4. History of yellow fever
Originated in CentralAfrica.
170,000 cases and up to 60,000 deaths.
Spread to east and west Africa, and toAmerica.
First outbreak in Yucatan peninsula, Mexico in 1648.
1975 suspected cases and 258 deaths in Angola in
2015.
5. There are two different transmission types
of yellow fever.
(1) Urban yellow fever
(2) Sylvatic or (Jungle) Yellowfever
6. Urban YellowFever:
Disease of humans.
Spread by mosquitos that have been affected by other people.
Causes of most yellow fever outbreaks and epidemics.
1. Yellow fever can spread by coughing, sneezing, breathing,
and handshaking.
2. Back then, people who died from yellow fever were thrown
out on the streets, this made the city even more contaminated
and more people were likely to get ill.
7. Sylvatic (or Jungle) YellowFever:
Disease ofmonkeys.
Starts when the mosquito bites a monkey and starts to
spread.
People get infected when they are in the middle of this
natural cycle and are bitten by mosquitos that have
been infected by monkeys.
It occurs in tropical Central and South America.
8. Symptoms of YellowFever
After a victim is struck with the fever, symptoms start
to show after three to six days. The time period of this
is called the incubation period. Mild Yellow Fever
symptoms include fever, headache, bloody nose,
nausea, and slow heartbeat. There are about three
stages to these symptoms. These symptoms are not
always a sign of yellow fever.
9. The First Stage of Symptoms:
High fever (104 degrees)
Headache.
Dizziness.
Seizures (especially in children)
Pain in neck, back, and legs..
Vomiting.
Yellow eyes.
Bloody nose and/or gums
10. The Second stage (Recoverypossible)
After three days the fever and symptoms may get better which
begins the second stage.
New symptoms:
Bleeding.
Confusion.
Anuria (complete stop in the production of urine)
11. TheThirdStage(Toxicperiod)
Fever returns.
Other symptoms:
Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes)
Continued nose bleeds.
Heart damage
Coma
Vomiting blood.
Problems in live, kidneys, lungs, or
other organs (possibly could lead to
kidney failure).
12. Used since the 1930.
Scientists at the Rockefeller Foundation in New York developed a
live vaccine (17D).
The 17D vaccine was first tested in 1936 in New York andin
1937 in Brazil.
13. Diagnosis
Blood tests (PCR) can sometimes detect the virus in
the early stages of the disease. In later stages of the
disease, testing to identify antibodies is needed
(ELISA).
14. Treatment
Patients should be hospitalized for supportive care and close
observation
Rest, fluids, and use of pain relievers and medication toreduce
fever may relieve symptoms of aching and fever.
Yellow fever patients should be protected from further mosquito
exposure for up to 5 days after the onset of fever.
