This document provides an overview of Islamic architecture. It begins with a timeline of important monuments in Islamic architectural history from the 7th century to the modern era. It then analyzes exemplary monuments such as the Dome of the Rock, Alhambra Palace, Selimiye Mosque complex, Taj Mahal, and Suheymi House. Finally, it discusses key design principles of Islamic architecture such as unity, functionality, pursuit of knowledge, creativity, professionalism, and identity/diversity. The document serves as a reference for understanding the historical development and defining characteristics of Islamic architectural traditions.
Islamic architecture is characterized by several key elements. Mosques, tombs, and palaces are the three major building types. Mosques feature a central courtyard and are oriented towards Mecca. Geometric forms, arches, domes, and ornate decorations are commonly used. Interior space is highly valued over exterior appearance. The dome symbolizes power and can serve both religious and secular functions by covering important interior spaces. Overall, Islamic architecture is focused on the enclosed interior space and uses architectural elements to serve religious functions and express Islamic culture.
Provincial style of bijapur architectureKushagra Goel
The document summarizes the Indo-Islamic architecture that flourished in Bijapur, India under the rule of the Adil Shahi dynasty from the 15th to 17th centuries. It achieved its greatest development during this period. Notable structures built include the Jami Masjid mosque (1576-1614), the largest mosque in Bijapur; the Ibrahim Rauza mausoleum (1626) of Ibrahim Adil Shah II, which inspired the design of the Taj Mahal; and the Gol Gumbaz mausoleum (1647-1656) with its massive unsupported dome. The architecture blended Islamic elements like domes and arches with local Indian styles
Marina Bay Sands in Singapore uses several principles and elements of design in its construction. It employs symmetrical balance through its three towers and radial balance through how the towers are positioned at an angle. Rhythm is created through the repetition of windows at regular intervals. The large skypark creates emphasis. Contrast is seen through the curvilinear structure compared to the linear buildings. Movement flows curvilinearly downward. Harmony exists between the curved structures and colors used. The building is constructed on a monumental scale and uses lines, shapes, textures, and 3D spaces in its design.
Islamic Architecture from early Medieval to Ottoman: It encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day. What today is known as Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman, Byzantine and all other lands which the Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries.
The document summarizes the architectural features of arches and minarets commonly seen in Islamic architecture. It describes the various types of arches used, including horseshoe, transverse, and pointed arches. The Muslims mastered arch design and it was used both structurally and decoratively. Arches provided strength and stability for vaulted ceilings. Minarets served to call Muslims to prayer and provided ventilation by drawing hot air up and out of the structure. Their distinctive shape includes a base, shaft, and top balcony or gallery. Arches and minarets became defining elements of mosques and other Islamic buildings.
TOMB OF SIKANDER LODHI | MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODImanoj chauhan
MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODI
The lodhi dynasty (or lodhi) was An afghan dynasty that ruled
The delhi sultanate from 1451 to 1526.
It was the last dynasty of The delhi sultanate and was founded by bahlul khan
Lodi when he replaced Dynasty.
Indo-Islamic architecture is the use of Hindu and Islamic elements in combination.
The trend begun when Hindu artisans were forced to create Islamic structures for the Delhi Sultans who having arrived in India on conquest and plunder lacked artisans and architects.
Under later dynasties, Islamic immigrants trickling into the realm (and in greater numbers during the Mongol invasion of the Middle East) added to the talent pool with newer ideas and authentic Middle Eastern styles.
The mix of styles and use of elements gradually evolved overtime reaching its pinnacle under the Mughals.
The mausoleum of Sikandar Lodi is taken to be the first of the garden mausoleums built in the sub continent.
Inspired in parts by Muhammad Shah’s Mausoleum situated a little distance away, its most visibly distinguishing feature is its octagonal plan and garden inside.
Out of the two types of tombs constructed during the period, the octagonal design appear to be associated with royalty than the more numerous square type.
The tomb was an innovation in mausoleum complexes built during the reign of the Delhi Sultanates.
Enclosed within a raised fortified complex, with two dome shaped Chattris (umbrella shaped domes) at the main entrance, the octagonal mausoleum sits in the middle of a large garden.
The housing space is ringed by a wide veranda with lightly carved pillars placed at measured intervals.
Crowning the head of the mausoleum is a single dome with a lotus finial at the top. The interior is ornamented with tiles beneath which is a single tomb.
The compound outside has an open air mosque built into the western wall with a paved platform for holy men to offer prayers for the soul of the sultan.
The document summarizes the provincial style of architecture in Bijapur, India under the Adil Shahi dynasty from the 15th to 17th centuries. Key structures from this period include the Jami Masjid mosque built by Ali Adil Shah I, the Gol Gombadh mausoleum containing Ibrahim Adil Shah I's tomb, and the Ibrahim Rauza mausoleum complex for Ibrahim Adil Shah II. These buildings showcase the amalgamation of Islamic and Indian architectural styles prominent in Bijapur during this time.
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial ruleBinumol Tom
The document summarizes Islamic architecture under the Imperial style in India between 1191-1557 AD. It describes key architectural developments and structures during the Slave, Khalji, Tughlak, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasties. Important buildings mentioned include the Qutub Minar, Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Tomb of Iltutmish, Alai Darwaza, and tombs of Balban and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. The Imperial style saw an evolution from initial unplanned structures to carefully designed mosques, tombs, and minarets that began incorporating Hindu elements.
Islamic architecture is characterized by several key elements. Mosques, tombs, and palaces are the three major building types. Mosques feature a central courtyard and are oriented towards Mecca. Geometric forms, arches, domes, and ornate decorations are commonly used. Interior space is highly valued over exterior appearance. The dome symbolizes power and can serve both religious and secular functions by covering important interior spaces. Overall, Islamic architecture is focused on the enclosed interior space and uses architectural elements to serve religious functions and express Islamic culture.
Provincial style of bijapur architectureKushagra Goel
The document summarizes the Indo-Islamic architecture that flourished in Bijapur, India under the rule of the Adil Shahi dynasty from the 15th to 17th centuries. It achieved its greatest development during this period. Notable structures built include the Jami Masjid mosque (1576-1614), the largest mosque in Bijapur; the Ibrahim Rauza mausoleum (1626) of Ibrahim Adil Shah II, which inspired the design of the Taj Mahal; and the Gol Gumbaz mausoleum (1647-1656) with its massive unsupported dome. The architecture blended Islamic elements like domes and arches with local Indian styles
Marina Bay Sands in Singapore uses several principles and elements of design in its construction. It employs symmetrical balance through its three towers and radial balance through how the towers are positioned at an angle. Rhythm is created through the repetition of windows at regular intervals. The large skypark creates emphasis. Contrast is seen through the curvilinear structure compared to the linear buildings. Movement flows curvilinearly downward. Harmony exists between the curved structures and colors used. The building is constructed on a monumental scale and uses lines, shapes, textures, and 3D spaces in its design.
Islamic Architecture from early Medieval to Ottoman: It encompasses a wide range of both secular and religious styles from the foundation of Islam to the present day. What today is known as Islamic architecture was influenced by Roman, Byzantine and all other lands which the Muslims conquered in the 7th and 8th centuries.
The document summarizes the architectural features of arches and minarets commonly seen in Islamic architecture. It describes the various types of arches used, including horseshoe, transverse, and pointed arches. The Muslims mastered arch design and it was used both structurally and decoratively. Arches provided strength and stability for vaulted ceilings. Minarets served to call Muslims to prayer and provided ventilation by drawing hot air up and out of the structure. Their distinctive shape includes a base, shaft, and top balcony or gallery. Arches and minarets became defining elements of mosques and other Islamic buildings.
TOMB OF SIKANDER LODHI | MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODImanoj chauhan
MAUSOLEUM OF SIKANDER LODI
The lodhi dynasty (or lodhi) was An afghan dynasty that ruled
The delhi sultanate from 1451 to 1526.
It was the last dynasty of The delhi sultanate and was founded by bahlul khan
Lodi when he replaced Dynasty.
Indo-Islamic architecture is the use of Hindu and Islamic elements in combination.
The trend begun when Hindu artisans were forced to create Islamic structures for the Delhi Sultans who having arrived in India on conquest and plunder lacked artisans and architects.
Under later dynasties, Islamic immigrants trickling into the realm (and in greater numbers during the Mongol invasion of the Middle East) added to the talent pool with newer ideas and authentic Middle Eastern styles.
The mix of styles and use of elements gradually evolved overtime reaching its pinnacle under the Mughals.
The mausoleum of Sikandar Lodi is taken to be the first of the garden mausoleums built in the sub continent.
Inspired in parts by Muhammad Shah’s Mausoleum situated a little distance away, its most visibly distinguishing feature is its octagonal plan and garden inside.
Out of the two types of tombs constructed during the period, the octagonal design appear to be associated with royalty than the more numerous square type.
The tomb was an innovation in mausoleum complexes built during the reign of the Delhi Sultanates.
Enclosed within a raised fortified complex, with two dome shaped Chattris (umbrella shaped domes) at the main entrance, the octagonal mausoleum sits in the middle of a large garden.
The housing space is ringed by a wide veranda with lightly carved pillars placed at measured intervals.
Crowning the head of the mausoleum is a single dome with a lotus finial at the top. The interior is ornamented with tiles beneath which is a single tomb.
The compound outside has an open air mosque built into the western wall with a paved platform for holy men to offer prayers for the soul of the sultan.
The document summarizes the provincial style of architecture in Bijapur, India under the Adil Shahi dynasty from the 15th to 17th centuries. Key structures from this period include the Jami Masjid mosque built by Ali Adil Shah I, the Gol Gombadh mausoleum containing Ibrahim Adil Shah I's tomb, and the Ibrahim Rauza mausoleum complex for Ibrahim Adil Shah II. These buildings showcase the amalgamation of Islamic and Indian architectural styles prominent in Bijapur during this time.
Module 3 islamic architecture under imperial ruleBinumol Tom
The document summarizes Islamic architecture under the Imperial style in India between 1191-1557 AD. It describes key architectural developments and structures during the Slave, Khalji, Tughlak, Sayyid, and Lodi dynasties. Important buildings mentioned include the Qutub Minar, Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque, Tomb of Iltutmish, Alai Darwaza, and tombs of Balban and Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq. The Imperial style saw an evolution from initial unplanned structures to carefully designed mosques, tombs, and minarets that began incorporating Hindu elements.
This document provides an overview of provincial architecture in various regions of India between the 8th and 16th centuries. It focuses on the Gujarat style, dividing it into three periods. The first period involved dismantling Hindu temples for building materials. Structures like the Jami Masjid of Patan were built this way. The second period saw more confident designs like the Teen Darwaja triumphal arch and Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad. The third or Begarha period produced ornate buildings like the Siddi Saiyad Mosque with its stone screens and Jami Masjid of Champaner with its three-storey sanctuary. Overall, the document describes the evolution of the distinctive
The document provides details about Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion built for the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona, Spain. It discusses the pavilion's design, materials, spaces, and influence on modern architecture. Key points include:
- Mies van der Rohe designed the pavilion in less than a year using steel, glass, and stone to create an open floor plan defined by orthogonal walls and a floating roof.
- Materials like travertine marble, onyx, and tinted glass were used to divide space without fully enclosing it.
- The open plan directed visitor movement through narrowing and widening spaces framed by walls and views of the surrounding landscape.
-
Jama Masjid in Ahmedabad, Gujarat was built in 1424 AD by Sultan Ahmed Shah, the founder of the city. It was the largest mosque in India when constructed and has a unique architectural design with entrances from three sides. The mosque has a large rectangular courtyard surrounded by colonnades on three sides and a prayer hall on the fourth side. The prayer hall has 260 columns and is covered by 15 domes decorated with carvings resembling lotus flowers and bells. The mosque blends both Hindu and Muslim architectural styles.
Zaha Hadid is known for her imaginative and radical architecture. This study examines Hadid's strategy of design and techniques for developing unique architectural forms. The study analyzes over 200 of Hadid's projects through content analysis of interviews and documentation. Key findings include that Hadid's strategy involves intensive research considering site conditions, functions, circulation, and context. She applies techniques like manipulating plans and elevations to reflect interior spaces. The study categorizes Hadid's works into patterns based on prevailing form characteristics to understand her approach to design.
The document summarizes Bengal provincial architecture from the 13th to 16th centuries. It describes how Arab invaders introduced Islamic architecture to the region in the 13th century, using local materials like brick. Key phases and structures are discussed, including the Adina Mosque built in the 14th century, and the Eklakhi Tomb which served as a prototype. Other important mosques from different time periods like the Tantipara and Bara Sona mosques are outlined. The document provides an overview of the evolution of architectural styles in Bengal as Islamic influences integrated with local building traditions.
This document provides information about the Provincial Museum Dhankuta in Nepal and the Taragaon Culture Centre and Museum in Kathmandu, Nepal. It includes details about the architects, location, objectives, design elements, and exhibitions of both museums. The Provincial Museum Dhankuta was constructed in 2039 and uses elements like pitched roofs, double-height spaces, and voids to respond to the local warm and temperate climate. The Taragaon Culture Centre and Museum is located in Kathmandu and documents the cultural heritage conservation efforts in the Kathmandu Valley during the 20th century through various permanent galleries and exhibitions.
This document discusses Islamic architecture. It begins with definitions of architecture in general and Islamic architecture specifically. It then covers basic principles and elements of Islamic architecture like courtyards, gardens, domes, and arches. Styles discussed include Persian, Moorish, Turkistan, Ottoman, Fatimid, Mamluk, Indo-Islamic, Sino-Islamic, and Afro-Islamic. Notable architectural masterpieces highlighted are the Taj Mahal, Isfahan Bazaar, and Alhambra. The document concludes with examples of modern Islamic architecture like the Burj Al-Arab, Petronas Towers, and Burj Khalifa.
The document presents information about architect Zaha Hadid in 11 slides. It provides an introduction to her background and education, her architectural philosophy focused on deconstructivism and fluidity, and lists some of her seminal works. Key projects discussed include the Vitra Fire Station, Guangzhou Opera House, and London Aquatics Centre. The presentation aims to educate about Hadid's groundbreaking style and her influence on architecture through dynamic, non-rectilinear designs.
Humayun's Tomb is an early example of Mughal architecture located in Delhi, built in the mid-16th century. It is set within a large char bagh garden divided into quarters by water channels, inspired by descriptions of Islamic paradise gardens. The symmetrical tomb contains over 100 vaulted chambers radiating from the central chamber housing Humayun's sarcophagus.
The document discusses the Provincial Style of Indo-Islamic Architecture, which encompasses architectural developments in various provincial capitals in India between the 12th-17th centuries. It provides examples and details of provincial styles that developed in regions such as Bengal, Gujarat, Jaunpur, Malwa, and Bijapur. For each region, significant architectural structures are described, such as the Jami Masjid mosques in Ahmedabad and Champanir in Gujarat, the Atala Masjid and Jami Masjid in Jaunpur, mosques and tombs in Mandu in Malwa, and the Deccani style prominent in Bijapur.
influenced by architecture during islamic period in INDIA . the architectural features of islamic period mainly the mughal structures .
the designing pattern of great str like city of fatehpur sikri and more .
This document summarizes the design and construction of the large-span cast-in-situ concrete space frame structures built for the Hall of Nations and Halls of Industries pavilions at the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi. Key aspects include:
1) The Hall of Nation structure had a 73m x 73m base and 30m height, with a 39m x 39m roof span, making it one of the first large-span cast-in-situ concrete space frame structures ever built.
2) The geometry used a truncated pyramid modular design constructed from 24 nodes at the ground forming six nodes on each square plan face.
3) Reinforcement details showed how 16 bars passing through each node
The Lotus Temple, located in Delhi, India, is a Baháʼí House of Worship that was dedicated in December 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape, it has become a prominent attraction in the city.
The Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center in Baku, Azerbaijan is a 57,519 square meter complex designed by architect Zaha Hadid and completed in 2012. The fluid, curved forms are meant to blur the lines between interior and exterior, avoiding sharp angles in favor of continuous surfaces. Key features include an auditorium, museum, library, and outdoor cultural plaza that connects to an underground parking garage. The building uses concrete, steel, and over 17,000 fiberglass panels to create its distinctive geometric shapes and provide an immersive experience for visitors.
Modernism arose in the late 19th century as a philosophical movement in response to industrialization. Notable modernist architects included Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern architecture developed new building materials and techniques. Styles included the Chicago School, Expressionism, the International Style, and Brutalism. Postmodernism emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against modernism. Deconstructivism from the 1980s fragmented and layered forms. Folding architecture from the 1990s integrated differences through smooth layering inspired by geology and cooking.
The Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre in Baku, Azerbaijan was designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. It features a continuously curved roof that forms the ceilings, walls, and stairs of the building. The complex houses a concert hall, museum, and library under one seamless roof made of 970,000 square feet of curved steel segments. The building had to withstand Baku's harsh environment of high winds, earthquakes, and pollution. Its unique design and advanced structural system allow it to blend with the landscape while remaining durable in the extreme conditions.
The document provides information about Islamic architecture from the 7th century onwards, including its defining characteristics and prominent styles. Mosques are discussed as the central religious building in Islamic architecture, along with other common building types. Specific architectural elements of mosques are outlined, such as minarets, domes, and mihrabs. Decorative elements like geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy are also described. Two prominent examples—the Mosque of Sultan Hassan in Cairo and the Mosque of Córdoba in Spain—are discussed in more detail to illustrate the architectural features and historical backgrounds.
The document provides an overview of Islamic architecture including definitions, history, key terms, and examples. It discusses the origins and spread of Islam from the 7th century, and the influence on architectural styles in places like South Asia, North Africa, and China. Examples like the Taj Mahal and Suleymaniye Mosque are analyzed in terms of their design elements and significance.
This document provides an overview of provincial architecture in various regions of India between the 8th and 16th centuries. It focuses on the Gujarat style, dividing it into three periods. The first period involved dismantling Hindu temples for building materials. Structures like the Jami Masjid of Patan were built this way. The second period saw more confident designs like the Teen Darwaja triumphal arch and Jami Masjid of Ahmedabad. The third or Begarha period produced ornate buildings like the Siddi Saiyad Mosque with its stone screens and Jami Masjid of Champaner with its three-storey sanctuary. Overall, the document describes the evolution of the distinctive
The document provides details about Ludwig Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pavilion built for the 1929 International Exposition in Barcelona, Spain. It discusses the pavilion's design, materials, spaces, and influence on modern architecture. Key points include:
- Mies van der Rohe designed the pavilion in less than a year using steel, glass, and stone to create an open floor plan defined by orthogonal walls and a floating roof.
- Materials like travertine marble, onyx, and tinted glass were used to divide space without fully enclosing it.
- The open plan directed visitor movement through narrowing and widening spaces framed by walls and views of the surrounding landscape.
-
Jama Masjid in Ahmedabad, Gujarat was built in 1424 AD by Sultan Ahmed Shah, the founder of the city. It was the largest mosque in India when constructed and has a unique architectural design with entrances from three sides. The mosque has a large rectangular courtyard surrounded by colonnades on three sides and a prayer hall on the fourth side. The prayer hall has 260 columns and is covered by 15 domes decorated with carvings resembling lotus flowers and bells. The mosque blends both Hindu and Muslim architectural styles.
Zaha Hadid is known for her imaginative and radical architecture. This study examines Hadid's strategy of design and techniques for developing unique architectural forms. The study analyzes over 200 of Hadid's projects through content analysis of interviews and documentation. Key findings include that Hadid's strategy involves intensive research considering site conditions, functions, circulation, and context. She applies techniques like manipulating plans and elevations to reflect interior spaces. The study categorizes Hadid's works into patterns based on prevailing form characteristics to understand her approach to design.
The document summarizes Bengal provincial architecture from the 13th to 16th centuries. It describes how Arab invaders introduced Islamic architecture to the region in the 13th century, using local materials like brick. Key phases and structures are discussed, including the Adina Mosque built in the 14th century, and the Eklakhi Tomb which served as a prototype. Other important mosques from different time periods like the Tantipara and Bara Sona mosques are outlined. The document provides an overview of the evolution of architectural styles in Bengal as Islamic influences integrated with local building traditions.
This document provides information about the Provincial Museum Dhankuta in Nepal and the Taragaon Culture Centre and Museum in Kathmandu, Nepal. It includes details about the architects, location, objectives, design elements, and exhibitions of both museums. The Provincial Museum Dhankuta was constructed in 2039 and uses elements like pitched roofs, double-height spaces, and voids to respond to the local warm and temperate climate. The Taragaon Culture Centre and Museum is located in Kathmandu and documents the cultural heritage conservation efforts in the Kathmandu Valley during the 20th century through various permanent galleries and exhibitions.
This document discusses Islamic architecture. It begins with definitions of architecture in general and Islamic architecture specifically. It then covers basic principles and elements of Islamic architecture like courtyards, gardens, domes, and arches. Styles discussed include Persian, Moorish, Turkistan, Ottoman, Fatimid, Mamluk, Indo-Islamic, Sino-Islamic, and Afro-Islamic. Notable architectural masterpieces highlighted are the Taj Mahal, Isfahan Bazaar, and Alhambra. The document concludes with examples of modern Islamic architecture like the Burj Al-Arab, Petronas Towers, and Burj Khalifa.
The document presents information about architect Zaha Hadid in 11 slides. It provides an introduction to her background and education, her architectural philosophy focused on deconstructivism and fluidity, and lists some of her seminal works. Key projects discussed include the Vitra Fire Station, Guangzhou Opera House, and London Aquatics Centre. The presentation aims to educate about Hadid's groundbreaking style and her influence on architecture through dynamic, non-rectilinear designs.
Humayun's Tomb is an early example of Mughal architecture located in Delhi, built in the mid-16th century. It is set within a large char bagh garden divided into quarters by water channels, inspired by descriptions of Islamic paradise gardens. The symmetrical tomb contains over 100 vaulted chambers radiating from the central chamber housing Humayun's sarcophagus.
The document discusses the Provincial Style of Indo-Islamic Architecture, which encompasses architectural developments in various provincial capitals in India between the 12th-17th centuries. It provides examples and details of provincial styles that developed in regions such as Bengal, Gujarat, Jaunpur, Malwa, and Bijapur. For each region, significant architectural structures are described, such as the Jami Masjid mosques in Ahmedabad and Champanir in Gujarat, the Atala Masjid and Jami Masjid in Jaunpur, mosques and tombs in Mandu in Malwa, and the Deccani style prominent in Bijapur.
influenced by architecture during islamic period in INDIA . the architectural features of islamic period mainly the mughal structures .
the designing pattern of great str like city of fatehpur sikri and more .
This document summarizes the design and construction of the large-span cast-in-situ concrete space frame structures built for the Hall of Nations and Halls of Industries pavilions at the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi. Key aspects include:
1) The Hall of Nation structure had a 73m x 73m base and 30m height, with a 39m x 39m roof span, making it one of the first large-span cast-in-situ concrete space frame structures ever built.
2) The geometry used a truncated pyramid modular design constructed from 24 nodes at the ground forming six nodes on each square plan face.
3) Reinforcement details showed how 16 bars passing through each node
The Lotus Temple, located in Delhi, India, is a Baháʼí House of Worship that was dedicated in December 1986. Notable for its flowerlike shape, it has become a prominent attraction in the city.
The Heydar Aliyev Cultural Center in Baku, Azerbaijan is a 57,519 square meter complex designed by architect Zaha Hadid and completed in 2012. The fluid, curved forms are meant to blur the lines between interior and exterior, avoiding sharp angles in favor of continuous surfaces. Key features include an auditorium, museum, library, and outdoor cultural plaza that connects to an underground parking garage. The building uses concrete, steel, and over 17,000 fiberglass panels to create its distinctive geometric shapes and provide an immersive experience for visitors.
Modernism arose in the late 19th century as a philosophical movement in response to industrialization. Notable modernist architects included Mies van der Rohe, Le Corbusier, and Frank Lloyd Wright. Modern architecture developed new building materials and techniques. Styles included the Chicago School, Expressionism, the International Style, and Brutalism. Postmodernism emerged in the 1970s as a reaction against modernism. Deconstructivism from the 1980s fragmented and layered forms. Folding architecture from the 1990s integrated differences through smooth layering inspired by geology and cooking.
The Heydar Aliyev Cultural Centre in Baku, Azerbaijan was designed by Zaha Hadid Architects. It features a continuously curved roof that forms the ceilings, walls, and stairs of the building. The complex houses a concert hall, museum, and library under one seamless roof made of 970,000 square feet of curved steel segments. The building had to withstand Baku's harsh environment of high winds, earthquakes, and pollution. Its unique design and advanced structural system allow it to blend with the landscape while remaining durable in the extreme conditions.
The document provides information about Islamic architecture from the 7th century onwards, including its defining characteristics and prominent styles. Mosques are discussed as the central religious building in Islamic architecture, along with other common building types. Specific architectural elements of mosques are outlined, such as minarets, domes, and mihrabs. Decorative elements like geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy are also described. Two prominent examples—the Mosque of Sultan Hassan in Cairo and the Mosque of Córdoba in Spain—are discussed in more detail to illustrate the architectural features and historical backgrounds.
The document provides an overview of Islamic architecture including definitions, history, key terms, and examples. It discusses the origins and spread of Islam from the 7th century, and the influence on architectural styles in places like South Asia, North Africa, and China. Examples like the Taj Mahal and Suleymaniye Mosque are analyzed in terms of their design elements and significance.
Islamic architecture developed after the rise of Islam in the 7th century and includes both secular and religious structures. Some key features of Islamic architecture include minarets, domes and cupolas, arches, courtyards, and the mihrab niche indicating the direction of Mecca. Major early centers of Islamic architecture include mosques in Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, Cairo, and Córdoba. Stylistic traditions developed in regions including Turkey, Persia, India, and Spain.
- Prophet Muhammad founded Islam in 570 AD and received revelations from Gabriel in 610 AD instructing him to convey the message of believing in one God, Allah. However, he faced resistance and persecution in Mecca, leading him to flee to Medina in 622 AD, marking the beginning of the Islamic calendar.
- Several invaders later conquered parts of India, including Muhammad bin Qasim who defeated the king of Sindh in 712 AD, Muhammad Ghazni who attacked India 17 times between 1000-1026 AD plundering wealth and destroying temples, and Muhammad Ghauri who defeated Prithviraj Chauhan in 1192 AD capturing Delhi.
- The Delhi Sultan
The document discusses the importance of geometry in Islamic architecture. Some key points:
- Geometry is one of the most important elements of Islamic art, with patterns constructed from basic shapes like circles, squares, stars and polygons.
- Repeating geometric patterns symbolize Allah's infinite nature and help demonstrate that the infinite can be found in small details.
- Basic geometric constructions can be used to create complex patterns using a straightedge and compass. Constructions of points like three, four, five and six are described.
- Examples like the Taj Mahal and Tomb of I'timad-ud-Daulah showcase the use of symmetry, right angles and geometric patterns in Islamic architectural design.
Islamic architecture has four principal types - mosques, tombs, palaces, and forts - and has been influenced by various styles over time and geography. Some key influences include the Umayyad caliphate which introduced minarets and arabesque designs, Moorish architecture exemplified by the Great Mosque of Cordoba, and Fatimid and Mamluk architecture in Egypt. Elements of Islamic architecture include geometric patterns, arabesque designs, calligraphy, pishtaqs, muqarnas vaulting, and an emphasis on repetition and balance conveying infinity and grandeur. The document outlines the evolution and spread of Islamic architectural styles.
The document discusses several principles of Islamic urban planning and city design based on teachings from the Quran and Hadith. It discusses that while there are no explicit urban codes, cities in Islam were meant to foster social and spiritual interaction through compact communities organized around mosques and public spaces. Some key principles discussed include the emphasis on social justice, neighborliness, preservation of nature, and stewardship of resources as a religious duty.
Islamic architecture originated from Roman, Byzantine, and Persian influences and spread throughout the Islamic world. It includes mosques, tombs, palaces, and forts and is characterized by courtyards, hypostyle halls, vaulting, muqarnas, and geometric and floral ornamentation. Major architectural features include domes, arches, arabesque patterns, and calligraphy. Early influences included the Dome of the Rock and Great Mosque of Damascus, which incorporated Byzantine elements. Regional variations emerged, with Eastern styles featuring non-radial vaulting and the West utilizing horseshoe arches.
Islamic architecture has evolved over time, borrowing from neighboring civilizations. Mosques are the most notable building, originally being open courtyards but now featuring elements like minarets, mihrabs, and minbars. Major mosques include the Grand Mosque in Mecca housing the Kaaba, the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, and the Blue Mosque in Istanbul modeled after Hagia Sophia. Regional variations exist like the ziggurat-style minaret in Samarra, Iraq and dome shapes in Iran. Mughal architecture fused Islamic and Hindu styles. The Taj Mahal is a famous mausoleum. Moorish architecture in places like the Alhambra and Mesquita
1) The document discusses the structural challenges of supporting the irregularly shaped mosque ceiling or "peel".
2) Several proposals were considered to support the peel addressing clashes with ducts and walkways, including vertical hangers and building secondary steel grids.
3) The chosen solution was to build secondary steel grids supported by the main steel to form platforms above the peel, ducts, and walkways, using U-bolts and rods to allow for movement.
4) Supporting the irregularly shaped sides of the peel, especially the east side where no other structure existed, also posed challenges addressed through introducing a steel structure on the second floor extending up.
Islam: The Creation and Spread (The Rise of Islam)Katie
This presentation was developed for an AP World History class, but can be used for any class dealing with the rise and spread of Islam. I hope that you find it helpful. Please feel free to leave comments about the presentation. Thanks for watching!
Islam originated in the Arabian Peninsula in the 7th century CE under the teachings of the prophet Muhammad. It then rapidly expanded across the Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Asia through both military conquests and peaceful missionary activities. Key beliefs include monotheism, five pillars of faith, and sharia law. The religion experienced divisions between the Sunni and Shi'a sects following a dispute over leadership succession. The expansion of Islam was aided by developments like the camel saddle which improved travel across deserts. Major Islamic empires included the Abbasid Caliphate centered in Baghdad and various sultanates in places like India and West Africa.
“The concept of Unity in multiplicity is the determining factor in integrating Islamic societies. Historically the revelation of Islam as expressed by the prophet Mohammed (P.B.U.H)and the Holy Koran brought together the most diverse cultures and peoples from Spain across to India and beyond.
The architecture of the Islamic world throughout history adapted and responded to different cultures and existing traditions of buildings without weakening the spiritual essence which was its source of inspiration.
Urban centers in Islamic cities evolved over long periods of time with generations of craftsmen whose sensitivity and experience added variety and a diversity of styles to the environment. The traditional Islamic city reflected a unity which related the architecture of the mosque, the madrassa , the souq, palace and the home as a sequence of spaces… The identity of the city lay in the relationship of its elements.
The capital of British India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911. British architect Edwin Lutyens was tasked with planning and designing New Delhi. Lutyens designed an expansive garden city with wide avenues and classical buildings. Key elements of the design included the Rashtrapati Bhavan, Secretariat buildings, Parliament House, residential areas, and princely state palaces. However, the rapid growth of Old Delhi was not adequately planned for, leading to overcrowding and deterioration.
Introduction to Islamic Art: Art History Survey IPaige Prater
The document provides information on various aspects of Islamic art and architecture. It discusses important architectural structures like the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the Great Mosque of Kairouan in Tunisia, and the Alhambra palace in Granada. It also covers manuscript paintings, ceramics, glasswork, carpets, and other artistic traditions within the Islamic world from the 8th to 16th centuries. Key elements of Islamic religious practices like the Five Pillars and mosques are also outlined.
Spiritual islamic architecture literature reviewGertrude Lee
The document discusses several academic papers and literature on spiritual aspects of Islamic architecture and mosque design. It summarizes key points from each source, including how elements like light, water, geometry and spatial experiences can be used to enhance spiritual atmospheres and produce feelings of awe, mystery and closeness to God. The literature explores concepts of representing paradise on Earth and how architectural design can help build and reflect upon spiritual values and meanings for Muslims.
This document discusses the concept of spirituality in Islam. It addresses issues like meditation, prayer, asceticism, and leaving materialism that are commonly associated with spirituality. The document emphasizes that in Islam, spirituality is the core of being Muslim and the reason for life. It argues that Islam rejects the antagonism of body and soul, and sees their development as interconnected. Spirituality in Islam involves fulfilling one's responsibilities in this life through acts of worship like prayer, charity, fasting and spiritual practices like remembrance of God and reading the Quran. It also discusses reasons for and symptoms of spiritual decay as well as ways to attain spiritual elevation and development in Islam.
Islamic architecture timeline of selangorYaseen Syed
Selangor has a long history dating back to the 16th century when tin deposits were discovered, attracting miners and immigrants. Over time, the Bugis people gained economic and political control, establishing the Selangor Sultanate. As Western influence grew, civil wars erupted until British intervention in 1874. Many important Islamic architectural structures were built throughout Selangor's history, starting with the Bandar Jugra Palace in the 19th century. Major mosques and palaces constructed in the early 20th century showcase influences from the Middle East, Britain, and Southeast Asia. The development of Islamic architecture in Selangor continued into the modern era with increasingly ornate designs and the use of modern materials.
Muqarnas - Mathematics in Islamic Architecturesharmiarchitect
Muqarnas is an Islamic architectural element used to decorate ceilings and walls. It consists of stacked, overlapping tiers of vaulted cells and intermediate elements that create an ornate transition from square bases to rounded ceilings. The earliest known mathematical analysis of muqarnas geometry was provided in the 15th century by the Persian scholar al-Kashi, who defined the basic cell and intermediate elements. Muqarnas design has evolved over time and varies regionally, but is generally based on combinations of square, rhombus, triangular, and other polygon shapes.
Islamic architecture captivates people for several reasons:
Intricate Design: Islamic architecture is renowned for its intricate and elaborate designs, characterized by geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy. These designs often adorn mosques, palaces, and other structures, creating visually stunning environments.
Spiritual Significance: Many are drawn to the spiritual symbolism embedded in Islamic architecture, especially in mosques. The grandeur of these buildings often evokes a sense of awe and reverence, providing a space for worship and reflection.
Cultural Heritage: Islamic architecture reflects the rich cultural heritage of various regions across the Islamic world, spanning from Spain to Southeast Asia. Its diversity showcases the amalgamation of different architectural styles, influenced by local traditions and historical contexts.
Innovation and Engineering: Islamic architects have been pioneers in various architectural innovations, including the development of geometric principles and advanced construction techniques. The soaring domes, intricate arches, and towering minarets demonstrate their mastery of engineering and design.
Timelessness: Islamic architecture has stood the test of time, with many structures dating back centuries yet still retaining their beauty and functionality. This timelessness speaks to the enduring appeal and significance of Islamic architectural principles.
Overall, Islamic architecture continues to fascinate people worldwide, serving as a testament to the ingenuity, creativity, and cultural richness of the Islamic civilization.
Islamic architecture originated in the 7th century AD during the Islamic conquests. Some key characteristics include courtyards surrounded by arcades, minarets for the call to prayer, and mihrabs indicating the direction of Mecca. Important early examples include the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem and the Great Mosque of Damascus with its intricate mosaic walls. Over time, regional styles developed like the hypostyle mosques of Iraq and the double-tiered arches of the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain. Mosques remain centers of worship and community in Islamic cultures.
This document summarizes key aspects of Islamic architecture as seen in important historic sites in Al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia), including the Great Mosque of Cordoba, Madinat al-Zahra, and the Alhambra palace complex in Granada. It describes the construction and expansion of the Great Mosque of Cordoba under successive rulers, and highlights distinctive architectural features like double arcades, alternating red and white voussoirs, and trefoil arches. It also provides an overview of the layout and design of Madinat al-Zahra and key palaces within the Alhambra including the Court of Lions and Generalife gardens.
The document provides an overview of Islamic architecture and art history. It begins by introducing the major architectural elements of mosques, including minarets, domes, arches, facades, ceramic tiles, screens, and prayer spaces. It then highlights architectural styles that developed in different Islamic regions such as North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia. The document concludes by showcasing artistic masterpieces from Islamic dynasties including calligraphy, ceramics, glasswork, and other art forms.
Lecture-2 (Islamic Architecture) complete for display.pptkhanusama9
The document provides an overview of Islamic architecture from 700 AD onwards. It discusses the key architectural elements inherited from the first mosque built by Muhammad and adapted from other traditions. The four principal early Islamic architectural styles that emerged are discussed - Umayyad in Syria/Palestine known for horseshoe arches and stone construction; Persian style with blue-tiled domes; Abbasid in Iraq introducing courtyard plans; and Fatimid in Africa using squinches and decorative elements. Later Moorish styles in Spain/Morocco incorporated voussoir arches, muqarnas, and tilework. Key buildings highlighted include the Dome of the Rock, Great Mosque of Cordoba, and the Alhambra.
This document provides information about early Islamic architecture during the Umayyad Dynasty, including key structures like the Great Mosque of Damascus and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem. It discusses the architectural features of these buildings, such as their plans, materials used, and decorative elements. The Great Mosque of Damascus had a large prayer hall with double tiered arcades and mosaic decoration depicting gardens and trees. The Dome of the Rock featured an octagonal plan and a gilded dome supported by wooden frames, and its geometric design drew from ancient traditions. Both buildings set precedents that influenced later Islamic sacred architecture.
Lecture-2 (Islamic Architecture) complete for display.pptUsamaShaheer1
This slide tells about Islamic Architecture in detail.
Islamic Architecture is very important according to the architect's point of view, thus an idea is given here.
This document provides an overview of Islamic architecture from the 7th century to 1600 AD. It discusses the main types of Islamic buildings like mosques, madrasas, hammams, and caravanserais. It then focuses on the architectural features of mosques, including mashrabiya, mihrab, sahn, minarets, domes, and others. Examples of famous global mosques are given, like the Sultan Ahmed Mosque in Istanbul and the Sheikh Zayed Mosque in Dubai. Key details about their designs, construction histories, and unique architectural elements are summarized.
The document provides information about early Islamic architecture in Egypt, including the first mosques built in Fustat and Cairo under the Fatimids. It discusses key architectural features and influences of important mosques such as the Amro Bin al-As Mosque, the Ibn Tulun Mosque, and the al-Azhar Mosque. It notes that the Ibn Tulun Mosque reflected Abbasid influences from the Great Mosque of Samarra in its minaret design and decorative motifs. It also describes how the Fatimids established Cairo in 973 and built fortified walls, gates, and palaces, including separating the city into the Eastern and Western Palaces. The al-Azhar Mosque, founded
Fatehpur Sikri was founded in 1569 by Mughal emperor Akbar as the capital of the Mughal Empire, located about 37 km from Agra. It was the first planned city of the Mughals, designed according to a grid plan with architectural styles fusing Islamic, Hindu, and Jain elements. The city's major complexes included the Sacred Complex containing the Jami Masjid mosque and tomb of Sufi saint Salim Chishti, and the Royal Complex with palaces, courts, and other buildings. Fatehpur Sikri was abandoned in 1585 due to water shortages but remains an important archaeological site showcasing Akbar's vision of religious harmony
Evolution of mosques in indo islamic architrcture by vamsi maddimaddi vamsi krishna
The document traces the evolution of mosque architecture in India from the earliest mosques built after the arrival of Islam, through various dynasties including the Delhi Sultanate and Mughals. Early mosques were simple in plan and design out of necessity, incorporating local materials and techniques. Persian influences introduced elements like arches and domes. Over time, under different rulers and craftsmen, mosques took on regional variations in style while also borrowing from other places like Persia. Key developments included the introduction of the hypostyle prayer hall, four-iwan plan, single nave prayer halls, and increased use of white marble under the Mughals. Mosque architecture reflected the historical and political changes occurring in India.
This document discusses Islamic architecture from the 7th century onwards. It provides definitions and examples of common building types such as mosques, madrasas and caravanserais. Specific architectural features of mosques are outlined. Prominent styles of Islamic decoration including geometric patterns, arabesques and calligraphy are described. Examples of famous mosques are discussed - the Mosque of Sultan Hassan in Cairo, the Mosque of Cordoba in Spain, and the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Their histories, characteristics and architectural elements are summarized.
This document provides an overview of Islamic architecture from the 7th century onwards. It discusses the main characteristics and prominent styles, including common building types like mosques, madrasas, and caravanserais. Specific features of mosques are outlined such as minarets, domes, and mihrabs. Decorative elements often used in Islamic architecture like geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy are also described. Three prominent examples of Islamic architecture are summarized: the Mosque of Sultan Hassan in Cairo, the Mosque of Cordoba in Spain, and the Taj Mahal in India. Each provides a brief historical background and discusses key architectural characteristics.
This document provides an overview of Islamic architecture from the 7th century onwards. It discusses the main characteristics and prominent styles, including common building types like mosques, madrasas, and caravanserais. Specific features of mosques are outlined such as minarets, domes, and mihrabs. Decorative elements often used in Islamic architecture like geometric patterns, arabesques, and calligraphy are also described. Three prominent examples of Islamic architecture are summarized: the Mosque of Sultan Hassan in Cairo with its religious schools, the Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain featuring horseshoe arches and intricate decoration, and the Taj Mahal in India which combines Islamic and Mughal influences into a refined eleg
Timurid architecture - Ulugh Beg Madrasa, The Bibi Khanum Mosque, Aq Saray Pa...Eraz
The document discusses Timurid architecture during the Timurid Empire between the 14th and 15th centuries. It provides details about two major architectural works - the Ulugh Beg Madrasah in Samarkand, Uzbekistan and the Bibi Khanum Mosque, also in Samarkand. It describes the design features of both buildings including their use of double domes, decorative tilework, and emphasis on geometry and symmetry in architectural plans which were characteristic of the Timurid style. It also briefly outlines the Aq Saray Palace complex in Shakhrisabz, Uzbekistan built by Timur in the late 14th century.
The document summarizes the architecture of the Bara Imambara complex in Lucknow, India. It describes the various structures within the complex, including the Great Imambara, Rumi Darwaza gate, Aasfi Mosque, Shahi Baoli stepwell, and Naubat Khana drum house. It highlights the blending of Mughal and indigenous architectural styles seen in the complex's design. Notably, it discusses the unprecedented engineering feat of the Great Imambara's massive vaulted ceiling supported by 469 identical passageways. The complex served important religious, cultural, and historical functions for Lucknow as a landmark of Awadh rule.
Alhambra Palace and The Great Mosque of CordobaEraz
The Umayyad architecture flourished between 661-976 CE. Significant buildings from this period include the Great Mosque of Damascus (706 CE), Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem (691 CE), Great Mosque of Cordoba in Spain (784 CE), and the Alhambra palace complex in Granada, Spain (13th century). The Alhambra features exquisite decorative elements like arabesques, muqarnas domes, and intricate tilework. It also has symbolic architectural features like courtyards and the use of water. The Great Mosque of Cordoba started as a Christian church that was converted into a mosque, and it pioneered the use of alternating red and white
This document provides information about a group project analyzing the As-Syakirin Mosque in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It includes the names of the group members, their course and subject, and details about the mosque such as its location, history, architectural style and renovation. The mosque combines elements of West and East Asian design and was built by craftsmen from Uzbekistan using marble and granite. It has an eight-pointed star shaped roof and intricate carvings but no minaret, and its modern design incorporates natural lighting and ventilation.
An introductory presentation about Islamic Art History, focusing on the Islamic architecture aesthetics throughout different eras and geographical locations.
This presentation has been presented as a part of Art History 1 course at Universiti Malaysia Sabah in Malaysia.
The Wazir Khan Mosque is an architectural masterpiece located in the old quarter of Lahore, Pakistan. Built between 1634-1635 by Governor Hakim Shaikh Ilm-ud-din Ansari, it is considered one of the most ornately decorated mosques in South Asia. The mosque is rectangular with four imposing minarets at its corners and features a large courtyard flanked by 28 rooms. Its interior and exterior walls are decorated with elaborate tile mosaics, frescoes, and calligraphy. The mosque remains a peaceful oasis amid the bustling city and is undergoing restoration to preserve its cultural heritage.
Similar to 01 sak lecture on islamic architecture at kfupm on 19th november 2013 (20)
The document is a survey that aims to collect information from experts in [INSERT FIELD] regarding [INSERT OBJECTIVE]. It consists of two sections - the first collects demographic details and the second uses a Likert scale questionnaire to understand how respondents would rate various aspects of [INSERT AREA]. The survey should take 15-20 minutes to complete and all responses will remain confidential.
Turing’s Computing Machinery and Intelligence.pdfMuizz Anibire
A. M. Turing (1950) Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind 49: 433-46
COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE
By A. M. Turing
1. The Imitation Game
I propose to consider the question, "Can machines think?" This should begin with
definitions of the meaning of the terms "machine" and "think." The definitions might be
framed so as to reflect so far as possible the normal use of the words, but this attitude is
dangerous, If the meaning of the words "machine" and "think" are to be found by
examining how they are commonly used it is difficult to escape the conclusion that the
meaning and the answer to the question, "Can machines think?" is to be sought in a
statistical survey such as a Gallup poll. But this is absurd. Instead of attempting such a
definition I shall replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is
expressed in relatively unambiguous words.
The document describes the ISO 31000 risk management process. It includes establishing the context, risk identification, risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk treatment, communication and consultation, and monitoring and review. Various risk assessment tools are also listed for each step of the process, such as risk matrices for analysis and evaluation, and hierarchy of controls for risk treatment.
CAUSES OF DELAY IN TALL BUILDING PROJECTS IN GCC COUNTRIESMuizz Anibire
CAUSES OF DELAY IN TALL BUILDING PROJECTS IN GCC COUNTRIES
ICCEPM2020, HONG KONG, 7-8 DEC, 2020
The 8th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
Proceedings of a Seminar held at the College of Environmental Design University of Petroleum & Minerals Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, November, 24 - 28, 1984
Editors: Ackerknecht, Dieter
Assaf, Sadi
Session 09_Risk Assessment Program for YSP_Risk Assessment Tools and Practica...Muizz Anibire
Program Objectives
In light of industrialization trends across the globe, new hazards are constantly introduced in many workplaces. This program aims to provide Young Safety Professionals (YSPs) from diverse backgrounds with the requisite skill to address the health and safety hazards in the modern workplace.
Session 08_Risk Assessment Program for YSP_Risk Treatment and CommunicationMuizz Anibire
Program Objectives
In light of industrialization trends across the globe, new hazards are constantly introduced in many workplaces. This program aims to provide Young Safety Professionals (YSPs) from diverse backgrounds with the requisite skill to address the health and safety hazards in the modern workplace.
Session 07_Risk Assessment Program for YSP_Risk EvaluationMuizz Anibire
Program Objectives
In light of industrialization trends across the globe, new hazards are constantly introduced in many workplaces. This program aims to provide Young Safety Professionals (YSPs) from diverse backgrounds with the requisite skill to address the health and safety hazards in the modern workplace.
Session 06_Risk Assessment Program for YSP_Risk Analysis IIIMuizz Anibire
Program Objectives
In light of industrialization trends across the globe, new hazards are constantly introduced in many workplaces. This program aims to provide Young Safety Professionals (YSPs) from diverse backgrounds with the requisite skill to address the health and safety hazards in the modern workplace.
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Program Objectives
In light of industrialization trends across the globe, new hazards are constantly introduced in many workplaces. This program aims to provide Young Safety Professionals (YSPs) from diverse backgrounds with the requisite skill to address the health and safety hazards in the modern workplace.
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Session 03_Risk Assessment Program for YSP_Risk IdentificationMuizz Anibire
Program Objectives
In light of industrialization trends across the globe, new hazards are constantly introduced in many workplaces. This program aims to provide Young Safety Professionals (YSPs) from diverse backgrounds with the requisite skill to address the health and safety hazards in the modern workplace.
Session 02 Risk Assessment Program for YSP_The Risk Assessment ProcessMuizz Anibire
Program Objectives
In light of industrialization trends across the globe, new hazards are constantly introduced in many workplaces. This program aims to provide Young Safety Professionals (YSPs) from diverse backgrounds with the requisite skill to address the health and safety hazards in the modern workplace.
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Program Objectives
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Describe the risk assessment process.
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2. CONTENTS
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
1) Time line.
2) Exemplary Monuments.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
1) Design Principles
Introduction .
A. Unity .
B. Functionality.
C. Pursuit of Knowledge.
D. Creativity.
E. Professionalism.
F. Identity and Diversity.
G. Sustainability.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE
1) Classification
Universal Architecture .
Developed Islamic Architecture .
2) Directions of Application .
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
CONCLUSION
2
8. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE
SHAH MOSQUE
Isfahan- Iran
(1038AH/1629AD)
TAJ MAHAL
Agra-India
(1057AH/1648AD)
BADSHAHI
MOSQUE
Lahore- Pakistan
(1083AH/1673AD)
AHMADIYYA
MADRASSA
Aleppo- Syria
(1165AH/1752AD)
8
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
9. ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE TIMELINE
MUHAMMAD ALI
CITADEL
Cairo- Egypt
(1264AH/1848AD)
LAHORE
MUSEUM
Lahore-Pakistan
(1311AH/1894AD)
AL-GOURNA
VILLAGE
Gourna- Egypt
(1367AH/1948AD)
PROPHET
MOSQUEReconstruction
Medina- KSA
(1410AH/1990AD)
9
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
10. Example
Prophet’s Mosque, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Prophet’s Mosque, Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
In 621 A.D., the mosque was simple and
small adjacent to Prophet’s (P.B.U.H)
house.
10
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
11. Example
Madinah, during the late 19th century,
11
was enclosed by a wall
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
12. Example
Madinah, in the late 19th century
Madinah, in the mid 20th century
12
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
13. Example
Madinah is expanding and developing in radial direction
but the central district still lies around the old city.
Today, Prophet’s mosque is built over an area equaling to
area of the Madinah in 621 A.D.
13
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE - Chapter1: TIMELINE
14. Example
The Prophet’s Mosque is planned to expand further in future in the
west and the north directions. The green highlighted area shows
the existing mosque, whereas, the white highlighted area shows
the planned expansion of the mosque.
The model of Prophet’s Mosque showing the complete
mosque after the planned expansion.
14
16. Exemplary Monuments
(1-a) Dome of the Rock
Jerusalem, 79AH/684AD
Founded
by
Umayyad
Caliph
―AbdulMalik bin Marwan‖.
Part of Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem, to
shade the worshippers close to the ―Rock‖
in the centre of the mosque.
Project Manager was ―Raja’ bin Hayawa‖
Octagonal plan, composed of three
galleries around the rock, surrounded by a
wall with four gates. The central space is
constructed over 4 piers and four
arcades, covered by a gilded dome.
Construction: the walls were built of local
stone, with cedar wood trusses for the
roof and the dome.
Highly decorated from outside and
inside,
originally
with
mosaics.
Decorations included calligraphy and
flowering context.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2:
Reserved
several
times,
external
decorations were replaced with ceramics in
the 19th century reservation works.
Dome of the Rock; a plan. It shows the unique
octagonal shape of the layout, which is connected
16
to Islamic references by some researchers.
Exemplary Monuments
17. Exemplary Monuments
(1-b) Dome of the Rock
Dome of the Rock,
Exterior view. Mosaic
and marble geometric
decorations
applied
by the Ottomans in the
19th century. That
included
several
calligraphic banners in
the Thuluth style.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2:
Dome of the Rock, Interior view. Rich
Umayyad decorations in marble and
mosaics, that included calligraphy and
floral patterns.
Exemplary Monuments
17
18. Exemplary Monuments
(2-a) Al-Hambra
Granada- Andalus, 1333 AD
A palace complex that was originally
constructed as a fortress in 889, and was
converted into a royal palace in 1333
by Yusuf I; a local Sultan of Granada.
Post-Islamic modifications
include
Royal Palace of Charle’s V & St. Marry
Church
Architect: Nasrid Rulers, Calligraphers &
artisans
Plan: Court of lions, Court of Myrtle
Trees, Royal Baths, Hall of Ambassadors,
Hall of two sisters.
Construction: Stone, marble & wood
Decoration: Highly detailed calligraphy
work in stucco, wood, ceramic, marble
and metal, which gives an illusion of
geometrical patterns from a distance.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2:
Exemplary Monuments
Al Hambra Palace, Plan.
Different areas of Nasrid
periods demonstrate the
space flow, with a unique
sequence between the
open and closed spaces.
18
19. Exemplary Monuments
(2-b) Al-Hambra
Al Hambra
Palace, Details.
This palace was
designed with
beautifully
integrated
landscape, light
effects,
ventilated
spaces, with
highly detailed
interior
decorations.
It represents
the zealous
Islamic
Architecture in
the Iberian
Peninsula.
19
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2:
Exemplary Monuments
20. Exemplary Monuments
(2-c) Al-Hambra
Poetry about Al-Hambra:
It's materialized, to visit Al-Hamra Palace.
Tracing, I was zealous:Who built ? Who wrote the version??
Oh, what a splendid poem and sensation !
Published and nay.
What was buried with its narrators !
What is identified throughout ages !
if birds and roses lament,
if trees and rocks utter amazement,
Victory is destined by Allah the Creator.
Though days and ages alter.
Be sage and sedate.
Be tolerant, never haste.
Al Hambra Palace, Spain. Court of Lions was the main area of the
palace where Sultans lived. The court was designed with central
20
water fountain, which also served the purpose of a clock.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2:
Exemplary Monuments
21. Exemplary Monuments
(3-a) Selimiye Complex
Edirne- Turkey, 1569-1575 AD
Constructed by Ottoman Caliph Selim
II.
The complex (kulliye) includes a school,
a student accommodation, a hospital, a
bazar, and other annexed services
besides the central mosque.
Project Architect was ―Mimar Sinan‖
The mosque included an octagonal
system for the piers to hold the dome,
which was surrounded by four
minarets. Both of the dome and the
minarets were of the world highest
when constructed.
Highly decorated with mosaics and
calligraphy from inside,
with the
multiple
dome
feature
that
characterizes the Ottoman style.
Selimiye Complex, Plan. This royal complex included
several services for the public; such as a mosque, a
school, a hospital, a bazar and a cemetery.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2:
Exemplary Monuments
21
22. Exemplary Monuments
(3-b) Selimiye Complex
Selimiye Complex, the prayer
hall. The interior details show
high
central
dome
with
ventilators
for
light
and
ventilation. The interior is
decorated with calligraphy and
other patterns. Externally; the
four tall minarets define a cubic
space that incubates the central
dome.
22
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2:
Exemplary Monuments
23. Exemplary Monuments
(4-a) Taj Mahal
Agra- India, built 1632-1653AD
Constructed by Mughal Emperor Shah
Jahan as a memorial complex. The story
says that it was in memory of his wife
Mumtaz Mahal.
The mausoleum, where the emperor and
his wife are buried, is the central part of
the complex. It is elevated on a central
terrace, where two other identical
buildings where flanking it from either
sides. The western building is a
sandstone mosque, while the eastern one
is a guesthouse that is called ―jawab‖.
The complex and its gardens were
enclosed from three sides with a
sandstone wall provided with a
monumental gate (darwaza), while a river
penetrated the site from the fourth side.
External components included additional
gardens and an external cemetery.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2:
Taj Mahal, Agra, India.
The overall master plan shows the following components:
(1) Mehtab Garden, (2) Taj Mahal Flanked by Mosque and
Meeting House/Library. (3) Main Garden of the Taj Mahal
Complex. (4) Entrance Garden with four gates
23
Exemplary Monuments
24. Exemplary Monuments
(4-b) Taj Mahal
The mausoleum is constructed of white
marble, surrounded by four 40m–high
minarets. Its form is composed of a
chamfered cube topped by an ―onion‖
dome of almost the same height of the
base surrounded by smaller domes on
the corners.
Constructed Its exterior is highly
decorated with flower decorations and
calligraphy, with the domes topped by
lotus flower.
Taj Mahal, Agra, India. Plan view showing the Taj
Mahal with the landscape designed on the concept
of Char Bagh
24
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2:
Exemplary Monuments
25. Exemplary Monuments
(4-c) Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal, Agra, India. The intimate details in Taj Mahal complex are not
limited to buildings, the gardens also provided one of the most beautiful
landscape examples of India. The controlled form design is well integrated
within colorful and various decorations and materials.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2:
Exemplary Monuments
25
26. Exemplary Monuments
(4-d) Taj Mahal
Taj Mahal, Agra, India. The frames, the calligraphic banners, the colorful marble and the engraved marble screens. All of
these are parts of the unique architectural design of this complex.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
2: Exemplary Monuments
26
27. Exemplary Monuments
(5-a) Suheymi House
Cairo-Egypt, 1211AH/1796AD
Named after its last Sheikh Suheymi, who
died in 1928.
Originally built in 1648 by A. Tablawi along
the Darb al-Asfar, a prestigious and
expensive part of Medieval Cairo.
It was extended to the north and improved
by the then new owner (Ismail Shelebi- from
1211AH/1796AD),
incorporating
neighbouring houses into its layout.
Currently, it is a three-storied large mansion
built of stone, rather considered as a small
palace with a total floor area of around 2,000
m2.
Characteristic of the architecture of its
period, it was generally divided into two
major zones: a semi-public guest zone
(Salamlik ) and a private family zone
Suheymi House, Cairo. The spacious house
(Haramlik ) around a courtyard (sahn) in the entrance towards the crowded street area.
centre.
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments
opens its
27
28. Exemplary Monuments
(5-b) Suheymi House
The simple street elevation hides several
interesting features in the interior. Starting
from the majaz in the entrance lobby, the
visitor
finds
a
water
fountain,
delicate wooden latticework (mashrabiyya) on
all windows, a Tahtabsh/Maq’ad feature,
various halls (Qa’a), and a steam bath
(hammam), besides a small garden with plants
and palm trees in the courtyard.
Plant and geometric decorations in addition
to calligraphic lines could be found in several
locations of the house.
Suheymi House, Cairo, Egypt. View of central
courtyard showing Mashrabiyas, which provides
visual privacy and cools warm air before entering
the interior space.
28
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2:
Exemplary Monuments
29. Exemplary Monuments
(5-c) Suheymi House
Suheymi House, Cairo, Egypt. Various
Spaces
of
the
house 29 are
shown, expressing the vernacular
HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 2: Exemplary Monuments architecture.
31. Design Principles
INTRODUCTION
Design Principles to be discussed in this chapter are the following:
1) Unity
2) Functionality
3) Pursuit of Knowledge
4) Creativity
5) Professionalism
6) Identity and Diversity
31
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
1: Design Principles
32. Design Principles
(A) Unity
Unity in Islam starts from the unified
belief of the entire nation in one God,
one Book and one Prophet.
The Islamic nation developed a set of
literature very early in its history;
Quran and Hedith. They characterized
the creed and the lifestyle of the
Muslim in much of its details.
Other significant unifying elements of
the Muslim Culture were Arabic
language (as being the sole language to
recite Quran) and the common history
of Islam.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
Thus, the philosophies of the Muslims
(or those accepted by the Muslims)
were continuously refined to adhere
with the mentioned resources.
1
1: Design Principles
32
34. Design Principles
(B) Functionality
Example (1)- The Mosque:
The simple plan of the mosque is
distinguished by its circulation
flow:
1) Clear gateways that lead from
the public context into the
mosque.
2) A semi public space, where a
courtyard or an arcade are
common solutions.
3) The main worshipping hall;
which is sometimes covered by
a dome.
Other common components of
the mosque plan are the minaret,
the mihrab and the minber.
4) The Minaret: provided to call
for prayers and to guide
worshippers to the mosque.
5) The Mihrab (~niche): provided
to indicate the orientation of
the prayer (qibla) from the
mosque inside.
6) The
Minber
(~pulpit):
provided
in
the
grand
mosques where the Friday
speech is delivered.
34
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
1: Design Principles
35. Design Principles
(B) Functionality
4
3
5
2
1
6
Sulaimaniyya Mosque, Istanbul built on 1558 AD. The flow of spaces and the characterizing components are
identical in the common architecture of the mosque .
35
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
1: Design Principles
36. Design Principles
(B) Functionality
Example (2)- Security and Defense (fortress):
The squared plan of the fortress is distinguished by its main
components:
1) A clear gate with defensive details
2) Security towers on the corners and along the external walls.
3) Garrison quarters at the front.
4) An annexed prayer hall, separate or within the frontal
sectors.
5) A buffering court for circulation organization.
6) beyond the court: Leader’s reception and offices.
7) Leader and employees quarters flanking the court.
8) Upper Floor: Leader’s quarters + Defensive services
36
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
1: Design Principles
37. Design Principles
(B) Functionality
Example (3)- The Bimarstan (hospital):
The squared plan of the palace is distinguished by its main
components:
1) A clear gate with defensive details
2) Security towers on the corners and along the external
walls.
3) Garrison quarters at the front.
4) An annexed prayer hall, separate or within the frontal
sectors.
5) A buffering court for circulation organization.
6) Leader’s seat and employees sector beyond the court.
7) Leader and employees quarters flanking the court.
37
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
1: Design Principles
38. Design Principles
(B) Functionality
Example (3)- The Caravansaray (Inn):
It provided accommodation for commercial, pilgrim,
postal, and especially official travelers.
The term kārvān-sarā was commonly used in Iran and
is preserved in several place names.
The normal caravansary consisted of:
1) a square or rectangular plan
2) centered around a courtyard
3) with only one entrance
4) arrangements for defense if necessary.
5) at least provided security against beasts of prey and attacks
by brigands.
38
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
1: Design Principles
39. Design Principles
(C) Pursuit of Knowledge
A constant research process was
initiated by Muslims to respond to the
needs of the Muslim community.
This process took place in two
directions, either by adapting the
previous techniques or by employing
their expertise and workmanship.
The earliest example of a construction
feature adapted from other cultures
was in the days of the Prophet SAAS
(year 5AH/624AD), which was a
defensive trench in Medina. The idea
was introduced by a Persian
companion (Salman) according to a
public consultancy process upheld by
the prophet himself.
As abovementioned in section 2
(Functionality); the Muslims were
aware of the purposes of their
buildings, thus they were not passivecopiers to the works of others.
Early Islamic Architecture in Syria
and Iraq also show the influence of
previous styles and techniques.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
A constant effort of modification took
place to approach high quality and to
settle
efficient
professionalism.
Additionally,
reviewing
the
contributions of other nations was
uninterruptedly
held
without
sensitivity.
39
1: Design Principles
40. Design Principles
(C) Pursuit of Knowledge
Salman Farsi, a Persian companion of
Prophet (PBUH) gave the idea of creating
trench as a defense strategy.
Great Mosque of Kairouan, Tunis, built on
670 AD was designed and built with the
influence of Roman Architecture.
40
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
1: Design Principles
41. Design Principles
(D) Creativity
Islamic state spread over a vast
geographical area in the range of 100
years after the Prophet. Its extension
from today’s France to China enriched
its cultural resources, and widened its
architectural views.
The Muslim builders started to assign
their well-defined design programs to
the experienced architects of the time.
The latters couldn’t have transferred
these programs into designs without an
enormous input of creativity.
The spark of creativity was delivered
to the later generations of architects,
so that no ―Order‖ for design was
ruling the profession anymore.
Unlike most of the previous
civilizations, the Muslim architect
was free from any pre-imposed
models to judge his performance.
Late Islamic states attempted to
establish some order for there
architectural styles, such as the
Ottoman Architect Sinan, which did
not last and did not spread.
These architects managed to create
As a constant review for their
several monuments for the first time in
products; they were closely watched
by their employers and by the
history in the early years of Islam, such
scholars as well.
as the Dome of the Rock and the
Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, Lahore
Fort, in addition to the Ruling Palaces of
Kufa, Damascus and Medina.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter 1: Design Principles
41
42. Design Principles
(D) Creativity
Dome
of
the
Rock, Jerusalem, Palestine,
an
innovative
design
with
well
proportions and intricate decoration.
Lahore
Fort, Lahore, Pakistan, shows
creating in designing of the main
gate to Fort
Lahore Fort, Lahore, Pakistan, The
Naulakha Pavilion is a prominent
white marble personal chamber
with a curvilinear roof, located
beside the Sheesh Mahal Courtyard,
in the northern section of the Lahore
Fort.
42
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
1: Design Principles
43. Design Principles
(E) Professionalism
Experience: The great Muslim builders
used to employ experienced architects
for their major buildings, such as the
Dome of the Rock which was designed
and managed by Yezid b. Sallam and
Raja b. Haywa. Sinan is another
famous example who provided the
Islamic Architecture with great master
peices over the 16th century including
Taj Mahal. Even non-Muslim architects
were employed for their expertise (e.g.
Umayyad Prophet Mosque in Medina,
Kufa Complex, Qusair Amra).
Procedures: The design in the Muslim
practice followed a well-defined
procedure. A great example is the
design of kufa city in the 638AD, which
followed the steps of:
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
- Design Strategy (by Omer I, the caliph)
- Design program (by Saad, the ruler)
- Design Concept (by Abul-Hayyaj, the
principal designer)
- Detailed design (by local architects)
Regulations: Strict regulations ruled
the practice of architecture in the
traditional Muslim practice. Some of
these regulations were imposed by the
state (such as the width of roads and
the neighbor rights. Other regulations
were following non-written norms,
such as privacy and environmental
issues.
43
1: Design Principles
44. Design Principles
(E) Professionalism
Respect: It is obvious how the
traditions
of
each
state
were
established early in these states and
respected by younger generations of
architects. Examples of the Persian and
Ottoman styles are not unique in that
sense. In India, Morocco, Andalusia,
the Mamlouks any almost all other
examples the steadiness of the style
outlines appear.
Prophets’ mosque, Madinah, Saudi Arabia, was design
and constructed by employing non Muslim architect
Taj Mahal, Agra, India, an example of perfection and
professionalism.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
1: Design Principles
44
45. Design Principles
(F) Identity and Diversity
Muslims lived within an active
interaction with external cultures, which
also influenced their Architectural
products into diversity, supported by the
freedom of creativity practiced by
Muslim architects.
Consequently,
the
architectural
manifestations
of
those
Muslim
communities shared certain directions,
which affected the design lines
throughout the Muslim history.
A significant identity for the Islamic
Architecture was developed by the
uninterrupted practice for centuries.
which created unique Architectural
procedures, technologies and archive for
the Muslim nations.
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
Palace of Seville, Spain, which shows the influence of
Gothic Architecture, yet maintains the identity of Islamic
Architecture
45
1: Design Principles
46. Design Principles
(G) Sustainability
Sustainability is another design factor which is reflected in
Islamic Architecture.
Sustainability of a building refers to its ability to comfort the
building by using passive design techniques without using
fossil fuel energy and to reduce negative impacts on the
environment by using locally harvested materials.
In addition to this, it also refers to provide improved indoor
environment quality by using daylight and natural ventilation,
and to provide water for the end users from endless sources.
Lastly, it also refers to sustain its structure over hundreds of
years. Sustainable buildings are economical to built, operate
and maintain.
Al Hambra Palace, Spain, a master piece
of early Islamic Architecture, which was
designed on the concepts of sustainability
46
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
1: Design Principles
47. Design Principles
(G) Sustainability
The buildings of Islamic Architecture were designed as climate
responsive by using passive design techniques such as:
- Ventilative cooling
- Radiative cooling,
- Evaporative cooling,
- Mass effect cooling,
- Minimizing temperature variations by massive walls and
cladding façade cladding material.
- Solar heating.
Bin Yousef Madrassa, Morocco. An
example of climate responsive
building, using radiative, ventilative
and evaporative cooling
Al Hambra Palace, Granada, Spain.
Passive Solar Heating, evaporative
and ventilative cooling was used by
using wide and low height
courtyards with high arches
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
47
1: Design Principles
48. Design Principles
(G) Sustainability
These buildings were also environment friendly as they used:
- Locally harvested materials
- Building interior spaces were responsive to out door
environment.
- Sustainable water sources were used for landscape and
bathing.
These buildings were constructed with massive walls to:
Generalife, Spain, an example of
integrated indoor and outdoor
spaces.
- Give structural stability
- Provide insulation for the buildings to
keep the interiors cool in summer &
warm in winter.
Madrassa Tilla Kori, Samarkand. Built
with massive walls to give structural
stability and provide insulation
ANALYSIS OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE – Chapter
1: Design Principles
Shalimar
Bagh,
Pakistan.
Sustainable water source (Canal 48
originating from River Ravi) was
used for fountains and irrigation
50. Introduction
The professional mediums has not yet established a set of standards
to be called ―Contemporary Islamic Architecture‖.
However, ―Contemporary Islamic Architecture‖ refers to the current
practice with Islamic references or serving Muslim functions or
communities.
Such a scheme is expected to work as an endeavor to re-establish the
links between heritage and recent practices (Agha Khan Award for
Architecture 1995)
It should also respond to the current problems of the practice; such as
architectural expression, quality of design, humanitarian concepts
and place identification (Agha Khan Award for Architecture 1995).
50
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– INTRODUCTION
52. Classification
Criteria
As a criteria to indicate the current practices of Islamic architecture, it is supposed
that the Contemporary Islamic Practice of Architecture has the following
characteristics:
It shows reference to some style(s) of the Islamic Architecture.
Might show a mixed Islamic style (not necessarily local) in the components
selection.
Influenced by of the modern styles in architecture.
Accommodates modern technologies of construction.
Follows the contemporary design philosophies and procedures.
52
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1:
Classification
53. Classification
Lines of Practice
Architectural practice in the Muslim World is divided into three lines:
Universal Architecture:
This line represents the practice that follows the recent universal styles of
architecture, with no interest in incorporating any regional or traditional
elements or lines.
Developed Islamic Architecture
Includes a certain amount of references to the Islamic Architecture or to the
local/regional heritage.
Traditional Architecture:
The architectural output has
traditional/regional components.
an
overwhelming
reference
to
the
53
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1:
Classification
54. Classification
Universal Style
This line of practice is meant to be an
extension to the common universal
practice, following the lines of the
day; such as Modernism, PostModernism, International or the
current Formic styles.
In this direction this line has no
intended reference to the Islamic
Architecture, where it follows the
principles and the factors of practicing
Architecture of the Modern world.
This style was strongly introduced in
the post-colonial period. That was
encouraged by the new construction
technology of the modern world, and
by the western education and
professionals of the time.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1:
Muslim professionals responded to
both the decision makers and the
business men of, who were convinced
of the style as a symbol of success and
development.
Even supposing that a Muslim
Architect practiced it, this line would
still be culturally disconnected from
the basics of the Islamic Architecture.
Therefore, this line of practice could
be considered as a ―Universal‖
practice implemented locally, rather
than a part of the current practice of
an Islamic style.
54
Classification
55. Classification
Universal Style
The
contribution
of
such
architects/designers is appreciated
internationally.
However,
there
products cannot be considered as
Islamic Architecture rather than an
important part of the profession in its
universal position.
Saudi Economic Association,
Saudi Arabia
55
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1:
Classification
56. Classification
Universal Style - Examples
Zaha Hadid
Abu Dhabi Performing Arts
Centre 2007- UAE
King Abdullah II House of
Culture and Art 2008- Jordan
Abu Dhabi Performing Arts Centre, UAE
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1:
King Abdullah II House of Culture and Art, Jordan
Classification
56
57. Classification
Universal Style - Examples
Fazlur - Rahman Khan (The Einstein of Structural Engineering)
Sears Tower 1973 - Chicago - USA
Hajj Terminal 1982 - Jeddah- KSA
57
Sears Tower, Chicago, USA
Hajj Terminal, Jeddah, KSA
58. Classification
Universal Style - Examples
SOM
Khalifa Tower 2004- Dubai- UAE
Burj Khaleefa (Burj Dubai), musical fountains, Dubai, UAE
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter
1: Classification
Burj Khaleefa (Burj Dubai), tallest building
of the world, Dubai, UAE
58
59. Classification
Universal Style - Examples
National Bank HQ
Skidmore, Owings and Merrill
Jeddah- KSA
1983
The building is an attempt from the
architect to create a monumental
building that holds both the characters
of modernity and rationality according
to its sensitive location in the heart of
the traditional city of Jeddah.
NCB HQ – Jeddah
Showing the traditional context of
the city in the foreground
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1:
Classification
59
60. Classification
Universal Style - Examples
NCB HQ – Jeddah / continued
"...In the center, three columns allowed
openings and offices to be rotated to any side.
The dramatic 100-foot-wide facade openings
were designed to provide daylight without
direct sunshine. Light filters into the three
courtyards through these openings, reaching
the inhabited spaces only indirectly. The
shaded cavity of the building reduces air
temperatures slightly before cooling is
completed by air-conditioning machinery.
Above the level of the first office floor, warm
air is drawn up the building's small triangular
core and vented in the center of the roof.
60
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1:
Classification
Site Plan and floor plans, NCB HQ-Jeddah
61. Classification
Universal Style - Examples
NCB HQ – Jeddah / continued
The office areas are protected from the sun's
glare by gray glazing, and the glass-walled
executive offices on the top floor are shielded
by a pierced wall covering a 10-foot recess
behind the building's outer surface; these
recessed windows are akin to the shuttered of
screened balconies of traditional Saudi
architecture.
A
computerized building
management system adjusts the climatecontrol machinery as external thermal
conditions change."
— from Carol Herselle Krinsky. Gordon Bunshaft
of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill. p268-271, 273.
61
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1:
Classification
Section view, NCB HQ-Jeddah
64. Classification
Developed Islamic Style
This style tries to incorporate the traditional lines and elements within the
recent practice of architecture.
As per Rifaa Chderji, the product shows a hybrid architecture.
This architecture represents the creativity of the architect within a background
of keeping his cultural distinctiveness.
The architect in this line accepts the modern construction technology and
regulations as effective factors, rather than the recent artistic and architectural
trends.
Rifaa Chderji- Iraq and Rasem Bedran-Jordan are of the representatives of this
line, via some of their works.
64
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 1:
Classification
74. Definition
Contents
Meaning of the Term
Variations of the Term
Origins of the Term
Criteria
74
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2:
DEFINITION
75. Definition
The Meaning of the Term- 1
The definition of Islamic Architecture has been a controversial topic
amongst researchers.
Cultural background influences the understanding of the term.
Arabs/Muslims see it as their heritage, while others imagine it as
exotic, mysterious, and aesthetically curious, carrying the whiff of fardistant lands. (Rabbat 2012: 1)
Traditional Muslim literature did not introduce the term, mainly because
their architectural styles were globally leading. The term ―Islamic‖ by then
did not provide an accurate definition among other styles in the Muslim
regions.
75
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2:
DEFINITION
76. Definition
The Meaning of the Term- 2
The Architecture produced for and by Muslims to serve Islam as a
religion, referring, consequently, only to the architecture which did serve a
religious function (e.g. mosque, madrasa), or it may mean all the
Architecture produced in the Muslim Lands (Michell 1978: 10)
Mostly, the term means that architecture which is recognized as being
related to Islam, Islamic civilization or to the Islamic communities.
Practice of the ―Islamic Architecture‖ in its traditional forms faced a major
setback by the weakening of the Muslim world since the early 19th
century.
76
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2:
DEFINITION
77. Definition
Variations of the Term
Islamic Architecture (Grabar 1974, Hillenbrand 1994)
Muslim Architecture (Richmond 1926, Creswell 1932)
Architecture of the Muslim Communities (Agha Khan Award for
Architecture - AKAA)
Architecture of Islam (Fletcher 1896)
Muhammadan Architecture (Briggs 1924)
77
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2:
DEFINITION
78. Definition
Origins of the Term- 1
The term cannot be traced in the traditional Muslim literature. Muslims simply referred
to their architecture as Umran, Imarah or any close term.
Because of the western interest in introducing the historic styles of Architecture in the
early 19th century, ―Architecture of Islam‖ was introduced as part of the timeline of the
history of Architecture (Fletcher 1896, Rabbat 2012).
In the early 19th century, Eurocentric terms appeared in the western literature such as
Saracenic, Mohammedan, Moorish and Oriental.
78
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2:
DEFINITION
79. Definition
Origins of the Term- 2
By the end of the 19th century; literature about the field (e.g. Fletcher 1896, Reviora
1914, Briggs 1924, Richmond 1926, Creswell 1932, 1952) settled to the term in various
expressions related to Islam.
For recognition between historic styles of Architecture; the term ―Islamic‖ was
established amongst Art historians, and continued to be widely employed till date
(Grabar 1973, Hillenbrand 1994, Hoag 1975, Jairazbhoy 1972).
79
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 2:
DEFINITION
83. Master Plan
Following their involvement in major projects in
the Middle East, several architects (Local &
International)
characterized
submitted
by
their
master-plans
some
local
traditions, habits, culture and other factors that
affected the master- plan.
According the classification mentioned in Chapter
(04-01) above, such projects’ styles could be
classified as ―Developed‖ or ―Traditional‖.
84
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
84. Manifestations
Master Plan- Examples
Qasr Al-Hokm- Riyadh
Rasem Badran
Gourna – Egypt
Hassan Fathi
Qasr Al Hokm, Riyadh, Sauid Arabia
New Gourna Village, Gourna, Egypt
85
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
87. Plan Layout
The current plans incorporated several components and their
articulation referring to the traditional plan designs.
Common plan components currently employed include the gallery, the
courtyard and the mall.
Common plan articulation include axiality, solid-void sequences,
bending entrances, etc.
Local culture and tradition affected the life style and use of the space
affected the plan layout.
88
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
88. Plan Layout
OKAZ Press Complex in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
89. Plan Layout
Use of Entrance Lobby
-To provide a transition space.
-To create spaciousness and to welcome the
guests.
Concept of atrium in OKAZ building has been derived from entrance lobby of Islamic
Architecture buildings.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
90. Plan Layout
Planning on Axis
- Circulation is directional and based on axis.
Use of Atrium
-To create a central gathering space with
daylight, ventilation and water element
.
Floor Patterns
- Integrated geometrical floor patterns were
used to create visual interest
.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter
OKAZ Press Complex in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
92. Plan Layout
Use of Lobby
-To provide a transition space for
users before entering into the main
building.
Use of Atrium
-To provide daylight and natural
ventilation in the surrounding corridors
.
King Fahd Library Building, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter
3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
93. Plan Layout
Dar Al Zikr Al Hakeem School
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter
3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
94. Plan Layout
Planning on Axis
- Circulation is directional and based on axis.
Use of Corridors
- Shaded corridors helps air to circulate
through them.
Courtyard Planning
- Naturally ventilated courtyards with daylight
provides a healthy space for the students.
Dar Al Zikr Al Hakeem School, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
95. Plan Layout
Tahfeez Al Quran School, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
96. Plan Layout
Natural Ventilation
- Use of natural ventilation in the covered
playing areas and corridors.
Tahfeez Al Quran School, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
97. Plan Layout
Ministry of Justice Court Buildings, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
98. Plan Layout
Use of Lobby
-To provide a transition space for users
before entering into the main building.
Use of Atrium
-To provide a daylight and natural
ventilation in the surrounding corridors.
Ministry of Justice Court Buildings, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
99. Plan Layout
Development of Souk Al Shabi (Traditional Markets) in Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter
3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
100. Plan Layout
Central Sitting Space
-To facilitate people to take rest and enjoy the
environment during shopping.
Floor Patterns
-Integrated geometrical floor patterns were
used to create visual interest.
Development of Souk Al Shabi (Traditional Markets) in Saudi
Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter
3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
102. Façade Design
Talking about Sultan Hassan Complex in
Cairo: ―The proportions of this building are
amongst the greatest I have seen.‖ Frank
Lloyd Wright.
The current practice referred to the traditional
sources either in elevation components or in
the forms of the building.
Components and their articulation:
The arch is one of the commonly
employed components to resemble the
Islamic style. It is widely found in the
current practice.
Wooden and steel screens are widely
employed to add Islamic reference to the
style.
Gates, riwaqs (porticoes), buttresses,
engraves and stone laying was
employed as well.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter
Sultan Hassan Complex, Cairo, Egypt.
3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
103
103. Façade Design
Other components take place regionally, such as the vault, several
shapes of arches, the material and the color of the façade.
opening/mass rhythms, façade patterns, and proportions of
elevations and openings where a rich source for current practice.
Form:
Regarding form, the traditional Islamic compact urban fabric, did not
encourage much to give priority to form design. However, the
symbolic form of the Mosque is frozen by its traditional components,
such as the dome and the minaret.
On the other side, traditional isolated buildings such as pavilions,
mausoleums, palaces and tall buildings where reference to the current
practice.
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CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter
3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
104. Façade Design
Ministry of Petroleum, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
105. Façade Design
Use of Atriums
-To provide daylight
-To provide ventilation
-To create spaciousness
Ministry of Petroleum, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
106. Façade Design
G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
107. Façade Design
Emphasis on Entrance
- Entrances are emphasized to welcome
guests
- To add an element of unity in the facade
Use of Arches
- To provide shade for the pedestrians and to
facilitate natural ventilation
-To add aesthetic value to the building form
G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Inspiration from Tilya Kori Madrassa, Samarkand,
Great Mosque Damascus
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
108. Façade Design
Use of Geometric Screens
- To provide shade to the fenestration.
- To add aesthetic value to the façade.
King Fahd Library Building, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
109. Façade Design
Aramco H.Q. Building, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter
3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
110. Façade Design
Elaf Taiba Hotel in Madinah Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
111. Façade Design
Marshrabiya
- To provide a transition space between indoor
and outdoor. This helps to reduce the
temperature of the air entering into the
building.
Use of Arches in the Corridors
- To provide shade for the pedestrians and to
facilitate natural ventilation.
Elaf Taiba Hotel in Madinah Munawarah, Saudi Arabia.
Inspiration from Cordoba Mosque and vernacular
mashrabiyas of Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
113. Façade Design
Water as an Essential
Landscape Element
-To create micro climate in dry seasons by increasing
humidity level and reducing dry bulb temperature.
Elkhereiji Villa, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
116. Façade Design
Recessed Panels in
Elevation
- To create shadows to improve insulation of the
walls and keep interiors cool.
- To break monotony of flat walls.
Use of Arches
-To create shadows, depth
and rhythm in elevation.
International Medical Center,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Part III: CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
118. Façade Design
Water as an Essential
Landscape Element
- To create micro climate in dry seasons by increasing
humidity level and reducing dry bulb temperature.
Mashrabiya
- To provide a transition space
between indoor and outdoor.
This helps to reduce the temperature
of the air entering into the building.
Community Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter
3: DIRECTIONS OF
APPLICATIONS
120. Manifestations
Decorative Elements
Internally and externally, decorations is a part of architecture universally.
Contemporary Islamic architecture has emphasis on such elements, with
special focus on traditional sources.
Dense
walls,
decorative
domes,
and
elements
minarets
appear
mainly
especially
as
on
the
mosques’
calligraphic
scripts.
Nevertheless, geometric and flowered lines are also provided (e.g. King
Saud Mosque, Sheikh Zayed Mosque).
Islamic decoration motifs can be found also on residential buildings (e.g.
El-Kheriji
House),
commercial
buildings
(e.g.
G.
Group
Office
Tower), Hotels (Elaf Taiba Hotel), hospitals (e.g. International Medical
Center), in addition to other building types.
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CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter
3: DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
121. Manifestations
Decorative Elements- Examples
Calligraphic decorations emphasize mainly on the ―Thuluth‖ calligraphy
style.
Moroccan and Egyptian geometric decorations are common in the
architecture of Saudi Arabia, while Indian decorations appear on the
eastern side of the Arabian peninsula, in countries such as UAE and
Oman.
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CONTEMPORARY PRACTICE– Chapter 3:
DIRECTIONS OF APPLICATIONS
127. Adopting Architectural Elements
Contents
The following are some of the architectural elements that could be
adopted in the future Islamic Architecture buildings.
Mashrabiyat & Screens
Mucarnasat
Calligraphy
Geometrical Patterns
Arches
Domes
128
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
128. Adopting Architectural Elements
Globalization is effecting people, culture, art
and architecture. We believe architecture is
effected and will be effected continuously in
future due to the different forms of media,
communication, traveling, technology and
other factors. Future Islamic Architecture can
still use architectural elements such as
mashrabiat, mucarnasat, calligraphy, geometrical
patterns, but in a global and creative way.
Globalization is effecting people, culture, art and
architecture.
129
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
129. Adopting Architectural Elements
Mashrabiyat & Screens
Mashrabiyat can be used in the future Islamic
Architecture to continue:
- Providing a transition space for the building to
allow hot air to cool down before entering into it.
- Providing shade for the window.
- Providing visual privacy.
Top: Elaf Taiba Hotel,
Madinah, Saudi Arabia.
Left: King Fahad Library,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
Right: Community Center,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
130
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
130. Adopting Architectural Elements
Mucarnasat
Mucarnasat can be used in the future Islamic
Architecture to continue:
- Adding aesthetic value to the interior space
- Enhancing acoustics of interior space
Alhambra Palace, Garnada, Spain
131
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
131. Adopting Architectural Elements
Calligraphy
Calligraphy can be used in the future Islamic
Architecture to continue:
- Delivering messages to the end users and
educating them
- Creating interior designs on walls and breaking
the monotony of walls
Right: Tahfeez Al Quran School, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
132
Left: Alhambra Palace, Granada, Spain
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
132. Adopting Architectural Elements
Geometrical Patterns
Geometrical patterns can be used in the future
Islamic Architecture to continue:
- Creating floor patterns and guiding the people to
find their way.
- Creating interior designs on walls and breaking
the monotony of walls
Examples of geometrical patterns used for flooring
and for wall decoration
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
133
133. Adopting Architectural Elements
Arches
Arches can be used in the future Islamic
Architecture to continue:
- Creating interest and enhance aesthetics of the
building facade.
- Adding depth to the building façade
- Casting shadows and increasing façade insulation
- Facilitating natural ventilation to take place
G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
134
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
141. Adopting Architectural Elements
Domes
Domes can be used in the future Islamic
Architecture to continue:
- Increasing volume of interior space and facilitating
natural ventilation to take place.
- Enhancing acoustics of the interior spaces.
- Enhancing visual appearance of the building.
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
A private House,
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
142
147. Adapting Concepts of Sustainability
Contents
The below mentioned concepts of sustainability could be
adopted in the future Islamic Architecture buildings.
Passive Design Strategies
Environment Friendly Buildings Strategies
Indoor Environment Quality Strategies
148
148. Adapting Concepts of Sustainability
Passive Design Strategies
Future Islamic Architecture can incorporate passive design strategies such as:
Ventilative cooling,
Radiative cooling,
Evaporative cooling and
Earth Mass Effect Cooling
Minimizing Temperature Variations by using Insulation
Solar Heating
To reduce:
Energy Consumption
Global warming
Ozone Depletion
Community Center, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
149
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
149. Adapting Concepts of Sustainability
Environment Friendly Building Strategies
In addition to this, future Islamic Architecture can also follow
the principles of environment friendly buildings such as:
- Using locally harvested and manufactured materials
-Reusing building instead of demolishing and constructing new
buildings
To reduce:
-Pollution and carbon emissions associated with transportation of
materials from foreign countries
-Pollution and carbon emissions associated with harvesting and
manufacturing new materials
- Demolition waste storage in landfill areas
- Reduce time and money
- Global warming
- Ozone Depletion
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
G. Group Office Tower, Jeddah,
Saudi Arabia
150
150. Adapting Concepts of Sustainability
Indoor Environment Quality Strategies
Furthermore, future Islamic Architecture can also use Indoor Environment Quality
strategies such as:
- Daylight penetration in the interior of the buildings
- Fresh air supply in the interior spaces
To reduce:
- Electricity consumption
- Carbon emissions
- Ozone Depletion
- Global Warming
- Suffocation (Carbon dioxide level) in the interior spaces
151
FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Ministry of Petroleum Building, Riyadh,
Saudi Arabia
152. Conclusion
A successful Architect in any place and time
is the Architect who can apply the following
equation successfully
Function + Beauty + Economy =
Successful Project
153
153. Conclusion
The architecture that consider the human
scale and environment gives satisfaction and
enjoyment to the users and viewers, this
could be seen in many of the works of Sinan,
Frank Lloyd Wright, Hasan Fathi, Le
Corbusier.
154
154. Conclusion
The Relation Between Art & Architecture
Here are some architects that were successful
in applying this relation:
Miss Van Der Rohe
Walter Gropius
Abdul Wahed Al Wakil
Abdul Aziz Kamel
155
156. Conclusion
A New World of architecture is possible
We need to set an Architecture and Art Compass in our societies to show the
direction we are moving to.
We need to have the knowledge and vision that help us rebuild our environment.
We are part of the World but we should not be a copy of any other World or city
or society.
Cultural Museum in China reflects Islamic
Architecture in North Western China. 5
Story, 25,302 m2, a massive atrium in the
middle, green design elements, automatic
shading to help keep the building cool. It is a
landmark designed by Sure Architecture
157
157. Conclusion
Architectural Styles can be developed using our Knowledge and Creativity.
A knowledge based society is an important step for change of the individual and
society.
A new era of Islamic Architecture and Art can be establish that could have a
positive and rewarding effect on people’s life.
Green environment and sustainable architecture and products, Water and Energy
Saving technologies could be part of the new era of Architecture.
Arab Cultural Center in USA.
Design by Monalab for the
Mosaic Foundation Islamic
Web
158