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Cell energy 2 cellular respiration
Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce ATP, the "energy currency" of cells. It occurs in three main stages: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and produces a small amount of ATP. The Krebs cycle and electron transport chain take place in the mitochondria and generate most of the cell's ATP through aerobic respiration. When oxygen is limited, fermentation pathways produce a small amount of ATP without using oxygen.
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Cell energy 2 cellular respiration
- 1. CELL ENERGY 2 CellularRespiration ppt. by Robin D. Seamon VIDEO: Amoeba Sisters Cell Respiration & Photosynthesis
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- 3. ATP / ADPCycle • ATP is the universal energy source for all living things • “Energy currency” • Used to store & transport energy Adenosine triphosphate Adenosine diphosphate
- 4. ADP ATP - P Releaseenergy + P Store energy Low energy: dead battery High energy: charged battery Energy is stored in phosphate bonds. When a cell has energy available it will store small amounts of it by adding a phosphate group to ADP. When a cell needs energy, the third phosphate is removed, releasing energy for the cell.
- 5. ATP Adenosine triphosphate: GAINSa P BREAK IT DOWN tri- 3 phosphate- has P SUGAR 3 phosphate groups A = one of the nucleic acids HIGH Energy Bond *Adding P stores energy *Removing P releases energy
- 6. ADP Adenosine diphosphate: LOSTa P BREAK IT DOWN di- 2 phosphate- has P SUGAR 3 phosphate groups A = one of the nucleic acids HIGH Energy Bond broken releases energy *Adding P stores energy *Removing P releases energy
- 7. ATP/ ADP Cycle ATP/ ADP is like a rechargeable battery 1. ATP holds the energy in the phosphate bonds. 2. Energy is released when the phosphate bonds are broken. 3. ADP is “recharged” to ATP by replacing the used phosphate. ATP is continuously being made & must be regenerated. A working muscle cell consumes 10 million ATP per second.
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- 10. We’ve learned thatautotrophs make their own food- glucose, and that they begin the energy web. Now what? The glucose needs to be converted (chemical reaction) into a form that cells can USE…
- 11. SUN light energy CHLOROPLAST chemical energy Glucose& Oxygen MITOCHONDRIA chemical energy Water & CO2 CELLPROCESSES thermal energy (heat) ATP chemical energy
- 12. Remember the equationfor photosynthesis? REACTANTS PRODUCTS
- 13. (Check out thereactants & the products) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O 32- 38 ATP This is the equation for cellular respiration. (ATP is the energy currency that all organisms can use)
- 14. Remember the equationfor photosynthesis? (Check out the reactants & the products) REACTANTS PRODUCTS C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O This is the equation for cellular respiration. 32- 38 ATP
- 15. The products ofphotosynthesis are the reactants for cellular respiration! REACTANTS PRODUCTS C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION REACTANTS PRODUCTS 32- 38 ATP
- 16. LOOKING CLOSER C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O 38 ATP One molecule of glucose supplies 32- 38 ATP molecules that the cells may use for Energy. 1 glucose molecule 6 oxygen molecules 6 water molecules 6 carbon dioxide molecules YIELDS+ + 38 ATP
- 17. LOOKING CLOSER C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O 38 ATP 1 glucose molecule 6 oxygen molecules 6 water molecules 6 carbon dioxide molecules YIELDS+ + 38 ATP
- 18. Where does thisoccur? VIDEO Amoeba Sisters Cellular Respiration
- 19. Mitochondria The folds ofthe cristae inside the mitochondria provide more surface area for the chemical reaction to occur.
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- 22. Cellular Respiration: breakingdown glucose in the presence of oxygen to make ATP NOT ALL ORGANISMS USE OXYGEN! (more on that in a minute) THERE ARE 2 TYPES OF RESPIRATION 1. Aerobic respiration: requires oxygen 2. Anaerobic respiration: does NOT require oxygen
- 23. Cellular Respiration: breakingdown glucose in the presence of oxygen to make ATP 3 MAIN STAGES 1. Glycolysis (anaerobic: no oxygen; some prokaryotes stop here & begin fermentation) 2. Krebs Cycle (aerobic) 3. Electron Transport Chain (aerobic)
- 24. Glycolysis- occurs in thecytoplasm Krebs Cycle & electron transport chain occur in the mitochondria (VERY simple organisms can get by with just doing this) (More complex eukaryotes must do these next two steps too.)
- 25. 1. Glycolysis- processin which enzymes break down one molecule of glucose, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid • No oxygen present • Occurs in the cytoplasm • Inefficient and short term… only produces 2 molecules of pyruvic acid
- 26. For aerobic organisms(like ourselves) the next steps happen in the mitochondria for ATP production (2. Krebs Cycle & 3. electron transport chain… producing 36 ATP.) -------------------------------------------------------------- However, if we exercise vigorously, muscles can run out of oxygen. • Muscles turn glucose into lactic acid. • Lactic acid makes muscles cramp and burn: • lactic acid fermentation- no oxygen required/no mitochondria required
- 27. Lactic Acid Fermentation Howmany ATP are produced? Is this as efficient as aerobic respiration? Why? REACTANTS PRODUCTS
- 28. • During exerciseor physical work, cells use ATP first. • After 90 seconds, lactic acid fermentation begins to provide ATP • After longer exertions, aerobic respiration takes over (other way is too inefficient)
- 30. Glycogen Glucose No oxygen oxygen Store of carbohydrates = Lactic Acid and 2ATP CO2 and 32 – 38 ATP
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- 34. Glycolysis • Anaerobic • Occursin the cytosol; 1st step in cellular respiration • Simple organisms use glycolysis to produce pyruvate & ATP • Only makes 2 ATP so only small yeast, bacteria, and molds use this to live Fermentation : small organisms • Pyruvate is used by these small organisms to producing alcohol & carbon dioxide
- 35. Large animals likeus cannot use lactic fermentation for long. Smaller microorganisms such as bacteria, mold and yeast use lactic fermentation (anaerobic) all the time since they require little ATP to survive Yogurt & cheese: products of bacterial lactic fermentation
- 36. This chemical reactionproduces alcohol and carbon dioxide We use it to make beer, liquor, & wine We use it to make yeast bread (carbon dioxide bubbles make the “holes” in bread) Alcoholic Fermentation Bubble s in bread Alcohol
- 37. Products of yeast respirationas they use sugar:
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- 39. How do weget the reactants or “ingredients” for the reaction? 1. Eating food (to obtain glucose) 2. Breathing (to obtain oxygen) … raw materials for the cells of the body
- 40. Human Digestion C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
- 41. Human Respiration C6H12O6 +6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O
- 42. 1. Oxygen isbreathed in through the nose/mouth & enters the lungs 2. Alveoli in the lungs meet blood vessels & exchange oxygen with simple diffusion across the membrane 3. Carbon dioxide: a waste product in cellular respiration travels back to your lungs via the blood stream and diffuses back into lungs to be breathed out
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