2. Presented by:
Saheli Chakraborty
Sem : 7th Year : 4th
University Roll no: 20101916032
Registration no: 162010210037 of 2016-2017
Guidance by :
Mrs.Priyanka Chakraborty
Assistant Professor
B.C.D.A. College Of Pharmacy & Technology
3. Diabetes Mellitus
It is a chronic disease associated with abnormally high levels of the sugar
glucose in the blood.
It is caused by inherited and/or acquired deficiency in production of
insulin by the pancreas.
It is of three types:
Type 1 DM: insulin-dependent
Type 2 DM : non-insulin-dependent
Gestational DM: hyper glycemic with blood glucose occurring
during pregnancy
4. Diabetes in India
According to the Indian Council of Medical Research-Indian Diabetes study
(ICMR-INDIAB), a national diabetes study, India currently has 63 million
people with diabetes.
India represents the world’s second largest diabetes population after
China.
This is set to increase to over 100 million by 2030.
The majority of people with diabetes (>90%) have Type 2 diabetes
(T2DM)
5. Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Non insulin dependent
Results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin
Pathophysiology
main problems related to insulin in type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance (insulin do not bind with the special receptor on
cell surface)
impaired insulin secretion
(insulin secreting glands
release irregular amount
of insulin).
Symptoms:
Constant hunger
Weight gain
Weakness and fatigue
Slow healing of cuts
6. Treatment of type 2 diabetes
Diet and exercise Conventional medicine
Improve insulin availability
exogens insulin
sulfonylureas
meglitinide analogues
Overcome insulin resistance
bigunanides
thiazolidinediones
glucsidase inhibitors
7. Side effects of conventional
medicine
Hypoglycemia
Non specific side effects like
nausea
vomiting
flatulance
headache
weight gain
Hypersensitivity
8. Anti-diabetic Medicinal Plants
The global use of medicinal plants for the management of diseases like
diabetes has promptly increased over the last decade. It is stated that up
to 72.8% of people with diabetes used herbal medicine.
Moreover, a large number of medicinal plants are believed to possess anti-
diabetic activities and have been utilized to control diabetes.
One of the medicinal plants that is emerging as a possible therapeutic
agent for the management of DM is cinnamon.
9. cinnamon
Cinnamon is generally used in the aroma industries due to its smell, which
can be combined into diverse varieties of foodstuffs, perfumes, and
medicinal products.
It is mainly use in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
There are two types of cinnamon
True cinnamon
Cassia
13. Geographical Source
cinnamon, the evergreen tree of topical area , is considered to be native of
Sri Lanka and Malabar coast of India.
It is also found in Jamaica and Brazil.
However, most of the world requirments are met by Sri Lanka.
True cinnamon is known as Sri Lanka cinnamon.
14. Macroscopic Character
The tree is 20 to 30 feet tall.
The leaves are dark green on top and lighter green underneath.
Fruits are black, pulpy, and aromatic.
flower is small, yellow.
Bark is
Colour: outer surface- dull yellowish brown
inner surface- dark yellowish brown
Odour: fragrant
Shape: found in the form of compund quills
Size: 1m in length, 1 cm diameter,
thicknees 0.5 mm
Taste: aromatic and sweet
Fracture: splintery
15. Microscopic character
Cork and primary cortex – absent
Prominent sclerenchymatous pericycle
Stelar part – phloem, phloem fibres,
biseriate medullary rays and
secretory cavities containing
volatile oil
Cortical parenchyma – starch grains
Medullary rays, calcium oxalate crystals
and parenchymatous cells
16. Chemical Constituents
• The main constituents of cinnamon are
cinnamate cinnamic acid cinnamaldehyde
• Cinnamon oil –
Eugenol cuminaldehyde
17. Traditional Uses
Cinnamon is a prevalent cookery spice and is also used in candy, incense,
toothpaste and perfumes.
Its oil is used as
carminative
antiseptic
astringent.
In traditional medicine, cinnamon has been used as agent and used in
treatment of sore pain and dentalharms.
21. Clinical trials
Subjects and
Durations
Cinnamon
/Medication
Significant effects References
60 individuals with
type 2 diabetes/40
days
Randomized to
receive
1, 3, or 6 g of
Chinese
cinnamon/day
Mean fasting blood
glucose level dropped
from 236 mg/dl to
175 mg/dl
(Khan et al, 2003)
30 adult male and
female Wistarrats/3
weeks
True Cinnamon
extracted
administrated orally,
background
medication with
Alloxanmonohydrate
Significant decrease in
the blood glucose
level
(Kumar and
Mukkadan, 2013)
23. Safety and Upper Limits
Cinnamon is typically recognized as safe
High levels of cinnamon, potentially harmful spices
Cinnamon contains toxic components called Coumarin
According to the Federal Institute Risk Assessment,
Consumption of cinnamon should be avoided during pregnancy and
breastfeeding
Optimum dose is 0.1mg/Day Coumarin per kg
25. CONCLUSION
• This review supports :
Cinnamon has been used as a natural traditional medicine in
numerous cultures throughout the world.
From the findings of various studies, it can be concluded that the oral
administration of cinnamon extracts has a valuable effect on blood
glucose levels.
Additional studies are required to determine the effectiveness of the
active principles of cinnamon and their therapeutic properties in the
management of diabetes.
26. REFERENCES
• S. B. Aynalem, A. J. Zeleke, “Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its risk factors among
individuals aged 15 years and above in Mizan-Aman Town, Southwest Ethiopia, 2016: A cross
sectional study,” International Journal of Endocrinology, vol. 2018, 2018.
• R. A. Anderson, Z. Zhan, R. Luo, X. Guo, Q. Guo, J. Zhou, J. Kong, P. A. Davis, and B. J.
Stoecker, “Cinnamon extract lowers glucose, insulin and cholesterol in people with elevated
serum glucose,” Journal Of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, vol. 6, issue 4, pp. 332-
336, 2016.
• C.K.Kokate; A.P.Purohit; S.B.Gokhale. pharmacognosy( 14.33- 14.35)
• K.D. Tripathi .Essentials Medical Pharmacology, fifth edition (235- 253)
• Pharmacology second edition , Salil K Bhattachrya, Parantpa Sen , Arunabha Ray, editor:
Prasun K Das , (351- 372)
• Blevins, S., Leyva, M., Brown, J., Wright, J., Scofield, R. & Aston, C. (2007) Effect of Cinnamon
on Glucose and Lipid Levels in non-Insulin-Dependent Type 2 Diabetes DiabetesCare30(9):
2236-2237.
• C.I. Sajeeth, P.K. Manna, R. Manavalan, Der Pharmacia Sinica., 2011, 2, 220-226.
