Methods of research

1. METHODS OF
RESEARCH

2. UPHSD OUTLINE FOR
PROPOSAL/ACTUAL
RESEARCH REPORT

3. 1. TITLE PAGE
2. RECOMMENDATION FOR ORAL EXAMINATION
3. APPROVAL SHEET
4. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
5. DEDICATION
6. ABSTRACT
-Title
-Author
- Degree
-School
-Academic Year
-Adviser
-No. of Pages

4. 7. TABLE OF CONTENT
8. LIST OF TABLES
9. LIST OF FIGURES

5. CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
• THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
-Introduction
-Theoretical/Conceptual Framework
-Operational Framework
-Statement of the Problem
-Statement of Hypothesis

6. -Assumptions of the Study
- Scope and Delimitation
-Significance of the Study
- Definition of Terms
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
A contemporary approach -themal style- will be used
in organizing one’s literature. Seventy (70) articles will
have to be reviewed, 10 percent of which will be conceptual
literature, and 90 percent research literature.

7. CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
(Introductory Paragraph)
• Research Design
• Sources of Data
• Population of the Study
• Instrumentation and Validation
• Data Gathering Procedure
• Statistical Treatment of Data

8. Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION
OF DATA
• (Introductory Paragraph)
Level I- Trends and Patterns
Level II- Interpretation- meaning of results
Level III- Inferences and Integration of Findings
Level IV- Implications of the result to the theory and
practice in the discipline and other
discipline.

9. Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
• (Introductory Paragraph)
-Summary of Findings
-Conclusions
-Recommendations

10. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• Books
• Journals
• Theses/Dissertations
• Orders/Memoranda
• Internet, etc.

11. APPENDICES
• Letter of Request
• Questionnaire
• Editor’s Certificate
• Statistician’s Certificate, etc.

12. Curriculum Vitae

13. Research Defined
• Research is a process. As a process, it is
systematic, organized, objective, critical,
exhaustive, and comprehensive. It is done for
the purpose of solving a problem or adding to
the body of knowledge.

14. Purposes of Research
1. To discover new facts about known phenomena.
2. To find answers to problems which are only partially
solved by existing methods and information.
3. To discover previously unrecognized substances and
elements.
4. To provide basis for decisions making in business,
industry, education, government, and other
undertakings.
5. To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity.

15. Purposes of Research
6. To find answers to queries by means of a scientific
method.
7. To acquire a deeper and better understanding about the
phenomenon. Ex. Why women are generally smaller
than men.
8. To verify or expand existing knowledge.
9. To improve the educational practices for raising quality
of education

16. Ethical Principles & Guidelines
for Researcher
1. Informed Consent
2. Beneficence (to do good) and Non-maleficence (to do
no harm)
a) Freedom from any physical and Psychological Harm
b) Freedom from Exploitation
3. Respect Human Dignity
a. The right to self-determination
b. The right to full disclosure
c. Anonymity and confidentiality
4. Justice and Fairness

17. Characteristics of Good
Research
• Authors of various research books identified several
characteristics of good research (see et.al., Sevilla, et.al.)

18. Systematic
• It is systematic as there are interrelated steps or
procedures a researcher has to observe in solving a
problem. It follows an orderly and sequential procedure
that leads to the discovery of truth, solution of a problem
or whatever is aimed to be discovered.

19. Objective
• It is not based on guesswork. This is because empirical
data have to be gathered by the researcher before making
any conclusion or proposing any solution to an identified
difficulty or problem. All findings and conclusions are
logically based on empirical data and no effort is made to
alter the result of the research.

20. Empirical
• All the procedures employed and the data gathered are
perceived in the same manner by all observers.
Generalizations are drawn by the researcher upon hard
evidence gathered from information collected from the
real life experiences and observations.

21. Comprehensive
• If a researcher is serious about understanding a
phenomenon, he has to examine and analyze all its
aspects or angel before making a generalization or
conclusion.

22. Critical
• This means that procedures employed by the research
must be able to withstand critical scrutiny by other
researchers. Data should be analyzed critically so that
there is no error in the interpretation.

23. Rigorous
• Procedures to be followed in solving a problem should be
relevant, appropriate, justified, and strictly observed.

24. Valid
• Whenever a researcher formulates conclusions, these are
based on actual findings

25. Verifiable
• Other researchers can check on the correctness of its
results by replicating the study based on the methods and
procedures employed by the researcher.