whether we have a scientific temper, etc. These questions arise because it is felt that the Westerners seem to possess these. Here is an incident from history. During his Egyptian campaign Napoleon had brought with him between nearly 1000 civilians including 167 scientists, technicians, mathematicians and artists who studied the art, architecture, and culture of Egypt during their ‘extended vacation’. The night before the battle he exhorted his troops “Soldiers, from the tops of these pyramids, forty centuries are looking down at you.” From 1809-1828, these ‘civilians’ published a 19-volume work called Description of Egypt. Their observations, drawings and illustrations were circulated throughout Europe and created a tremendous interest in antiquities of Egypt.
9. It is in this campaign that the Rosetta Stone was found by his soldiers that helped in the deciphering the hieroglyphic script. I have discussed in some detail Rosetta Stone and the Frenchman, Champollion, who finally decoded. What I have not included is the very clue to the unravelling. This clue was in the writing proper names. This had to be done phonetically. (Late you will find in my section on the Chinese writing how hilarious it could be to write foreign names in a language which lack phonetic symbols.) It was found that proper names of persons were written within a border, called cartouche. For example, the Greek names Ptolomy and Cleopatra, which had no Egyptian equivalent, and had to be spelt phonetically. Here they are. On the top we have the name in hieroglyphs and below in Roman letters. The chap, Chompollion, himself was a very remarkable fellow. If you want to know more about this inspiring person, let me know I will give lead.
10. Ancient Egyptian Writing In the 4th century AD all the pagan religious places in Egypt were closed by the Byzantine Empire. This brought down the curtain on the 4000-year old tradition of Egypt and its message.
11. Ancient Egyptian Writing For the next 1500 years. the Ancient Egyptian civilization was known only through its magnificent pyramids and sculptures. Egyptian, one among the oldest languages, remained frozen on the walls of the pyramids.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. Hieroglyphic Writing Burial Chamber of Rameses II The picture-like symbols found all over the walls of pyramids form the script, called Hieroglyphs (about 3100 BC-400 AD), literally meaning Sacred Writing. This script was used mostly for formal inscriptions, and mainly found on stone, pottery and ivory.
24. Hieratic Script But, for conducting day to day business there was another script, known as Hieratic (upto about 650 BC), a simplified style, for administration, literary work etc. This was a handwriting script, in which the picture signs were abbreviated to abstraction, done on papyrus, in black ink with a reed.
26. Demotic Script Demotic (about 650 BC- 450 AD), was yet another more simplified script for day-to-day work. This script was known to the 19th century Egyptologists, and gave the clue to the ultimate decipherment of Hieroglyphs.
28. Picture-signs of Hieroglyphic Writing Hieroglyphic writing is like a picture puzzle. The ancient Egyptian writing used over 2,000 hieroglyphic characters.
29. Hieroglyphic Signs Each Hieroglyphic sign is a picture and may be any one of the following three: - an object or an idea connected with the object - a phonetic symbol - a determinative
30. Hieroglyphic Signs Ideograms Firstly, picture may represent the object of the picture or an idea associated with that object. arm, action owl ship
31. Hieroglyphic Signs Phonetic Symbols The word for owl started with the sound m, and the ideogram for owl came to represent the consonant m also This is like ‘apple’ for ‘a’, ‘boy’ for ‘b’ etc. Thus a picture could be an alphabetic sign too ....
33. Hieroglyphic Signs Syllabic Signs To complicate the matter, some pictures may also represent two or more consonants .... For example, this sign may represent two consonants gm, which are independently and m g
35. Picture Puzzle … It would be confusing to have signs having different representations. Further, unfortunately, the Egyptians took most vowels for granted and did not represent them, and the signs were all consonants. Here is an example to show how this could be confusing, and how the Egyptians solved it.
36. … to Solution Suppose I want to write two words freight and fort. Omitting vowels, the consonants are same for both, namely,F – R – T and would be written as A sign was added at the end to suggest the meaning. = FREIGHT = FORT
37. Hieroglyphic Signs Determinatives The last sign that was added suggesting the meaning is called determinative the third function of a sign.
38. Hieroglyphic Signs We may recollect that Cuneiform writing also exhibited these features: ideogram alphabet determinative.
39. Sign Grouping There are two special features of this script to suit the requirement of monumental writing. One is called Sign Grouping. For example, the word freight may be written as: Or the gaps may be filled to look more balanced, like
40. Writing Convention Hieroglyphic writing can be written in columns or rows. It could be from left-to-right or right-to-left, the reading direction determined by the direction figures faced. Top-to-bottom Right-to-left Left-to-right
41. Here we see the advantage of the writing convention.
42. Napoleon had brought with him about 1000 civilians including 200 scientists technicians, mathematicians and artists who studied the art, architecture, and culture of Egypt during their "extended vacation." The night before the battle he exhorted his troops "Soldiers, from the tops of these pyramids, forty centuries are looking down at you."
43. Rosetta Stone In 1799, in a fort in Rosetta, Egypt, was found a large black stone with inscriptions in three different languages. One of them was Greek; the others were Demotic and Hieroglyphic. Greek and Demotic could be read and the text was found identical in both the languages. It stood to reason that the Egyptian hieroglyphs also contained the same text.
44. Rosetta Stone Rosetta Stone, presently in the British Museum, London Finally, Jean François Champollion, could decode the Hieroglyphs in 1822.
45. Rosetta Stone The Rosetta Stone is written by Egyptian priests to honour the pharaoh. It lists the good deeds of the pharaoh. Let us have a sample
46. Rosetta Stone “When the Nile made a great rise in the eighth year of his reign, which usually floods the plains, he prevented it, by damming at many points the outlets of the channels spending upon this no small amount of money, and setting cavalry and infantry to guard them, …..
47. Rosetta Stone “He has been renewing the most honourable of the temples during his reign, as is becoming; in requital of which things the gods have given him health, victory and power, and all other good things, and he and his children shall retain the kingship for all time.”
48. The Rosetta Stone is the same message in three languages: Egyptian hieroglyphic, then extinct, Egyptian demotic script and Greek of the 4th-1st centuries, BCE both known to researchers, which helped in the decipherment.
49. This clue was in the writing foreign names, which will to be written phonetically. Fortunately, the Egyptians wrote names, like Cleopatra and Ptolomy, within a border, called cartouche.
52. Deciphering Hieroglyphs The mystery of the language and unravelling the secrets of the dead in the pyramids had to wait till a determined researcher, Jean-Francois Champollion (1790-1832) arrived on the scene, again, fortuitously, armed with a multi-lingual inscription, on Rosetta Stone. Today, we know more about Egyptian society than most other ancient cultures.
53. The Book of Dead The Books of the Dead contain religious spells written and illustrated on rolls of papyrus, stored in the tomb of the deceased. They are thought to ensure happiness in the next world. We shall take a page as illustration.
54. The Book of Dead The dead man, called Pawiaenadja, is on the right. He is pouring water on offerings upon an altar. On the left is the god Osiris, recipient of the offerings. On the top is the legend.
55. The Book of Dead The legend translates some what like this: “An offering which the king gives to Osiris, lord of eternity, the great god, foremost of the West, that he may give a good burial to the god’s father of Amun-Re, king of gods, Pawiaenadja, true of voice.”
56. This line is enlarged and letters identified This is transliterated as htp-di-nswt ws-ir nb (n)h-h. It means: ‘An offering, which the king gives to Osiris, lord of eternity’.
60. Fractions Horus is the falcon-headed Egyptian god. The symbol representing his eye, Eye of Horus, was a powerful symbol used to protect from evil. The 'Rx' symbol used by doctors has its origins in the Eye of Horus, and was used to record prescriptions, land and grain.
61. A fraction system was used with the Eye of Horus symbol. The system is based on halves: ½, ¼, etc, each fraction being associated with a part of the symbol.
65. And, if I were a pharaoh it would be in a cartouche
66. The Egyptian Hieroglyphs exert a mysterious charm. The monumental writing is a fusion with art. The skilful integration with the objects they adorn is a special feature of this script. The writing suddenly appears in the fully completed state 5000 years ago and remains unchanged for 3000 years. Is it because hieroglyphs were considered ‘the God’s Words’?