2. D I S T R I B U T I O N
• 70 % of Earth’s surface is water
• 4 bya water vapor condensed into shallows
• 1 big ocean, 5 major basins
• Pacific
• Atlantic
• Indian
• Arctic
• Southern
2VIDEO How Big is the Ocean? (5:30)
3. 3
h. Arctic i. Indian j. Pacific k. Atlantic l. Southern
a. Africa b. North America c. Europe d. Antarctica
e. Asia f. South America g. Australia
Label the oceans.
Label the continents.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
A
B
C
E
F
G
D
H
i
J
K
L
5. C H E M I S T R Y
• Water is a solvent- it dissolves solutes of
solids, liquids & gases
• Solute- substance that dissolves
• Solution- mixture of solvent and solute
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_
solution.html
5
CC Video: liquids
(9 min)
6. • Salt: halite = 85% dissolved solids in ocean
• Salinity: measure of the amount of dissolved
salts in a liquid
WHY IS THE OCEAN SALTY?
halite
6
7. SALT ENTERS THE OCEAN:
• Chemical weathering of minerals from land into
oceans
• Volcanic eruptions
• Chemical reactions between new sea floor & ocean
water
WATER IS CONSTANTLY BEING EVAPORATED, BUT
SALTS REMAIN 3.6%
7
VIDEO: Why is the Ocean Salty? (1 min)
8. T E M P E R A T U R E
• Varies with depth & location
• Affected by solar energy
http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/water/temp3.htm
DEPTH
8
9. Can sea water freeze?
• Sea water can only freeze when it
condenses such that it pushes out the salts
first to make solid H O (28.4˚F)
• floating ice insulates water below it,
preventing it all from freezing
2
http://www.acecrc.sipex.aq/access/page/index.html%3Fpage=78.html
http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/oceanography/L
ecuturesOceanogr/LecOceanStructure/LecStructure.html
SALT
WATER
9
11. TIME OF YEAR- seasons
• When the Northern Hemisphere faces away
from the sun for Winter months, those
oceans are cooler
• When N. Hemisphere points towards the sun
for Summer, those oceans are hotter
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/01/20/3116529.htm
11
SUMMER in
N Hemisphere
WINTER in
N Hemisphere
12. DEPTH: Oceans get colder as you go deeper
1. Surface zone- top up to 300m, warmer and so
less dense= difficult mixing with cooler waters
below
2. Thermocline- 300-700m, temperature drops
faster here with depth; colder water is more
dense; holds more dissolved gases, slower
currents
3. Deep zone- 700m +, cold, slowest currents
TEMPERATURE ZONES
12
14. G L O B A L T H E R M O S T A T
Oceans create climate!
Ocean water and air temperature are always trying to
reach equilibrium (same temp)…
… But it never happens due to earth’s tilt & revolution
AIR
Temp WATER
Temp
AIR CHANGES TEMPERATURE FASTER THAN WATER14
15. • During summer months, ocean water absorbs solar
energy from the atmosphere, trying to reach
equilibrium with the hot air
• Before equilibrium can be reached, seasons
change- air cools for autumn
WARM WaterCOLD Water
COLD AirWARM Air
Solar
Energy
SUMMER WINTER 15
16. • When air changes to cooler, winter
temperatures, oceans start to release their
stored warmth to now calibrate with the cooler
air temperatures: WARM OCEAN BREEZES IN
THE WINTER…
• The opposite is true for Summer months:
Air heats up, now oceans must absorb solar
radiation to try and reach warmer equilibrium
with the hot summer air: COOLER OCEAN
BREEZES IN THE SUMMER…
16
nice vacation spot!
nice vacation spot!
18. O C E A N C U R R E N T S
Current: movement of ocean water that follows a
regular pattern
http://paraglidinginfo.com/2014/03/03/how-the-sun-water-and-mountains-affect-wind-patterns/
18
22. Surface current: horizontal movements near
surface, caused by wind
• solar energy heats surface of the water
• Global winds move the surface current
• Coriolis effect: earth rotates, making water
arc instead of move in a straight line
• Continental deflections: currents can’t go
through continents!
Deep currents movement of currents deep below
the surface; Form where density increases due to
salinity & cold temperatures
22
23. Density-
• how close together the molecules of a
substance are or how much mass a substance
has in a given space.
Denser things are
heavier & sink
24. PUTTING IT TOGETHER:
THERMOHALINE
Temperature: warm water moves from the equator
towards the colder poles
Salt density: how much salt in the water determines
the density of the water; water moves from more
dense to less dense areas of concentration
Thermohaline- temperature and salt affect density &
controls movement of currents
24
25. G L O B A L C O N V E Y O R B E L Thttp://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/oceans.html
25
VIDEO: Making waves: the power
of concentration gradients (5min)
27. AN EXAMPLE:
El Nino
local wind patterns (along South America)
move local surface currents & so are replaced
by deep cold water from below
• Cold, nutrient rich water from deep ocean
rises to surface to replace warm surface
water: Iron, Nitrates
• El Nino
• La Nina
• NOAA buoys study & predict
27
30. Water Cycle-
1. Energy from the sun is transferred to Earth
through electromagnetic waves
2. Warm water evaporates into the atmosphere
3. The atmosphere condenses the vapor and
precipitates the water back to the surface of
Earth
4. Streams and rivers traverse the landscape
towards points of lowest elevation, eroding &
picking up minerals, becoming stored in ground
water, frozen in ice, or distributed into water
reservoirs
5. Streams and rivers carry water back to ocean.30
31. 31
Weathering: taking away of pieces of the crust in
the flow of water, wind, or ice
Deposition: dropping off of the sediments
32. 32
Water drops streams rivers
Oceans
http://waterstories.nestle-waters.com/environment/collecting-dew-during-water-shortages/
VIDEO Water Cycle (6 min)
33. • Dissolved gases enter at rivers, streams,
volcanic eruptions, decay, living organisms &
through the water cycle
http://www.iceagenow.com/Ocean_Warming.htm
33
34. Effects of Temperature:
• Colder water dissolve gases better
• Warmer water cannot hold as many gases
(remember global warming?)
http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/multimedia/chapt
er5/lesson6
34
35. • Carbon sink: ecosystem that absorbs more
carbon than it lets out-
• oceans can hold carbon in the form of
CO2 for thousands of years
35
38. Destructive Force: takes away crust
• Weathering- break down of rocks
• Erosion- carrying away of the pieces of rock by
wind, moving water, ice, and gravity
• most erosion on Earth is done by water
Constructive Force: building up of new crust
• deposition- dropping off of the eroded pieces
39. TYPES OF WEATHERING
• mechanical weathering- rocks are broken
down into smaller pieces WITHOUT changing
their composition
• chemical weathering- rocks break down as
minerals CHANGE in composition; become a
new substance; as by acid rain
40. Mass Movement
Rapid movement of Earth materials by gravity
• Landslides- large amounts of rock suddenly
break from cliff/mountain & bury
homes/villages; steep slopes; arid regions after
a heavy rain
• Avalanches- gravity pulls down huge amounts
of slow; start by vibrations
• Mudflow- slopes rich in clay receive too much
rain; esp where there is no vegetation
• Lahar- mudflow on side of a composite
volcano; ash mixes with snow/ice forming hot-
fast moving mud
42. Soil Creep
VERY slow downward
progression of rock and
soil down a low grade
slope; water,
temperature
change & gravity
43. MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Ice wedging/frost action
• water enters small cracks in the rock
• When water freezes, it expands, forcing the
crack to widen
• process repeats
until rock breaks
apart
44.
45. MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Wetting & Drying
• breaks up rocks that are
made from clay
• When wet, clay expands;
shrinks when dry
• process repeats
until rock breaks
apart
46.
47.
48. MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Exfoliation
• soil and rock is removed
(glaciers or uplifting),
exposes rock found
deep underground
• This releases pressure
causing surface of rock
to expand & crack
59. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Carbonic acid
• carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form
this acid
• can cause minerals to dissolve, especially
those containing
calcite (remember
the seashells &
ocean acidification?)
