Soil and Water Notes

1. Soil & Water 1
“Energy in Water”
Seamon

2. D I S T R I B U T I O N
• 70 % of Earth’s surface is water
• 4 bya water vapor condensed into shallows
• 1 big ocean, 5 major basins
• Pacific
• Atlantic
• Indian
• Arctic
• Southern
2VIDEO How Big is the Ocean? (5:30)

3. FOLLOW THE
ENERGY…
Energy in Oceans

4. C H E M I S T R Y
• Water is a solvent- it dissolves solutes of
solids, liquids & gases
• Solute- substance that dissolves
• Solution- mixture of solvent and solute
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_
solution.html
4
CC Video: liquids
(9 min)

5. • Salt: halite = 85% dissolved solids in ocean
• Salinity: measure of the amount of dissolved
salts in a liquid
WHY IS THE OCEAN SALTY?
halite
5

6. SALT ENTERS THE OCEAN:
• Chemical weathering of minerals from land into
oceans
• Volcanic eruptions
• Chemical reactions between new sea floor & ocean
water
WATER IS CONSTANTLY BEING EVAPORATED, BUT
SALTS REMAIN 3.6%
6
VIDEO: Why is the Ocean Salty? (1 min)

7. T E M P E R A T U R E
• Varies with depth & location
• Affected by solar energy
http://www.onr.navy.mil/focus/ocean/water/temp3.htm
DEPTH
7

8. Can sea water freeze?
• Sea water can only freeze when it
condenses such that it pushes out the salts
first to make solid H O (28.4˚F)
• floating ice insulates water below it,
preventing it all from freezing
2
http://www.acecrc.sipex.aq/access/page/index.html%3Fpage=78.html
http://science.kennesaw.edu/~jdirnber/oceanography/L
ecuturesOceanogr/LecOceanStructure/LecStructure.html
SALT
WATER
8

9. LOCATION- Oceans are warmer near equatorial
latitudes
SURFACE WATER:
9

10. TIME OF YEAR- seasons
• When the Northern Hemisphere faces away
from the sun for Winter months, those
oceans are cooler
• When N. Hemisphere points towards the sun
for Summer, those oceans are hotter
http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2011/01/20/3116529.htm
10
SUMMER in
N Hemisphere
WINTER in
N Hemisphere

11. DEPTH: Oceans get colder as you go deeper
1. Surface zone- top up to 300m, warmer and so
less dense= difficult mixing with cooler waters
below
2. Thermocline- 300-700m, temperature drops
faster here with depth; colder water is more
dense; holds more dissolved gases, slower
currents
3. Deep zone- 700m +, cold, slowest currents
TEMPERATURE ZONES
11

12. G L O B A L T H E R M O S T A T
Oceans create climate!
Ocean water and air temperature are always trying to
reach equilibrium (same temp)…
… But it never happens due to earth’s tilt & revolution
AIR
Temp WATER
Temp
AIR CHANGES TEMPERATURE FASTER THAN WATER12

13. • During summer months, ocean water absorbs solar
energy from the atmosphere, trying to reach
equilibrium with the hot air
• Before equilibrium can be reached, seasons
change- air cools for autumn
WARM WaterCOLD Water
COLD AirWARM Air
Solar
Energy
SUMMER WINTER 13

14. • When air changes to cooler, winter
temperatures, oceans start to release their
stored warmth to now calibrate with the cooler
air temperatures: WARM OCEAN BREEZES IN
THE WINTER…
• The opposite is true for Summer months:
Air heats up, now oceans must absorb solar
radiation to try and reach warmer equilibrium
with the hot summer air: COOLER OCEAN
BREEZES IN THE SUMMER…
14
nice vacation spot!
nice vacation spot!

15. FOLLOW THE
ENERGY…
Global Circulation

16. O C E A N C U R R E N T S
Current: movement of ocean water that follows a
regular pattern
http://paraglidinginfo.com/2014/03/03/how-the-sun-water-and-mountains-affect-wind-patterns/
16

17. Surface Current
Wind Driven
Deep Ocean Current
Density Driven

19. Surface current: horizontal movements near
surface, caused by wind
• solar energy heats surface of the water
• Global winds move the surface current
• Coriolis effect: earth rotates, making water
arc instead of move in a straight line
• Continental deflections: currents can’t go
through continents!
Deep currents movement of currents deep below
the surface; Form where density increases due to
salinity & cold temperatures
19

20. Density-
• how close together the molecules of a
substance are or how much mass a substance
has in a given space.
Denser things are
heavier & sink

21. PUTTING IT TOGETHER:
THERMOHALINE
Temperature: warm water moves from the equator
towards the colder poles
Salt density: how much salt in the water determines
the density of the water; water moves from more
dense to less dense areas of concentration
Thermohaline- temperature and salt affect density &
controls movement of currents
21

22. G L O B A L C O N V E Y O R B E L Thttp://www.global-greenhouse-warming.com/oceans.html
22
VIDEO: Making waves: the power
of concentration gradients (5min)

23. Upwelling- movement of deep, cold, nutrient-
rich water to the surface
23

24. AN EXAMPLE:
El Nino
local wind patterns (along South America)
move local surface currents & so are replaced
by deep cold water from below
• Cold, nutrient rich water from deep ocean
rises to surface to replace warm surface
water: Iron, Nitrates
• El Nino
• La Nina
• NOAA buoys study & predict
24

25. 25
http://www.munciesanitary.org/pollutionprevention/?print=y

26. Water Cycle-
1. Energy from the sun is transferred to Earth
through electromagnetic waves
2. Warm water evaporates into the atmosphere
3. The atmosphere condenses the vapor and
precipitates the water back to the surface of
Earth
4. Streams and rivers traverse the landscape
towards points of lowest elevation, eroding &
picking up minerals, becoming stored in ground
water, frozen in ice, or distributed into water
reservoirs
5. Streams and rivers carry water back to ocean.26

27. 27
Weathering: taking away of pieces of the crust in
the flow of water, wind, or ice
Deposition: dropping off of the sediments

28. • Dissolved gases enter at rivers, streams,
volcanic eruptions, decay, living organisms &
through the water cycle
http://www.iceagenow.com/Ocean_Warming.htm
28

29. Effects of Temperature:
• Colder water dissolve gases better
• Warmer water cannot hold as many gases
(remember global warming?)
http://www.middleschoolchemistry.com/multimedia/chapt
er5/lesson6
29

30. • Carbon sink: ecosystem that absorbs more
carbon than it lets out-
• oceans can hold carbon in the form of
CO2 for thousands of years
30

31. Ocean chemistry is currently changing at
an unprecedented rate.
31

32. FOLLOW THE
ENERGY…
Water & the Lithosphere

33. Destructive Force: takes away crust
• Weathering- break down of rocks
• Erosion- carrying away of the pieces of rock by
wind, moving water, ice, and gravity
• most erosion on Earth is done by water
Constructive Force: building up of new crust
• deposition- dropping off of the eroded pieces
VIDEO: How the Grand Canyon was Formed (6 min)

34. TYPES OF WEATHERING
• mechanical weathering- rocks are broken
down into smaller pieces WITHOUT changing
their composition
• chemical weathering- rocks break down as
minerals CHANGE in composition; become a
new substance; as by acid rain

35. Mass Movement
Rapid movement of Earth materials by gravity
• Landslides- large amounts of rock suddenly
break from cliff/mountain & bury
homes/villages; steep slopes; arid regions after
a heavy rain
• Avalanches- gravity pulls down huge amounts
of slow; start by vibrations
• Mudflow- slopes rich in clay receive too much
rain; esp where there is no vegetation
• Lahar- mudflow on side of a composite
volcano; ash mixes with snow/ice forming hot-
fast moving mud

36. landslide mudslide
avalanche lahar

37. Soil Creep
VERY slow downward
progression of rock and
soil down a low grade
slope; water,
temperature
change & gravity

38. MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Ice wedging/frost action
• water enters small cracks in the rock
• When water freezes, it expands, forcing the
crack to widen
• process repeats
until rock breaks
apart

40. MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Wetting & Drying
• breaks up rocks that are
made from clay
• When wet, clay expands;
shrinks when dry
• process repeats
until rock breaks
apart

42. MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Exfoliation
• soil and rock is removed
(glaciers or uplifting),
exposes rock found
deep underground
• This releases pressure
causing surface of rock
to expand & crack

44. MECHANICAL WEATHERING
Plant Roots
• Deep roots of trees
break apart rocks

45. Glaciers:
Erosion:
Glaciers carry rock particles to lower elevations
Deposition:
Melting glaciers
deposit boulders &
sediments called
moraines
MECHANICAL WEATHERING

46. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Hydrolisis
• water (hydro)
reacts with
minerals such as
feldspare and
form clay

47. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Oxidation
• oxygen reacts
with some
minerals (esp
iron) to form rust
• occurs faster with
water

50. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Carbonic acid
• carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form
this acid
• can cause minerals to dissolve, especially
those containing
calcite (remember
the seashells &
ocean acidification?)

52. CHEMICAL WEATHERING
Lichen & Fungi
• These organisms
decompose organic
material & chemically
weather the rock

53. Factors that Affect Rates of Weathering:
• Hardness- rock’s resistance to weathering
• climate-
• chemical weathering happens faster in
warm, wet climates
• mechanical weathering happens faster
in cold, dry climates
• Surface area- more surface area… more
weathering

55. Death Valley, CA

56. Great Sand Dunes NP, Colorado
Great Sand Dunes NP Formation (5 min)

57. The central area of rock was less resistant to
weathering… thus the ‘arch’ was formed!
VIDEO Arches Formation (3 min)

58. Antelope Canyon, Arizona
VIDEO: How Antelope Canyon Formed (3 min)

59. Bryce Canyon, Utah
VIDEO: Bryce Canyon & Zion formation (3 min)

60. Zion Canyon, Utah

61. Carlsbad Caverns, NM
Carlsbad Caverns Formation (5 min)

63. Badlands, South Dakota
VIDEO Bad Lands formation (3 min)

64. VIDEO: Giant’s Causeway 2 min
Giant’s Causeway, Ireland