Liberalism And Conservatism And Liberalism

Liberalism And Conservatism And Liberalism
Conservatism and Liberalism have, over the last century, changed greatly in how they are
represented in people's actions, but have remained consistent in the core principles which underlie
their existence and political ideologies. While Conservatism and Liberalism may share a common
goal – as expressed by Robin L. West (1984–1985, p. 673), who wrote that both liberal and
conservative ideas share a "commitment to the creation of a state in which all members of the
community share in the good life" – It seems to me that this is where their ideological similarities
end, and that their ideological differences make them fundamentally incompatible as ideologies. To
discuss this conclusion, I will first outline the history and core principles of these two ideas, before
analyzing their compatibility.
Conservatism is generally considered to have been primarily developed in response to the socially
progressive enlightenment period or, more specifically, the downfall of the ancien regime in
revolutionary France. Heywood (2012) attributed this response largely to Edmund Burke, and his
letter in "Reflection on the Revolution in France", hailed as one of the most influential works in the
establishment of conservatism. Burke, described as one of the founders of the British Conservative
movement (Macat, 2015), launched a scathing critique on the revolution in this pamphlet, arguing
that the revolution was a dangerous and immoral experiment that was doomed to fail. Burke
believed that the
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Criticism And Classic Liberalism
Classic Liberalism
Liberalism has had many interpretations over the years, such as conservative liberalism, national
liberalism and neo–liberalism. While classical liberalism promotes ideas or individual freedom and
democratic responsibility and focuses on the human aspect of society, neo–liberalism is in sharp
contrast and focuses on the economic side of society. While classic liberalism supports
individualism it also promotes equality which causes liberalism to be an constant political process
where policy is ever–changing. Classical Liberalism is an philosophy and ideology that has policies
and central values which convey as equal opportunity and free–market society and it has a common
sense view toward where government is required and where individuals should have the freedom of
choice.
Classical liberalism is designed to provide individuals the freedom of material possession and
intellect, or freedom. (Maclean & Wood, 64). The ideas of every individual having the inherent right
to life, liberty and property is one that is necessary in society and it is what give the population the
ability to innovate and take risks as the freedom of property provides financial and other incentives
and "humans are seen to be by their nature economic and as having a natural tendency toward trade
and exchange" (Maclean & Wood, 67). These freedoms and natural tendency's coupled with the
freedom of opportunity provided in a classical Liberal society are the building blocks of an

Essay on Liberalism and Conservatism
Liberalism and Conservatism Liberalism and conservatism have been political ideas and thoughts
from the very birth of our democracy. Their views and points of the government's role in a
democratic society have changed over the years, but the basic ideas and principles have remained
the same. There are many different degrees of liberalism and conservatism as almost anyone can be
labeled. Some individuals are radical and extreme while others stand on more of a neutral territory,
but the debates between the understood ideas of each group have continued throughout the history
of the United States. We will take liberalism's Gary Doore and conservatism's Irving Kristol as
modern day examples and compare and contrast the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Overall, the common conservative consensus is that religious ideals should replace big business–
like government and the spending that comes with it. (20–21) Liberty, rights, justice and equality are
ideals liberalists such as Gary Doore view as the most important aspects in the democracy of
America (24). They also feel America has recently drawn away from these ideals and is therefore
not as democratic as it once was or can be in the future. Doore believes there is especially room for
democratization in the workplace (28). In fact, he points out that it is the lack of freedom of
expression and the restrictive environment of the workplace that has led to this situation. More ideas
and innovations would come from corporations if they would allow more freedom to its employees.
Not only would workers benefit, but the company they work for would also. (28) Another cause for
the break down of democracy in America stems from the administrations of Ronald Reagan and
George Bush (Doore 26). Because of the Cold War era and the insecurities it brought to the
American people, the administrations thought it was necessary to tighten down and take control. To
do this they called for more powers to the executive branch. As a result, Doore and other liberals
began to see more of an authoritarian government take shape, and the term "imperial presidency"
was created. The situations went as far as banning newspapers and magazines from

Liberalism Philosophy
Slide 1
– Ideology founded on the natural goodness of humans and the autonomy of the individual and
favoring civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of the governed, and
protection from arbitrary authority.
– advocates limited government, constitutionalism, rule of law, due process, individual liberties
including freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and free markets Slide 2
Liberalism started as a major doctrine and intellectual endeavour in response to the religious wars
gripping Europe during the 16th and 17th centuries, up until the cold war
Liberalism as a specifically named ideology begins in the late 18th century as a movement towards
self–government and away from aristocracy. It ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Today, classical liberals tend to see government power as the enemy of liberty, while modern
liberals fear the concentration of wealth and the expansion of corporate power.
And like in any adoption to the times, the concept of classical liberalism as such can no longer exist
in a modern day context as its principles were only relevant at the time its founding thinkers
conceptualised them. Nevertheless, classical liberalism has once again enjoy a resurgence in today's
political and constitutional framework. Legal luminaries like Justice Clarence Thomas of the United
States uses language in his SC decisions that articulates political and constitutional theories with
roots in the ideals classical liberalism like limited government, the rule of law, personal
responsibility and freedom from restraint.
Further, our basic fundamental rights to life, liberty and property take root from the Classical
Liberalism Theory.
SLIDE 5
Thomas Hobbes – born on Good Friday, April 5, 1588, was an English philosopher, best known
today for his work on political philosophy. His 1651 book Leviathan established the foundation for
most of Western political philosophy from the perspective of social contract theory
SLIDE 6
The social contract or political contract is an intellectual construct that typically addresses two
questions, first, that of the origin of society, and second, the question of the legitimacy of the
authority

Neo-Liberalism versus Classic Liberalism Essay
Neo–Liberalism verse Classic Liberalism Neo–liberalism is associated with economic liberalism
whose campaign support provides economic liberations, free trade and open markets, privatization,
deregulation and promoting the role of private institutions present in new society. Classic liberalism
criticizes the neo–liberalism objective of introducing liberalization to bring about gradual increase
of wealth and freedom among nations, however, classic liberalism explains that instead of
realization of wealth and freedom, liberalization resulted to constant fight proposals that threatened
the progress of achieving wealth and freedom among nations. Neo–liberalism aimed to prevent and
control monopoly situations such that if there are no bodies ... Show more content on
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One has to try as much as possible to try to preserve the rest of humankind from any evil that can
happen to the other people. Neo–liberalism emphasizes that all being are equal and independent and
no man is supposed to harm each other's innocent life, health or possession as it recognizes all being
as workmanship of on omnipotent (God). Moreover, no man that has the liberty to destroy himself
and man should not have more than other hence encourage sharing such thing as power. For
example, although people punish each other for transgressions, the offender has the right to seek
forgiveness from the offended and can assist the offended to recover from the offended to make
satisfaction for the harm he or she suffered. On the other hand, classic liberalism encourages the
practice of individualism. For example, the essential feature of individualism from the elements
provided by Christianity and the philosophy of classical antiquity was first completely developed
during the Renaissance and from that time, it has grown and spread into what is today recognized as
Western European civilization. Classic liberalism emphasizes on freedom and liberty hence
encouraging men to develop their own individual gifts and bents. Whenever, small one man's sphere
is, he is encouraged to view and observe himself as supreme (Friedrich 7–14).
Concept of Liberty Neo–liberalism state of nature emphasizes that every man has executive power
of law of nature to be the

Liberalism And Economic Liberalism
The question of inequality and redistribution is central to political conflict. Caricaturing only
slightly, two positions have traditionally been opposed. The right–wing free market position is that,
in the long run, market forces, individual initiative, and productive growth are the sole determinants
of the distribution of income and standard of living, in particular of the least well–off members of
society; hence government effort to redistribute wealth should be limited and should rely on
instruments that interfere as little as possible with the virtuous mechanisms of the market. The
traditional left–wing position, passed down from nineteenth century socialist theory and trade union
practice, holds that the only way to alleviate the misery of the poorest members of capitalist society
is through social and political struggle, and that the redistribution efforts of government must
penetrate to the very heart of the productive process .
In order to ascertain the tensions between social liberalism and economic liberalism, it is important
to understand the meaning of liberalism, and how social and economic liberalism have evolved from
it. There is difficulty in ascribing a specific definition to liberalism because its meaning changes
with the context within which it is used. For example, an economic liberal who sees the welfare
state as a usurpation of individual rights may be quite receptive to the use of capital punishment by
the state. Thereby accepting the use of state

Barbarism Vs Liberalism
1. One of the major political challenges for the Liberal party was the Catholic Church. Félicité de
Lamennais citizens the political power of the Church saying it was "a political establishment
concerned with money, power, and dignities" (Safford 69). To contend with this the Liberals wanted
to take power form the Church so that they would no longer be the central political force. Liberals,
fearing this power, would strive to separate the people from the hold of the Church. The Liberals
would claim that the Church wanted to keep the natives in an uneducated state so the Church could
continue to exploit their labor. The Liberals also faced the powers of the pre–existing caudillos. The
caudillos opposed Liberal ideas and in turn the Liberals ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Liberal Latin Americans wanted a social doctrine based on scientific progress and balance with
religion. The newly formed Liberal party would have to contend with the Catholic Church. Liberals
felt that the Church was responsible for keeping the lower classes uneducated. Education was an
important component of Liberal policy, they felt for there to be social equality everybody must be
educated. In fact, an editorial written in 1866, "stressed the importance of improving primary
education and hoped that at least two schools could be established in each district" (Delper 71).
Another social aspect of Liberal politics was legal equality meaning "the elimination of the juridical
privileges of the Church and the military" (Safford 70). This called for a Liberal government to have
a separation of State and Church. They sought legal equality by "abolition of slavery and the
incorporation of Indian communities into...European society" (Safford

Liberalism Vs. Liberalism.
Conservatism vs. liberalism Contents I. Opening Conservative VS liberal II. Abortion III. Gun
control IV. War on terror V. Immigration VI. Embryonic stem cell research I. Conservative VS
liberal In the United States there are two separate and very different parties that believe how the
government should be ran. The conservatives and the liberals. The conservatives believe in a limited
government with a sense of personal responsibility. They want a government with free markets and
a strong national defense. Typically conservatives have strong traditional American values and
believe in individual liberty. Liberals on the other hand believe that the government should
intervene and try to achieve equal opportunity and equality for the citizens. Liberals also think that
it's the duty of the government to give out and to protect civil liberties and the individual rights of its
people. The liberals also think that the role of the government should always to make sure that no
one is in need and is safe. The liberal policies generally enforce the government to solve the
problems and needs of the nation and its people. As one can tell the conservatives and liberals are
very different. In America there are many issues that need to be addressed, both parties believe that
there way is the right way. Typically the party's ideas and solutions are the exact opposite from each
other. For an example conservative's believe competition is good while liberals believe

Classical Liberalism And The Enlightenment
Paper #1: Classical Liberalism
Classical liberalism is the transition from focusing on government to focusing on the rights of
individuals. This transition came about during the time of the Enlightenment in the eighteenth
century. The Enlightenment period was when man started to have more faith in his own reasoning.
People began to look for evidence on their beliefs themselves and to find proof on these beliefs, so
that they could come up with their own opinions on things. One way that they did this was by going
back and rereading Roman and Greek texts and retranslating these texts. This new way of thinking
also caused the Protestant Reformation to occur. Some of the most influential Enlightenment writers
were John Locke, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson, and the people of France's National Constituent
Assembly. John Locke was one of the most influential writers during the Enlightenment period, and
was the first "Enlightenment Thinker". Locke is the author of the "Two Treatises" and believed that
every person was born with "natural rights" such as: life, liberty, and property (Locke). These rights
were meant for everyone, and not just the nobility or wealthy. Locke uses references from the Bible
throughout the "Two Treatises" stating that "God created man without any state of inferiority"
(Locke). This disproves the idea of "Divine Right" given from God that many countries in Europe
had been participating in. John Locke also discussed the importance of "The Beginning of

Political and Economic Liberalism
Political liberalism emphasizes the social contract, in which citizens make the laws and they all
agree to abide by those laws. It is supported on the belief that individuals know what is best for
them. Political liberalism grants political representation to all adult citizens regardless of sex, race,
or financial status. It highlights the "rule of law" and favors liberal democracy. It works on the
principle that individuals are the foundation of rules and civilization. Furthermore, society and its
organizations are created and subsist to advance the goals and achievements of individuals, devoid
of additional support to elite members of society. Economic liberalism supports the individual rights
of personal property and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We cannot survive without a social contract. There would be constant war because of the
development of men's acquirement of property. Rousseau summarizes this in his Discourse on
Political Economy. "You need me, for I am rich and you are poor. Let us come to an agreement
between ourselves. I will permit you to have the honor of serving me, provided you give me what
little you have for the trouble I will be taking to command you." (p. 134) He explains the negative
aspects of personal tax and why political and economic liberalism benefits society. When people
feel they are treated well by their governments, they are more likely to be civil to each other which
is why it is necessary for governments to make sure they maintain individual liberty, peace, security,
and property rights, and their interferences are kept to a bare minimum. John Locke believes there is
a natural law, a moral standard that is intrinsic in the origin of human nature. Humans, being
basically good by nature, are born equal and free, with out the ties of government. Because humans
were in essence good, there was no need of a government. However, as time passed, the need for the
benefits of civility became necessary. It is at this point that people agree to leave the state of nature,
and thereby give up their absolute freedom. Locke focuses mainly on the lack of any natural moral
authority of one person over another. No one is born master, or captain, or chief, of any other

Liberalism In The Movie Pleasantville
This movie is about David and Jennifer, who live in Southern America in the '90s which was said to
be a liberal state, are sent from reality to a TV show 'Pleasantville' in 1950s. From reality looking
through this TV show, Pleasantville looks like an ideal place for people to live in, but getting a
closer look and being part of this world you actually realize that it is very different from what is
shown on TV. After David and Jennifer arriving to Pleasantville, they become colorless, everything
there is either black, white or gray. People then expose their conservative lifestyles with suppression
of sexuality, discrimination and restrictive of personal liberty and imagination. In Pleasantville,
people assume that there is no outside world other ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Liberalism means to grow, change and improve. during the movie, we can see that women and men
have different rights, men spend their time outside with their friends while women are just meant to
be at home doing housework; Also, men are aware that females are fighting for more freedom which
they think it isn't what women should do. In this movie, citizens in Pleasantville are conservatives,
they promote the traditional way of lifestyles, believing that everything should remain the same, and
following the policies which have been done before. They find comfort in tradition, especially when
they thought they had everything they could ever ask for with no doubt; enjoyed lives as it was and
not seeking out unnecessary challenges. For my own opinion, I suggest that this set of mind should
be renewed – we live in an ever–changing society and conservatives should accept the fact that
things are never going to stay the same. Individual equality, human rights and fairness are what we
are fighting for nowadays. Liberalism expects citizens to be attached to equality, to be tolerant of
their own beliefs, to have a long–lasting pursuit of justice, to have a genuine care for the weak, and
to live an independent and individualized life. In everyday life, being liberals is never easier than
conservatives or radicals. Liberalism is inclusive, and at the bottom of diversity, it is respect for the
individual and the persistence of freedom and equality. These insist constitute the common beliefs of
citizens and become the solid foundation of harmonious

Liberalism And Conservatism And Liberalism
Both modern conservatism and liberalism are exceptionally reasonable ideologies. The classic
liberalism of Adam Smith and classic conservatism of Edmund Burke and the modern versions of
the same are still with us" (Roskin 19). This means modern conservatism originated from classical
liberalism. The root of this goes back to the 17th century until to the early 20th century. One must
understand the classical liberalism in order to get a grasp on modern liberalism and conservatism.
Classical Liberalism began to grow because of the opposition to divine rights that the Kings had.
One of the main beliefs is that laws were supposed to be reasonable and that freedom is a basic
right. Government was to step in to guarantee the freedom to live at an adequate level (Roskin 44).
Similarly in todays' age when an article in 2008 by an intoxicated man who posted racist content
about the Presidential Candidate online caused violence. The man was originally found guilty but
his conviction was later overturned. His blog was later seen as his individual right to free speech,
and wasn't a threat to the President. This shows how laws protect an individual's rights as opposed
to the basic liberals didn't like the idea of liberty in terms of the government's role. Modern
Liberalism developed during the early 20th century. The thought of social justice was stemmed from
economic recessions created by World War II and the Great depression. This led to the government
wanting to take

The Pros And Cons Of Liberalism
Liberalism was the first political ideology that addresses the series shift and how human capabilities
are thought of. This is a result of freedom of thought, political participation and quest for individual
autonomy. Liberalism is defined by many commitments such as private property, liberty, limited
government, rights and equality to name a few. Of these fastly shared commitments private property,
and liberty are the most substantial due to the way they had shaped political thinking and institutions
of modern democracy. Without these values the institutions of modern democracy and our idea of
liberty may not be as we know it today. While liberalism is a well embellished ideology it contains
conflicts from its numerous advocates. One of liberalism's serious internal conflicts is the the
disagreement of how to pursue liberty that resulted from opposing viewpoints. Egalitarian
Liberalism is the most compelling version of liberalism because rather than leaving individuals to
their own devices, they are given some guidance to try to reach individual autonomy.
Philosophers over the centuries have developed their own definitions of the key concepts to
correspond with the situation and time period they had lived in. John Locke is considered by many
philosophers as the father of classical liberalism, and his theories that later became the foundation.
One of Locke's most important theories was private property. He believed that securing private
property was the reason why men

Liberalism and Mercantilism
Liberalism and Mercantilism
International political economy is an important subdiscipline of international relation. It has three
main ideologies, Liberalism, Mercantilism and Marxism. In this essay there will be three parts, first
part is to demonstrate what the Liberalism and Mercantilism are on the perspective of international
political economy and then the second part is to compare and contrast these two ideologies of
political economy. At last, give a conclusion to the Liberalism and Mercantilism.
Liberalism
The liberal perspective on political economy is embodied in the discipline of the Western economics
(Gilpin, 1987). It emphasizes the individual interests, the freedom and the maximization of
economic benefit. Economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Liberalism thinks accumulation of military power and other powers reduces the economic
efficiency. Peace is more effective than war. The following table coming from Frederic shows the
specific difference between Liberalism and Mercantilism (1999).
| Mercantilism | Liberalism | The essence of relation between economy and politics | Politics decides
economic policy | Complete separation | The essence of international political economy | Struggle
for power | Cooperation | The role of the international system | Small to not exist | Promote
Cooperation | The conflict level in international political economy | High | Low to not exist | The
essence of market | Incomplete | Complete | Resource allocation | Less to not exist | Less to not exist
| The role of the state | Maximize | Minimize to not exist | Ownership | National or state control |
Individual | Economic behavior motivation | National expansion | Personal profit | Economic power |
Nation | Individual |
Conclusion
Even through the most of viewpoints of Liberalism and Mercantilism are different, these two
ideologies of political economy have the value of existence respectively and are worth to research.
In addition, Liberalism and Mercantilism have their own advantage and disadvantage. When begin
to research them, people should have a critique view to accept their viewpoints. In summary,
Liberalism and

Liberalism Vs Conservatism
Table of Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. The difference between Liberalism as an ideology and Liberalism as a theory of International
Relations. 1
3. A contemporary development in IR that links up with Liberalism 2
4. Conclusion 2
5. Reference List 3
1. Introduction
Liberalism as a political concept is defined as a doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the
freedom of the individual to be the principal issue of politics, liberals have faith that government is
compulsory to protect individuals from being harmed by others but they also recognize that
government itself can pose a threat to liberty (Ball, s.a). In other words, the liberals believe that
there should be government if the citizens of the particular liberal country are to feel safe and
protected. They think that it is the duty of the government to ensure that the citizens of its country
are far from threat and harm, thus ensuring maximum security and protection for them. However,
the government in its whole can also be viewed as bad. The liberals believe that the government is a
threat to the freedom of individuals– the existence of the government restricts the individual from
being free to do what they desire (liberals believe that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The trademark of liberalism is concerned with the limits of authority and the opposition to state
interference (Goodwin, 2007:36). The liberalists believe that the government should be given
minimum opportunity, roles and duties in the activities of the whole country. The government
should not have a say in what must happen with the individual and their individual affairs. Thus
human rights and liberty should always be uplifted and promoted by the government. Liberals value
the individual over the collective. The role of government should thus be limited and it should not
be allowed to act independently. As long as the individuals do not infringe upon each other's rights,
then they are free to act how they wish

Realism, Liberalism, And Marxism
Realism, liberalism, and Marxism are all different perspectives that can be used to analyze situations
and aid government officials to understandings and agreements in relation to trade. Lawrence
Herman 's article focusses on the potential destruction of the North American Free Trade Agreement
(NAFTA) caused by the disturbing and unacceptable proposals by the United States president,
Donald Trump. There are many different views on Free trade but three main perspectives are the
realist views, which claim that all nation–states have to rely upon their own resources and security
and act in pursuit of their struggle for power and self–interest, liberal views, which approve of free
trade, and lastly, through Karl Marx's theory of Marxism. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Tariffs overall are pro–producer and anti–consumer which is why the United States are making
these destructive proposals, they are all to provide security and self–help. Consequently, through
realism the zero–sum game would likely aid the United States and the United states only with their
economic gains.
Liberalism is another concept that has significant arguments regarding international relations.
Liberal economics have determined the shape of the monetary system and support the concept of
open markets, where individuals have the freedom to engage in commerce. Unlike realists, liberals
oppose mercantilism and the zero–sum game much like the countries in NAFTA. This disagreement
is the cause of many disagreements during the NAFTA negotiations. If countries are able to work
together and trust one another to attain power, conflict is less likely to occur and overall economic
wealth for countries can be gained. Through free trade, the goal is to have a decreased amount of
wasted resources on inefficient production because the more individuals that engage in this
collective use of resources the more likely the system would become efficient and acquire
heightened economic gains such as wealth. ) Finally, there is the liberal institutionalism perspective
which approves of regimes and international organizations. Utilizing these rules through rapid
growth of regimes, regulate economic affairs, determine which activities are allowed and
disallowed, and assure that

The Sides Of Liberalism And Conservatism
There has been a debate over the past century between economists as to what economic policies are
able to develop the most prosperity for developing countries. Some economists believe that larger
state influence and oversight over the economy are able to yield better results, while other
economists contend that free market economies with little government are able to generate results.
In the piece, Commanding Heights, Yergin and Stanislaw state that the two sides to the "Battle of
Ideas" are the sides of liberalism and conservatism. However, according to Goldstein and
Pevehouse, developing countries have in fact employed a myriad of different economic policies to
help spur growth such as import substitution, export led growth and foreign investment. Over the
stretch of the twentieth century, there were a multitude of debates between scholars, academics and
countries as to what type of economic would generate the most efficient and productive economies.
The two sides to this "battle of ideas" as to what system would be able to give developing countries
the greatest prosperity were the sides of liberalism and conservatism. In general, liberalism contends
that the government should have an active and interventionist policy towards the economy,
accompanied with state involvement and responsibility in the economy. The other side to this great
debate is known as "conservatism," especially in the United States. Conservative economic policy
argues for the state to have a smaller

Classical Liberalism Vs. Modern Liberalism Essay
As Thomas Paine once said "I believe in the equality of man", equality is a progressive ideology
that humanity has struggled long and arduously to fully achieve. (PP classical liberalism) According
to the Bond textbook, "Ideology is a consistent set of values, attitudes, and beliefs about the
appropriate role of government in society." (Textbook, page 22) The movement that spanned during
the creation of the United States was called classical liberalism. What is liberalism? Classical
Liberalism could be defined as a movement during the eighteenth maybe nineteenth century that
was focused on the unalienable rights of people such as freedoms that are written in the United
States Constitution. Conservatism is also an ideal in which everything such as laws, freedoms, and
government must remain rooted in traditional values and morals. These major ideals influence the
nation deeply because both political parties back one of these ideals. The major differences between
modern conservatism and modern liberalism are capitalism versus government regulation,
individual liberties versus traditional values, and morals.
Classical liberalism during that time only primarily focused on the rights of the individual such as
freedom of speech, press, assembly, and voting. Most of the sovereign nations at that time had little
or minimal rights for the common people of the state. The people who were part of the ruling class
or bloodline believed that they had the "divine right" to rule. (PP

Liberalism and Its Key Values
In the study of Liberalism and its key values, those of Democracy and Social Justice have often
been posited as providing the world with an ideology and political philosophy which can guarantee
peace between its adherents. The 'Democratic Peace' has been formulated in order to illustrate a
world in which democratic states do not engage in war between each oth–er as fellow democrats
live with a stable and historically unique form of government. This essay shall explore whether it is
acceptable that one can portray 'liberal democracy' in par–ticular as universally applicable in a
standard form. This is a central tenet of the democratic peace theory and as such requires
questioning to determine whether or not liberalism is indeed a force peace in world politics.
Furthermore, it shall look at many pieces of postcolonial International Relations (IR) theory, engage
with democratic peace theory directly, as well as some contemporary examples of liberal actions in
order to assess the peaceful state, thus far, of liberalism. It is my argument that although the
democratic peace theory does portray the best intentions of those Liberal States who actively engage
in world politics, it is not, howev–er, accurate in portraying liberalism as a whole as peaceful.
Instead by accepting and discuss–ing the peace between liberal nations, it fails to highlight and in
fact sometimes seeks to hide the more aggressive and warring actions of liberals against those from
outside of the para–digm.
In

Conservatism And Modern Liberalism
Modern Liberal
The number one political question that the average American has been asked at least once in their
lifetime, isn't what is the role of the government or how is power equally distributed between the
three branches of government? The number one questions that politically involved Americans will
ask their fellow Americans is simply; are you a conservative or liberal? And the sad reality is that
most Americans don't know what conservative or liberal even means or that they are political
ideologies. According to Roskin, author of Political Science: an introduction "An ideology begins
with the belief that things can be better; it is a plan to improve society" (2017, p. 29). So political
ideologies are simply just "commitments to change political systems" (2017, p.29). Ideologies are
not new, they have been around since the seventeenth century, and the most talked about ideologies
are conservative and liberal. According to Roskin, conservatism is an "ideology of keeping systems
largely unchanged" (2017, p. 33). While modern liberalism is an "ideology favoring government
intervention to correct economic and social ills" (2017, p.33). I personally consider myself to be a
modern liberal, because I believe that the government should intervene into the economy to correct
problems within economic markets and to promote fair outcomes such as higher minimum wages
and higher taxes on the wealthy. As Roskin states "Modern liberals championed wage and hours
laws, the right to

Liberty and Political Liberalism
William D. Towah
The Relationship between the Concepts of Liberty and Political Liberalism
In his publication: "The Equality Trust", Goddard, J. (2013) discussed that liberty as defined by
many to mean the ability of an individual to carry out his/her will without any active obstruction or
impediment from any persons is narrowed and, therefore, flawed. He proposed that liberty should
rather be viewed as the "absence of relationship domination and dependence between persons –
regardless of whether any actual interference takes place" (para. 1). According to him once this
broader view is keenly considered, the comparability between liberty and equality becomes ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Negative liberty is a freedom from restrictions that would not permit an individual from making
desired choices. The action of the individual is control externally to the extent that it conflicts with
is internal desires. For example, a professional footballer who still has 4years left on his contract
with his club may harbor the desire to join other clubs. He is said to have his liberty to make
decisions but parent club could restrict his desires so he could complete his term of contract; this
can be best termed as negative liberty (Liberalism: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
The Debate around Political Liberalism
Political liberalism which is seen by many theorists as a doctrinal exercise of the natural rights and
freedom of the individual has created the platform where government's total control of citizens'
behavior and will is minimized. It is now argued that, state interference in the life of the governed
be limited to enable the individual exercises his rational intellect to his liberty and to acquire
property and all others that may allow him to enjoy his freedom without any violation. As many
countries have adopted liberalism, democratic governance with the adherence to the rule of law has
taken preeminence over the conservative regimes. The liberal social order has now brought the
debate as the conservatives continue to argue that, Political Liberalism has given birth to Liberal
Feminism which aimed at gender equality. This fight for feminism has

Liberalism And Ligalitarianism
Politics is often discussed on the basis or right and wrong, left and right, and is riddled with false
dichotomies, when it really is a much more vivid and complex spectrum than that. There are many
different systems of governments and competing ideologies, that are further then divided in their
leanings and priorities. Of the first ideologies, Liberalism, is also subcategorized into different
interpretations based on how much of liberty is attainable and a governmental presence there should
be. It is divided into Classical Liberalism, Social Darwinism, Egalitarian Liberalism, Libertarianism,
and Libertarian Anarchism. The reason there is much contention within Liberalism as an ideology
on its own, is because all of these factions idealize ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
On the one hand, with the emergence of the nation–state and theories of sovereignty in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries, ideas of a distinctly public realm began to crystallize. On the other hand,
in reaction to the claims of monarchs and, later, parliaments to the unrestrained power to make law,
there developed a countervailing effort to stake out distinctively private spheres free from the
encroaching power of the state. Natural rights theories were elaborated in the seventeenth century
for the purpose of setting limits on state power, both over property and religious conscience(3).
Many philosophers such as Locke, Miller, and Paine, and Kant argue for these rights due to the fact
that there was a great social awakening and a growing urge to question the legitimacy of leadership.
On these basis stood the foundation of classical liberalism.
Classical Liberalism prioritizes above all things complete and total individual liberty. Believers in
Classical Liberalism assert that it must be served in completeness because any lack of it creates
citizens that are willingly dependent on the government. It is imperative to understand that Classical
Liberalism does not call for complete anarchy or even no government at all like Libertarian
Anarchists do, but rather a small government. Thomas Paine describes this idea as "Society in every
state is a blessing, but government even in its best state is but a necessary evil; in its worst

Modern Liberalism And Modern Liberalism : The Pursuit Of...
The debate as to whether Modern Liberalism or Classical Liberalism should be implemented into
the economy is still ongoing. The controversy as to whether government intervention is beneficial to
the economy has lead to the creation of many forms of the economy today. Due to this, individuals
oftentimes have to decide as to what extent they want to benefit individually versus how they want
to benefit collectively. The sources described all examine the standpoints from different authors as
to where they, or what they're trying to display, stand on a political scale ranging from Leftists to
Rightists.
In source I, the author communicates how people are constantly tethered to the fear of becoming
financially unstable due to their "race, creed, or colour". In order to prevent this, they suggest the
expansion of a welfare state so that citizens will have the opportunity to focus on their "pursuit of
happiness", ultimately advancing in their prosperity collectively. This concept aligns with the values
seen in a Modern Liberal economy that has adopted the attitude of John Maynard Keynes seeing
that he also promoted government intervention and higher tax rates. The text creator uses terms such
as "pursuit of happiness" to appeal to American readers as it is in their constitution that individuals
have the right to the 'pursuit of happiness' thus meeting the needs of citzens. They also uses worst–
case–scenarios such as "homelessness", "fear", "insecurity", and "hunger" to

Liberalism Vs Conservatism
4. Conservatism is a political reasoning that focuses on traditional beliefs when faced with external
change. These beliefs may concern religious, cultural or national customs. Conservatives disapprove
of radical social change, wishing to keep customs and the way of life the way it is, or make changes
slowly. Conservatism involves right–wing politics, which seeks to protect one's wealth and property,
stressing the importance of self–reliance. Conservatives believe there is a need for improvement
within healthcare. They believe the system is capable of being fixed with reform measures, such as
encouraging competition among the health insurance companies. Conservatives believe in limited
government, free markets, and a strong national defense. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Rather, social practices should be altered for the benefit of society, which greatly differs from
conservatism. Liberalism focuses on a market economy where the government regulates it, whereas
conservatism is centralized around competitive capitalism and free markets. Liberal policies focus
on the necessity of the government to solve problems. Libertarianism, similar to liberalism, involves
a variety of political views. However, it desires very little government involvement that also ensures
the most personal freedom within society. Libertarians stand for many of the rights represented
within the first amendment, such as freedom of speech, religion and press. This philosophy
encourages responsibility among one another and private charity. They perceive life, liberty, and
property to be the one's ultimate rights. If one of them is compromised, the others are in danger of
being compromised as well. Libertarianism believes in separating medicine from the state
government, disapproving of governments limitations or funding of scientific research. This greatly
contrasts with the policies of conservatism and

John Stuart Mill on Classical Liberalism and Modern...
John Stuart Mill was a classical liberal thinker and believed, through the influence of his father, that
man deserved to live a life that promoted the greatest amount of happiness with limited government
intervention. Mill grew up with the belief that there was no God and therefore believed that man is
born inherently good; government should be limited to allow individuals to make their own
decisions from their inherently good instincts; economic freedom provided individuals with the
protection of rights and promoted the ideology that Mill stood for most, Utilitarianism which highly
influenced classical liberalism.
The philosophy of John Stuart Mill has influenced mankind and classical liberalism throughout
history. John Stuart Mill, a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He presumed that people had enough knowledge and discernment to make moral choices that they
could live with. The individual and their personal reflection of right or wrong decided their moral
standards. Mill also noted that people had a desire to be accepted by society and they have a fear of
being disapproved. Mill believed government should intervene only when one individual may hurt
another. People have the freedom to hold and express their own opinions, which would deny the
government the ability to choose a majority over a minority. In this government their authority
would be limited in its ability to intervene unless an individual was harming another.
To think that because those who wield power in society wield in the end that of government,
therefore it is of no use to attempt to influence the constitution of the government by acting on
opinion, is to forget that opinion is itself one of the greatest active social forces. One person with a
belief is a social power equal to ninety–nine who have only interests.
Mill's belief promotes that each individual's opinion is important and therefore should be listened to
by the government. The government would not be able to turn a blind eye to a minority; this is one
of many influences on classical liberalism. In classical liberalism the government has limited say in
the economy and ensures that everyone has the right to his or her freedom of opinion. An

Liberalism and The Industrial Revolution
During the Industrial revolution many people started to believe in the idea of Liberalism. At times it
was difficult. People were imprisoned or persecuted because of their ideas. Riots even occurred
because the government and some of the upper class would not stand for the Liberalists' new ways
to improve society. Aristocrats refused to change their ways. But through it all, liberalists persevered
and brought about one of the largest changes in society that we are still experiencing even today.
Liberalism started with the ideas of the Enlightenment. Two of these ideas were freedom of speech
and freedom of the individual, and kept growing from there. Liberalism is the belief in a small
central government and no monarchy. The liberalists defended the ideas of the definitive rights of an
individual's liberty, equality and property. The liberalists wanted their government to be established
on written laws and a constitution based on equality.
Throughout the whole Liberalism movement, there were many men who stepped forward to debate
the idea of a free society. The aristocrats fought back saying that the lower class could not handle
taking care of them selves and were not intelligent enough to make important decisions involving
government. Others claimed that all men were created equal and should have the same rights and be
free to express their ideas. There were pamphlets written and circulated which spread these ideas to
people who were eager to hear them. This made the

American Liberalism Essay
The idea of Liberalism, especially in the United States, is centered about the unalienable rights of an
individual such as the freedoms found in the United States Bill of Rights. In the book, The Strange
Death of American Liberalism by H.W. Brands, Brands says that liberalism in the United States
could only survive during times of war. The United States retreats into liberalism when there is a
war going on and they need the federal government's assistance. On the other hand, the book,
Liberalism: The Genius of American Ideals by Marcus G. Raskin, argued that there was no escaping
from liberalism. According to Raskin, liberalism has not faded into history like many people think.
Liberalism is important in the United States because it drives ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To help recover the nation, the New Deal was designed to bring the economy back to its pre–
depression levels. It achieved that by deficit spending, dropping the gold standard, and increasing
foreign trade. To reform the nation, the New Deal made it possible for the economy to be stabilized.
The reform measures that President Roosevelt proposed included the NIRA or the National
Industrial Recovery Act, the regulation of Wall Street by the SEA or Security Exchange Act, the
AAA or Agricultural Adjustment Act that was intended for farm programs, the FDIC or the Federal
Deposit Insurance Corporation that dealt with insurance for bank deposits, as well as the Wagner
Act, which dealt with labor–management relations.
Then liberalism in the United States was also expanded through President Lyndon B. Johnson
during the 1960s with his Great Society. Liberalism under President Johnson became a form of
social liberalism, which meant that President Johnson thought that liberalism should include social
justice. So he expanded liberalism through the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Community
Reinvestment Act, as well as the Voting Rights Act of 1965. He transferred liberalism into
neoliberalism, meaning that it became more focused on the business aspect of the nation that would
help determine the political and economic priorities

Liberalism And Freedom Essay
Liberalism and Freedom
Liberalism is a force that has produced change from the birth of this nation to the politics of today.
Liberal tenets have been a basis of thought and action in American politics since well before the
signing of the
Constitution. Certainly, liberalism has had to transform in order to remain a legitimate force
throughout the years. When considering this transformation, one may ask whether or not the ideas
and goals of classical liberalism have been lost in the conversion into modern liberalism. In order to
answer this, the areas of freedom, the role of government, human nature, and the function of law
should be addressed. While this may not be a complete register of change in liberalism, research
into these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Declaration of
Independence embodied these thoughts precisely and clearly. When Thomas
Jefferson wrote about the "inalienable rights... life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness"
he was speaking of the inherent rights of man and went further to declare that any government that
chooses to dispel these rights is subject to overthrow by the governed. In short Jefferson was saying
that the right of the government to rule is derived from the people's ability to utilize and approve of
their level of independence.
Modern America embraces and reveres the ideals above. This leaves modern liberalism with the
chore of expanding these rights. The focus has now shifted from the attainment of these rights to the
perfection of them. In the above statement I mean to show that liberal ideas of freedom and liberty
have changed considerably. This can be clarified by the following quote:
"A man who was poor, uneducated, ill–housed, and subject to the fluctuations economic cycle
could not be considered free though he lived in a nation whose government abided by the tenets of
laissez–faire. True liberty, liberals began to contend, required the ability of man to use his talents
and energies in a constructive fashion–it meant the positive freedom to achieve and
accomplish." (Volkomer, 4)
This quotation suggests that modern liberals

Similarities Between Liberalism And Liberalism
The two most influential and polarizing ideologies that emerged in the beginning of the nineteenth
century were liberalism and socialism.
Liberalism
This was a product of some kind of enlightenment by human thinking. It held that the progress of
human beings was inevitable. This is the reason it believed that all human beings should be viewed
to be equal before the law and no one was above the law. Moreover, it believed that every person
was born free and is good in some aspect let alone owning the chance to improve in skills and
general thinking. Liberalization therefore expected that all governments were representative of its
citizens and not part of the citizens. According to Hansen, Curt & Curtis (2008) this could only be
achieved through the freedoms of speech, press, assembly and protection from arbitrary arrest.
The nineteenth century liberalism which is also referred to as classical liberalism was against the
involvement of the government in the economic and social affairs of the nation. This is therefore
very different from what we currently know liberalism to stand for where active government
intervention is highly supported and represented through democratic parties. Classical liberalism
was first developed by Adam Smith as expressed in his book "Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of
Wealth of Nations." (Hansen, Curtis & Curtis, 2008). He proposed the fact that there was a need for
a free enterprise where prices would be regulated by market forces. This he

Liberalist Views On Liberalism And Liberalism
Conservatives are very supportive for individuals that are in the higher class, while liberals support
the lower class individuals in society. Conservatives and Liberals have completely different views
from one another. I personally favor liberalist views due to the fact they favor equality within our
society. While conservatives feel as though within a society everyone should be responsible for
themselves they don't believe in aid to mankind. In our society we can achieve and do so much more
if everyone as a whole worked together and cared about the individual next to them. The world that
we live in today would but much stronger, there would be less poverty and more equality in the
working class. Due to the different views between the conservatives and the liberalist, a world of
equality will never exist. I will distinctly go over the different beliefs between the conservatives and
the liberalist of which I agree with all of the liberalist beliefs. Liberalist feels as though the
government should do more to give everyone more equal opportunity. They believe it is the duty of
the government to protect our civil liberties, and our human and civil rights. To sum it all up, the
government is to make sure that no one is suffering and if there is, then it is the government's job to
solve the issues within the society. Conservatives on the other hand believes in free market, personal
responsibility and that it's the government's job to ensure our freedom to chase our own goals.

Essay on Nationalism and Liberalism
Often called "the People's Spring", the Revolutions of 1848 marked a time of political and social
turmoil widespread across the European continent. It is during this time we see monarchies
overthrown, the formation of new countries, and "radical ideologies" such as Nationalism, and
Liberalism become the beliefs of the middle–class. The populations of European countries were
growing at a rate never seen before. The masses started becoming agitated with the current
monarchial system of government ruling across Europe in the nineteenth–century, and wanted
change that would bring about individual freedom and equality. It is well known that the
Revolutions of 1848 were multi–casual, and that there was not just one factor that can be ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
During the Congress of Vienna the combined powers redrew the map of Europe, undoing many of
the changes caused by the Napoleonic wars, and reinstated old rulers to their thrones. Prussia was to
receive territories on the left bank on the Rhine River as a way to discourage any future French
rebellion or aggression. Austria was given Lombardy and Venetia, as well as other small
nationalities, in an attempt to keep the states within Italy from starting a rebellion. The kingdom of
Poland was created, but was essentially made part of the Russian empire, with Czar Alexander
occupying the throne. The French monarchy, the Kingdom of Piedmont–Sardinia and Metternich's
Austrian monarchy "utilized the bureaucratized state apparatus inherited from Napoleon to repress
liberals". The redrawing of European territories was done without consideration for the peoples
living within , thus feeding the already growing agitation of the people, and promoted the call for
unification along nationalistic lines.
The Restoration of Europe in the first half of the nineteenth century also contributed to the
revolutionary movement that occurred in 1848. The leaders that assembled in the Congress of
Vienna embraced the conservative idea of monarchial legitimacy, where the right to rule a
government was decided by hereditary succession, with close association with the church.

Political Philosophy Of Liberalism
Liberalism is a political viewpoint that is established on the thoughts of liberty and equality. Thus,
liberalists promote various ideas that are aligned to the concepts of liberty and equality such as
freedom of speech, freedom of religion, gender equality, and civil rights. In general, it can be argued
that the philosophy of liberalism is focused on protecting and promoting the freedom of the people
(Celikates and Jansen). As such, it presents the people as the central issue of politics. In fact,
according to the liberalists, the main function of the government is to protect individuals from being
oppressed by others. Nonetheless, liberalists are also aware that in the process of offering this
protection, the government is also likely to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Women are perceived to be weaker than men owing to the independence of men ad ability to control
resources. Tim look sees liberalism as an impediment to social communism owing to the fact that it
fosters individualism and independence of a person. It challenges the ability of an individual to
make informed choices and reveals the benefits of fostering communism to realize socio–economic
and political excellence.
3. What is neoliberalism (you get a sense of neoliberalism in David Harvey, Elizabeth Povinelli,
Michel Foucault, and Wendy Brown's work)? What critiques of neoliberalism do Harvey, Povinelli,
and Brown offer? Neoliberalism refers to a perspective that sees mall time as working time. It
encourages people to participate in socio–economic activities at all the time in a bid to realizing the
desired development. It plays an essential role in empowering the people to remain committed to
realizing success in life by engaging them to work at all the times (Harvey 44). It does not
acknowledge the significance of leisure in the socio–economic development of an individual. Critics
of neoliberalism are against the fact that a person solely focuses on realizing success at the expense
of their wellbeing. It is of the essence for a person to allocate adequate time for rest and leisure to
realize the desired socio–economic success (Harvey 47). Although the critics of neoliberalism are
not against working, they are against the non–stop working of the

Advantages Of Liberalism
Different theoretical underpinning have governed the world and have given rise to different types of
policies, ranging from fiscal policies to monetary policies. The most popular of these theories is
Marxism, neo–liberalism and what this easy is going to be about which is Liberalism. It will be
looking at unpacking the main ideological thinking behind Liberalism then linking the ideology to
housing Production systems. Then it will put forward the critiques that have been discovered and
debated upon in liberalism before concluding with the main arguments points and how they could be
implemented. Finally it will conclude by a short comparison to the South African context.
Liberalism is viewed as a far–fetched thought of governance, one can even say it is ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Self–help housing is –in simpler terms– a group or community of people coming together and
pulling resources in order to satisfy their housing needs. This a key production system in terms of
housing in a liberalist point of thinking because in first looks at the individual needs of a person.
Liberalism (as mentioned previously) believes in individualism and when housing is approached
using that way of thought a lot can be achieved, more than just building a shelter. In SHH, when a
group of individuals are building a house for themselves they don't build homogenous houses but
the house that are built are built to the individual family's need because the dwellers of that
particular house are fully involved in the building of their house. Therefor the imperfections and
deficiencies found within those houses that are build can be tolerated as the owner or occupier of
that particular dwelling was involved in the designing and construction of that dwelling. The only
thing that is required from the government is providing key infrastructure, social facilities, health
amenities, education amenities and other services that the public themselves cannot

Resistance To Liberalism : The Causes Of Resistance To...
To this day the world has seen many shifts within society, for better or for worse. Seen and
experienced by many, as this information is compiled, it can be observed as a struggle in the name
of liberalism. One can observe that in time of hardship, uprisings bring about a change in the
system, shifting the political structure and changing ways of life. Resistance to liberalism can be
found when these shifts occur, and a human desire for structure and protection above their freedom.
Within this thought, it is necessary for regulation to be put in place in order to fully protect the
people's liberalism. Without this regulation, societies crumble and lives are lost.
Resistance to liberalism starts from the desire to change old structures and build new ones. This can
sometimes involve burning down nations while making another stronger. History began to see
stronger ideas of change and new thoughts as the enlightenment came about. Not wanting to be
challenged, the church forced many to stay quiet, some of which brought new ideas that we know of
today. Galileo was told to keep quiet about his inquiries on the universe, as the church feared that
people would begin to question them. These thoughts were founded in a resistance to liberalism, and
without change, would have impeded societal and scientific progress. Therefore the reformation
came, and freedom of thought challenged the overpowering church. One can see that liberalism is a
key to progress in many aspects of society and

Liberalism And Classical Liberalism
A society can be anywhere on the liberal spectrum; it can support illiberal, modern liberal, or
classical liberal views. Source one is clearly in support of classical liberalism, which is on the right
of the spectrum. The philosopher who said this quote, Voltaire, believes that the individual is more
important than the collective. Therefore, the government should have little interference in the lives
of citizens and should only protect their natural rights. This source supports this because Voltaire is
saying how, even if he doesn't hold the same opinion as another individual, he will still allow them
to state their opinion; everyone in society has the right to free speech, and no other human has the
ability to take away that right. Classical liberalism is parallel to the views of John Locke, who
believed that individuals have natural rights which must be protected by a government.
Consequently, he believed that the government should only create laws which will prevent harm to
others. Voltaire lived during the Enlightenment period in France, which occurred before the French
Revolution. Before this period, kings were believed to have a divine right; in other words, God had
given them the right to govern so therefore anything they said must be respected. However,
individuals such as Voltaire and Locke disagreed and wanted individuals to recognize that they
should fight for their rights. An example of a society which supports classical liberalism is modern
America; individuals are equal before the law––the rule of law states that everyone must abide by
the law––and individuals are free to think what they want and to openly speak it. Republicans and
liberals or individuals who believe in capitalism are the most likely to hold this ideology. Source
two is referring to an event in American history which demonstrated illiberal values. After the 9/11
attacks on the World Trade Center, the American government increased security within its country; a
major law that they created was called the Patriot Act. By applying this act, the government
restricted the rights of Americans citizens because they were allowed to take any suspicious person
into custody without evidence and they were allowed to search personal data,

Realism Vs Liberalism
A theory of international relations is a set of the ideas that explains how the international system
works and how it's operated. Unlike an ideology, a theory of international relations would at least be
in principle, backed up with a large amount of concrete evidence. The two major theories of
international relations would be realism and liberalism. Liberalism and realism are two of the most
important theories in the field of International Relations. All because they are both different from
one another in a number of ways but also have stuff in common which show and help us understand
the concept more simple. Realism holds that all states pursue their interests, while liberalism holds
that states can cooperate with one another and act ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Secondly, there are even the accentuates mutual benefits and international cooperation which means
that are in international relations, multilateralism is a kind of alliance where multiple countries
progress to any given goal. And it also implements international organization and also
nongovernmental actors for shaping the state preference and also even their policy choices. The
liberals believe that the international institution plays a key role in the cooperation among all states.
Even with the correct international, and with increasing interdependence which also includes the
economic and the cultural exchange all states have a large opportunity to reduce all conflict that is
happening at the time. Other Liberals emphasize democracy and civil liberties. And that liberalism
is the political doctrine that takes protecting and enhancing the freedom of the individual to be the
central problem of politics. It's also a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of Liberty
and equality, depending on their understanding of these principles, but generally they support ideas
and programs such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, free markets,
and civil rights. Democratic societies, gender equality and international cooperation when it became
popular. Some of the central themes of liberalism is that the understanding that all human beings are

Social Liberalism : Leonard Hobhouse And Social Liberalism
Leonard Hobhouse was a sociologist and a British liberal political theorist and was one of the first
thinkers of social liberalism. (liberalism, 2017). His famous works include the book "Liberalism
(1911)".
Social Liberalism is that liberalism which ranks individual liberty most crucial and hence it requires
social justice. It believes that individual liberty can only be achieved in its true sense if there is a
proper economic and social stability. In order for building a favourable milieu L.T Hobhouse
believes that there is a dire requirement of action which should be driven by a strong and a welfare
orientated state. For L.T Hobhouse the essence of social liberty lied in the compliance of basic
attributes like Civil Liberty, Personal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He developed the argument further stating that a man's religious beliefs rests upon his own
innermost thoughts and feelings, his personal attitude to life and his own dignity and destiny.
Personal Liberty also includes the liberty of peace, written works and that discussions can be
simulated without any threats. However the use of this liberty should be in the extent that it doesn't
lead to conflicts.
He also believes that fiscal liberty is indispensable when it comes to social liberalism and that can
be brought by the arbitrary taxation system which states that taxes should not be fixed permanently
and should be decided on year to year basis in accordance to the needs of the public. He believes
that fiscal liberty will also be helpful in establishing political liberty. His point is apt in the 21st
century in developing countries like China, India and Brazil to stimulate the growth rate as there are
varied backgrounds of income, this would help also in the growth of small and medium size
businesses to contribute to the economy. He also quotes "No taxation without representation".
When it comes to social liberty, it means that there should be no hierarchy and that there Is no
monopoly of some occupations by the corporations and people are free to choose their occupations
and that membership of any corporations should not be based on the hereditary qualifications, nor
by artificial difficult of entry. Also, there should be equality when it comes to treating women, for

Stages Of Liberalism And Federalism
Political Science 155 Essay Question There are various stages to both liberalism and federalism.
Liberalism is an ideology that stresses the rights individuals have and is the most prominent belief
system in the United States. Dr. Guevara explains in her first lecture that the liberalism ideology has
four stages, each underscoring the common concerns and agendas of their times. First is Classical
Liberalism, most known for being heavily influenced by thinkers of the Enlightenment such as John
Locke, Thomas Hobbes, and Jean–Jacques Rousseau. The founding fathers, concerned with their
civil liberties, posed the question of "How do you frame a government that will protect your life,
liberty and property?" which they answered with: limited ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Federalism has been around for nearly as long as liberalism, existing in two main, functioning
forms. Federalism is the division of people's sovereignty between different levels of government.
Federalism in the United States has existed as either dual or cooperative, both defining the different
levels of involvement between the levels of government. Dual Federalism, as defined by Scott F.
Abernathy in American Government: Stories of a Nation, "[divides] the people's sovereignty
between the nation and the states – they [are] coequals in power, each able to check the power and
growth of the other." This model of federalism was the first used by the U.S. and was seen to be
heavily connected with Classical Liberalism due to the nation's original, disconnected roots, which
would come to change during the New Deal Liberalism period. On the contrary side, cooperative
federalism is a system in which "both levels work together in the same areas of public policy."
(Abernathy) Rather than working separately yet equally, the national and state governments both use
the powers they have in order to work towards a common goal, typically seen in times of crisis as
states can't handle the situations on their own and reach out and work with the national government
in order to heal. My thesis is that liberalism and federalism overlap whenever one part of
government attempts

Ideology Of Classical Liberalism
The ideologies of the Democratic Party originate from the principles of the classical liberalism
philosophy. The most dominant idea of classical liberalism is that the government's role is to protect
the individual's natural rights because individuals are the primary unit of society (Franks 27).
According to John Locke, a philosopher who contributed to classical liberalism's vitality, the
protection of individuals' "life, liberty, and property" is their natural rights (Jones 227). The ideas of
classical liberalism revolves so much around the individual that Locke believes the people had the
right to combine into a revolutionary force and organize a new form of government, or a social
contract, as they pleased. Because of the importance of the individual, classical liberalism favors
immigrants and people of all classes. Ideally, the judgment of people is based on their personal
characteristics rather than their group affiliation, minimizing the problem of racism and other forms
of bigotry (Franks 28). However, this is a problem with ethnic groups, like American Indians and
immigrants, which concerns classical liberals that believe their collectiveness hinders their
individual natural rights. Finally, classical liberalism also protects the free marketplace, allowing
buyers and sellers to freely circulate ideas in order to achieve the most success (Franks 28).
Therefore, the development of capitalism is an important ideology protected by classical liberalism,
along with the

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