This document discusses Islamic architecture from the 7th century onwards. It provides definitions and examples of common building types such as mosques, madrasas and caravanserais. Specific architectural features of mosques are outlined. Prominent styles of Islamic decoration including geometric patterns, arabesques and calligraphy are described. Examples of famous mosques are discussed - the Mosque of Sultan Hassan in Cairo, the Mosque of Cordoba in Spain, and the Taj Mahal in Agra, India. Their histories, characteristics and architectural elements are summarized.

1. Islamicarchitecturewww.shahrilkhairi.com

2. islamicromanesquegothicIn this chapter, we will discuss on the following aspects:
•Architectural factors
•Main characteristics
•Prominent style
•Well-known architectsEvolution of architectural history in Middle Age622 to 1600 AD750 to 1250 AD1130 to 1500 ADwww.shahrilkhairi.com

3. DefinitionIslamicarchitecturecanbedefineasabuildingtraditionsofMuslimpopulationsoftheMiddleEastandanycountrieswhereIslamhasbeen dominantfromthe7thcenturyon. Islamic ArchitectureTypesofIslamicArchitecture
•Mosque–muslimcentre@placeforworship
•Madrasah–publicschool
•Hammam-Astructuraldesignforahotbathhouse
•Caravanserai-Aroadsideinnfortravellers
•Casbah/Citadel-afortress
•Mausoleum-atomboramonumentwww.shahrilkhairi.com

4. Mosque Typologywww.shahrilkhairi.com

5. Mosque Architectural FeaturesSahn–a courtyard combine withablution areaMihrab-semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qiblaMashrabiya–projecting window enclosed with carved wood latticeworkwww.shahrilkhairi.com

6. Mosque Architectural FeaturesMinaret -visual focal point and are used for the call to prayer Mimbar–a pulpit where imam deliver khutbahDome -focal point and covering the main prayer hallDikka–a place of delivering royal messagewww.shahrilkhairi.com

7. Mosque Architectural FeaturesMuqarnas-stalactite vault, Persian architectural ornament Arch –structure that spans a space while supporting weightPraying area hall –main area to perform congregational praywww.shahrilkhairi.com

8. Mosque Architectural Featureswww.shahrilkhairi.com

9. Islamic Decorative Elementswww.shahrilkhairi.com

10. Islamic Decorative ElementsThese patterns exemplify the Islamic interest in repetition, balance, symmetry and continuous generation of pattern. The integration of geometry with such optical effects as the balancing of positive and negative areas, a skillfuluse of colorand tone values. Geometric Patternwww.shahrilkhairi.com

11. Islamic Decorative ElementsArabesque (islimi) Arabesque designs are biomorphic, floral patterns representing the underlying order and unity of naturewith a great deal of accuracy. flowers and trees might be used as the motifs for the decoration of textiles, objects and buildings. www.shahrilkhairi.com

12. Islamic Decorative ElementsCalligraphyLike other Islamic decoration, calligraphy is closely linked to geometry. The proportions of the letters are all governed by mathematics. Inscriptionsare most often used as a frame along and around main elements of a building like portals and cornices. www.shahrilkhairi.com

13. Islamic Decorative ElementsLightLight can add a dynamic quality to architecture, extending patterns, forms and designs into the dimensions of time. And the combination of light and shade creates strong contrasts of planes and gives texture to sculpted stone, as well as stocked or brick surfaces. www.shahrilkhairi.com

14. Islamic Decorative ElementsWaterIn hot Islamic climates, the water from courtyard pools and fountains cools as it decorates. Water can not only reflect architecture and multiply the decorative themes, it can also serve as a means of emphasizing the visual axes. www.shahrilkhairi.com

15. Mosque of Sultan Hassan (Cairo, Egypt) Background History
•The construction of the building started in 1356 AD by Sultan Hassan and finished in 1363 AD by BasyirAga, one of his prince.
•Historians believe the mosque used stone from the pyramids at Giza.
•One of the minarets collapsed during construction killing 300 people.
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16. Mosque of Sultan Hassan (Cairo, Egypt) Characteristics
•the building become a mosque and religious school for all four juristic branches of Sunni Islam –Shafi’e, Maliki, Hanafiand Hambali.
•represent great Mamlukarchitecture monument in Cairo.
•The facade is about 76 meters long and 36 meters high.
•The cornices, entrance portal with pointed arch, burial chamber, and the monumental staircase are particularly noteworthy.
•Verses from the Quran in elegant Kuficand Thuluthscripts adorn the inner walls.
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17. Mosque of Sultan Hassan (Cairo, Egypt)Islamic architecture

18. Mosque of Sultan Hassan (Cairo, Egypt)Islamic architectureMadrasaof HambaliMadrasaof MalikiMadrasaof Syafi’eMadrasaof Hanafi

19. Mosque of Cordova (Andalusia, Spain)www.shahrilkhairi.com

20. Mosque of Cordova (Andalusia, Spain)
•The Mezquita(Spanish for "Mosque") of Cordoba is now the cathedral of Cordoba (officially the Cathedral of St. Mary of the Assumption).
•The site previously is Roman templebefore the mosquewas constructed in the 8th century. Finally, a cathedralwas added inside the mosque by the Christian conquerors in the early 13th century.
•The construction of the Mezquitalasted for over two centuries, starting in 784 ADunder the supervision of the emir of Cordoba, Abdar-RahmanI. The Mosque underwent numerous subsequent changes: Abdar-RahmanIII ordered a new minaret(9th century), while Al-HakamII enlarged the plan of the building and enriched the mihrab(961). The last of the reforms, including the completion of the outer aisles and orange tree courtyard, were completed by Al-Mansur IbnAbiAamirin 987.
•In 1236, Cordoba was captured from the Moors by King FerdinandIII of Castile and rejoined Christendom. The Christians initially left the architecture Mezquitalargely undisturbed -they simply consecrated it, dedicated it to the Virgin Mary, and used it as a place of Christian worship. King Alfonso X oversaw the construction of the VillaviciosaChapeland the Royal Chapelwithin the structure of the mosque. The heavy, incongruous Baroque choirwas sanctioned in the very heart of the mosque by Charles V in the 1520s.
Background Historywww.shahrilkhairi.com

21. Mosque of Cordova (Andalusia, Spain)www.shahrilkhairi.com

22. Mosque of Cordova (Andalusia, Spain)
•giant archesand its forest of over 856 (of an original 1,293) columnsof jasper, onyx, marble, and granite. These were taken from the Roman temple which had previously occupied the site and other destroyed Roman buildings.
•The Mezquitaalso features richly gilded prayer nichesand the mihrab, a domed shrine of Byzantine mosaics built by Al HakamII (961-76). In front of the Mihrabis the Maksoureh, a kind of anteroom for the caliph and his court; its mosaics and plasterwork make it a masterpiece of Islamic art.
•the 16th-century Baroque choiris an impressive sight, with an intricate ceiling and richly carved 18th-century choir stalls.
•Outside the Mezquitais the Courtyard of the Orange Trees(Patio de los Naranjos), which in springtime is perfumed with orange blossoms and has a beautiful fountain.
•The Torre del Alminar, the minaret once used to summon the faithful to prayer, has a Baroque belfry.
Characteristicswww.shahrilkhairi.com

23. Mosque of Cordova (Andalusia, Spain) Gilded dome over the mihrabCourtyard of the orangetreeRenaissansechoir of theCathedralWooden vaultHorseshoe ArchStriped VousoirsIntricacy decorationwww.shahrilkhairi.com

24. The TajMahal(Agra, India)
•TajMahalwas built in 22 years (1631-1653) with the orders of Shah Jahanand it was dedicated to MumtazMahal(ArjumandBanoBegum), the 14thwife of Shah. Shah Jahan'sreal name was Shahab-ud-din, and he was known as Prince Khurrambefore ascending to the throne in 1628.
•20.000 workers laboredand 32 crorerupees were spent during the construction of the monument and it was built according to Islamic architecture with influence of Mughalstyle.
•TajMahalmeans the’ Palace of the Crown’ because; Tajmeans “Crown” and Mahalmeans “palace”.
•It is myth told that Shah Jahangot the hands of his sculptors and architects cut off so that they would never be able to build a monument as magnificent and beautiful as the Tajagain and he even got their eyes pulled out so that they would never be able to witness anything bigger and more beautiful than the monument that they had built during their lifetime.
Historical backgroundwww.shahrilkhairi.com

25. The TajMahal(Agra, India)www.shahrilkhairi.com

26. The TajMahal(Agra, India) Characteristicswww.shahrilkhairi.com

27. The TajMahal(Agra, India)
•While the white domed marble mausoleum is its most familiar component, the TajMahalis actually an integrated complex of structures.
•it is known that a large team of designers and craftsmen were responsible with Jahanhimself taking an active role. UstadAhmad Lahauriis considered as the principal designer with help of ustadIsa from Persia.
•refined elegance is a conspicuous contrast both to the Hindu architecture of pre-Islamic India, with its thick walls, corbeledarches, and heavy lintels, and to the Indo-Islamic styles, in which Hindu elements are combined with an eclectic assortment of motifs from Persian and Turkish sources
•The architectural design uses the interlocking arabesqueconcept, in which each element stands on its own and perfectly integrates with the main structure. It uses the principles of self-replicating geometry and a symmetry of architectural elements.
•The mausoleum is a part of a vast complex comprising of a main gateway, an elaborate garden, a mosque (to the left), a guest house (to the right). The Tajis at the farthest end of this complex, with the river Jamunabehind it. The large garden contains four reflecting pools dividing it at the center.
Characteristicswww.shahrilkhairi.com

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30. RomanesquearchitectureTo be continued.. www.shahrilkhairi.com