Yellow fever is an acute viral hemorrhagic disease transmitted by mosquitoes that causes symptoms ranging from fever and headache to jaundice, bleeding, and liver and kidney failure. It originated in Africa and was introduced to South America via the slave trade. While there is no antiviral treatment, supportive care and monitoring in a hospital may be necessary for severe cases. Prevention relies on controlling mosquito populations and vaccination in at-risk areas.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
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Similar to Deadliest Epidemics in History- integradora 9d.pptx
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Body fluids_tonicity_dehydration_hypovolemia_hypervolemia.pptx
Deadliest Epidemics in History- integradora 9d.pptx
1. DEADLIEST EPIDEMICS IN HISTORY
“YELLOW FEVER”
• Members: Javier Alvarez #3
Diego Castro #10
Gerardo Cerón #12
Danilo Montes #33
Julio Portillo #34
2. WHAT IS IT
• Yellow fever is an acute systemic illness - a hemorrhagic fever -
caused by the Flavivirus. Acute means it comes on (onset) rapidly,
while systemic means it affects the whole body. In severe cases
yellow fever causes a high fever, bleeding into the skin and the
death of cells in the liver and kidneys. Liver damage results in
severe jaundice - yellowing of the skin; hence the name "yellow
fever".
3. • Experts believe yellow fever originated in Africa and was introduced
to South America via the slave trade in the 16th century. Several
major yellow fever epidemics have taken place in Europe, the
Americas and Africa since the 17th century. It was deemed one of
the most dangerous infectious diseases in the 19th century.
• In Africa, a third infectious cycle known as "savannah cycle" or
intermediate cycle, occurs between the jungle and urban cycles.
Different mosquitoes of the genus Aedes are involved. In recent
years, this has been the most common form of transmission of
yellow fever in Africa.
Transmission
4. CAUSES OF THE YELLOW FEVER
• Yellow fever is caused by a virus that is spread by the “Aedes
Aegyptus” mosquito. These mosquitoes thrive in and near human
habitations where they breed in even the cleanest water. Most cases
of yellow fever occur in sub-Saharan Africa and tropical South
America.
• When a mosquito bites a human or a monkey infected with yellow
fever, the virus enters the mosquito's bloodstream and circulates
before settling in the salivary glands. When the infected mosquito
bites another monkey or human, the virus then enters the host's
bloodstream, where it may cause illness.
5. SYMPTOMS OF THE YELLOW
FEVER
ACUTE PHASE
• Fever
• Headache
• Muscle aches, particularly in
your back and knees
• Sensitivity to light
• Nausea, vomiting or both
• Loss of appetite
• Dizziness
• Red eyes, face or tongue
TOXIC PHASE
• Yellowing of your skin and the
whites of your eyes (jaundice)
• Abdominal pain and vomiting,
sometimes of blood
• Decreased urination
• Bleeding from your nose, mouth
and eyes
• Slow heart rate (bradycardia)
• Liver and kidney failure
• Brain dysfunction, including
delirium, seizures and coma
6.
7. TREATMENT
• There is no specific antiviral treatment for yellow fever. However,
the symptoms can be treated, if your yellow fever symptoms are
severe, you may be admitted to hospital so you can be monitored
and receive supportive nursing care. Additional treatment may be
necessary, including:
• a ventilator to help you breathe.
• a blood transfusion – of red blood cells to replace those lost through
bleeding.
• dialysis – where a machine is used to filter your blood if your kidneys
are no longer working.
• You should also drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.
