Heart Arrhythmia

Heart Arrhythmia
Heart arrhythmia is a term that refers to a large number of conditions that are caused by abnormal
electrical activity within the heart's nodes or sections.
Arrhythmias may be medical emergencies that result in cardiac arrest or they may simply be an
abnormal awareness of one's heart–beat.
Palpitations, for example, are not usually life–threatening. They may be brought on by stress,
hormones, exercise, medications or anxiety.
Anxiety disorders are characterized by frequent palpitations and may also be accompanied by a
sense of breathlessness. Yet these symptoms may also be those of heart disease, lung disease or heart
attack. Self–diagnosis is not recommended.
Palpitations that are accompanied by other symptoms, such as chest pain, dizziness,
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The Heart Experiment
to the experiment. One thing that the team had knowledge on was on the structure, and function of
the heart. The heart is an organ that pumps blood throughout the body. The body relies on the heart
because the heart has to pump blood to the body. The heart receives blood from the body, which it
then sends to the lungs. The lungs give oxygen to the blood. That blood then goes back to the heart,
where the heart pumps it back to the body. The body needs oxygen because it needs oxygen for
energy, which is why the heart is very important for the body. Without the heart, there is no blood
that travels through the body, which finally means no oxygen.
To reach the body, the oxygen filled blood has to travel through the arteries. The arteries are

The Heart Of Heart Attack
The heart is the most essential biological structure in the body system; nobody can live without the
heart. The major role of the heart is to pump blood throughout all the organs in the body; blood
transported by the heart carries oxygen and nutrients around the body and removes all the dangerous
wastes. We need oxygen to breath and nutrient to maintain our health. All muscles in the heart need
oxygen to function properly. When there is a restriction of blood flow to the heart, the coronary
arteries become blocked or narrow. "The blood clot that causes the heart attack usually forms at the
site of rupture of an atherosclerotic, cholesterol plaque on the inner wall of a coronary artery"
(Kushner, 2013). We need to protect our heart from damage by keeping the heart healthy. If the heart
is damaged, then the damage will happen which can lead to death. Based on what we know, heart
attack patient can have a second heart attack after the first one. Most of people do not know that the
early Egyptian who had discovered heart attack and disease. Nowadays, we learn about heart attack
by watching television, research on the internet, or talk to another person who has a heart attack.
Heart attack can be affect more likely to elderly, individual with a history of heart disease or risk
factors for heart disease, diabetes, and those that are on long–term dialysis. On the other hand, the
groups of ages that have the most affect are groups of men older than 45 and

The Heart Of Heart Disease
Based off of the case study regarding a 47 year old man who has recently been diagnosed with a
heart disease known as CAD; I decided to further my research on this topic because it was intriguing
to discover all heart diseases including coronary heart disease are taking the lives of countless
individuals each year in our nation. A tremendous number of more than 13 million Americans
(2005–2015, WebMD).
This chronic disease is also known as atherosclerosis and is characterized as a fatty plaque build–up
in arteries which blocks the blood flow to the vital organs in ours bodies; with the heart being the
main target. This potentially life–threatening blockage results in starvation and deprivation of
oxygen enriched blood and vital nutrients that are necessary for the heart to maintain proper
function; and that is being able to pump blood efficiently. Typically, it is said that the process of
heart disease may begin during childhood years of an individual's life. In a healthy individual; our
arteries start out smooth and elastic, allowing effortless blood flow to our hearts and throughout our
bodies. As this cholesterol–laden plaque begin to accumulate within the walls of blood vessels
(which may be caused by a poor diet, and lack of physical activity, or simply hereditary) the vessels
become inflamed. With the body's effort in healing itself, this destructing plaque begins to release
substances such as lipoprotenins, calcium, and inflammatory cells throughout the bloodstream.

Auscultation Of The Heart
Heart murmurs are swishing or whooshing sounds created by turbulent blood with each heartbeat.
This sound is usually observed through auscultation of the heart with a stethoscope. Many times,
this sound is indicative to underlying cardiac abnormalities. However, the sound can be benign and
many live without incident and asymptomatic. Abnormalities to the structure of the heart may be the
main cause. These malfunctions can be congenital in nature or may come with stress on the heart
and valves. Common structural conditions are stenosis of the heart (mitral, aortic, tricuspid,
pulmonary), regurgitations (mitral, aortic, tricuspid), septal defects and patent ductus arteriosus.
Damage to the structure may also be caused by myocardial infarction, ... Show more content on
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Assess heart/lung sounds – Auscultating exhibits clarity for abnormal adventitious sounds such as
S3 related to ventricular hypertrophy and S4 indicative to atrial hypertrophy and hypertension.
Listen for pulmonary malfunction and fluid in lung bases.
Monitor hemodynamic status for elevation in systemic vascular resistance and decrease in cardiac
output.
Maintain strict input and output to assist in monitoring cardiac status.
Encourage relaxation by providing comfortable environment reducing stimulation while reducing
systemic stimulus.
Encourage patient to stop smoking. Provide her with education and offer smoking cessation.
Monitor medications for signs and symptoms of toxicity, side effects, and adverse effects.
Diltiazem is an antihypertensive medication called calcium channel blockers (CCB). In African–
Americans hypertensive patients CCBs are more effective than other anti–hypertensive medications.
Possible side effects from the medication that this patient demonstrates are headache, dyspnea,
dizziness and excessive weight

The Heart : The Structure And Structure Of The Heart
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a closed fist that functions as the body's circulatory
pump. It takes in deoxygenated blood through the veins and delivers it to the lungs for oxygenation
before pumping it into the various arteries (which provide oxygen and nutrients to body tissues by
transporting the blood throughout the body). The heart is located in the thoracic cavity medial to the
lungs and posterior to the sternum.
Pericardium
The heart sits within a fluid–filled cavity called the pericardial cavity. The walls and lining of the
pericardial cavity are a special membrane known as the pericardium. Pericardium is a type of serous
membrane that produces serous fluid to lubricate the heart and prevent friction between the ever
beating heart and its surrounding organs. Besides lubrication, the pericardium serves to hold the
heart in position and maintain a hollow space for the heart to expand into when it is full. The
pericardium has 2 layers–a visceral layer that covers the outside of the heart and a parietal layer that
forms a sac around the outside of the pericardial cavity.
Structure of the Heart Wall
The heart wall is made of 3 layers: epicardium, myocardium and endocardium.
Epicardium. The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart wall and is just another name for the
visceral layer of the pericardium. Thus, the epicardium is a thin layer of serous membrane that helps
to lubricate and protect the outside of the heart. Below the epicardium is

Denotation Of A Heart In Rita Dove's Heart To Heart
In people's minds, a heart can break, ache, change, melt, sink, weep, belong, eat, harden, skip, open,
rest, steal, leap, learn, faint, and do many other extraordinary feats. Still, what one may not realize is
that a heart is just that, a disfigured organ in one's body that is constantly pumping out blood to keep
one alive. Instead of succumbing to the societal connotations of a heart, Rita Dove expresses
individuality in "Heart to Heart" by embracing the denotation of a heart. Dove outlines that a heart
only sustains life, and it does not contain one's personality, interests, and values. In this manner,
Dove forms the poem's theme of accepting people for who they are through her varying tones and
effective use of heart idioms. First, Dove's individual shifts in tone help to structure the general
theme of acceptance by enhancing HER perspective on the subject. To illustrate, the poem begins
with a straightforward and critical tone, evident through HER judgement of the heart. With defined
word choice in lines like, "It's neither red / nor sweet" (1–2), and, "it isn't even / shapely" (12–13),
the reader can understand Dove's condemning tone. Thus, the fault–finding tone forms the theme of
the poem by describing how Dove views HER heart's imperfections, the same imperfections that
SHE wishes will not interfere with HER emotional life. Likewise, Dove's reflective yet realistic tone
shown in lines like, "[HER heart] isn't even / shapely–– / just a thick clutch / of muscle"

The Heart Of A Heart: The Beauty Of The Heart
In our search for knowledge our world is filled with constant shifts and changes, and the beauty of
itself is often left in silence while we're engulfed with constant experiences. This essay from the
London Review of Books explores such beauty through the existence of a heartbeat. The essay is
written from the experiences of a doctor towards a general audience who may not understand
scientific jargon by embedding imagery alongside his own experiences, and explores his
enlightenment of the beauty within hearing the heartbeat of others.
This essay is written in first person in the perspective of the author through the usage of personal
pronouns within the text such as "I". This is used to bring about a sense of intimacy to the audience
with the author, and distinguishes itself from a regular essay as the author attempts to ... Show more
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"Healthy cardiac valves close with a soft percussive noise, like a gloved finger tapping on a leather–
topped desk". The usage of musical jargon is followed by the use of simile within the text to
illustrate this. The example here is used to reveal movement, and its links to the beauty of the heart.
Movement is constantly revealed throughout this, when the author alludes to the fact that the
movement within the heart resembles a child. "... Murmurs that can be high–pitched or low, loud or
soft...". The word murmur presents a vocal direction when personified represents the murmur of a
child as the murmurs of children contain similar qualities as in the example. The example of a new
born child is again used by the author, to describe the beauty and distinctiveness of the heartbeat.
"The foetal heartbeat was distinct, fluttering fast like a bird over the oceanic swell of the mother's
pulse, an allegro played over an adagio". The author here uses vivid imagery, accompanied by a
simile to reveal the beauty within a

The Heart And Its Function In The Heart Of The Human Body
The heart is one of the most important organs in the human body. It circulates blood to the rest of the
body. The heart is made up of four chambers, of the two chambers, the two upper chambers (known
as the atria) and two lower chambers (known as ventricles). The heart is made up of three levels: the
myocardium, the endocardium, and the epicardium. The myocardium is the muscular middle layer
of the heart. It contains striated cardiac tissue and the myocardium is in charge of pumping blood
and the heart's action of pumping. The endocardium lines the inside of the heart and is made of
smooth loose connective tissue and simple squamous epithelial cells.
The endocardium prevents blood from sticking to the inside of the heart and also prevents blood
from clotting. The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart. It is made of connective tissues.
The epicardium protects the inner structure of the heart and is also known as the visceral
pericardium. The heart is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Blood is the body's
transport system and works to perform several functions. Blood is made up of connective tissues and
is vital for the body, because it could not survive or remove waste. The circulatory system, which is
responsible for circulating the blood throughout the body, is always circulated in the same direction.
Arteries carry blood full of oxygen to all parts of the body, the further away from the heart the
smaller they become, which eventually turns them

Heart Smart Or Heart Failure
Heart Smart is a voluntary non for profit organization that is working to bring awareness towards
congestive heart failure also known as CHF or heart failure. CHF is a chronic condition in which the
heart does not pump blood as well as it should. Heart failure can occur if the heart cannot pump
(systolic) or fill (diastolic) adequately. Symptoms include shortness of breath, fatigue, swollen legs,
and rapid heartbeat. Treatments can include eating less salt, limiting fluid intake, and taking
prescription medications. In some cases a defibrillator or pacemaker may be implanted. Heart
Smarts mission is prevention of this disease through increasing knowledge and reducing the number
of incidence our county residents face through networking, education

The Ventricles Of The Heart
The ventricles of the heart connected so intimately to each other in driving the function of the whole
heart were therefore thought to have very similar function. Moreover, the proteins of LV and RV
originate from the same genes (Myl6 for ELC, MYH6 and MYH7 for HC, MYL2 for RLC, MYL3
for LC). Only, recent advances shed light on their dissimilarities at varying levels of genetic,
proteomic 5, force studies etc 14, 24,38.
Much of the differences in the LV and RV are explicable from their different embryological origins
and partly by the RV exposure to lower post–partum cumbrance 4,35. Previously, the myocardium
was thought to originate from single source of myocardial progenitor cells, however, recent study's
recognition of two different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Investigations performed at the gene level delineate differences in the mRNA and miRNA protein
gene expressions between the two ventricles, with higher levels of expression concentrated in LV
11. Other reports suggest differences at the protein levels of the two ventricles wherein higher
amounts of energy using proteins like ATP synthase and others like Heat Shock Protein (HSP),
Myosin Binding Protein C (MBPC) and Myosin Light Chain 2 (MLC2) were noted in Left
compared to the Right ventricles in healthy mice hearts 5, 24, 38.
The dichotomy of LV and RV are also expressed at their physiological levels. The LV and RV
although, linked intimately, also show differences at their basic fiber structures. The RV consists of
transverse fibers in its free wall with shared oblique fibers in its interventricular septum while the
LV is encircled by oblique and circumferential fibers 51. It is known that the oblique septal fibers
and circumferential LV fibers are more mechanically efficient than the transverse fibers of RV in an
event of an afterload 1,50. Although, differences have been noted at many levels, differences at the
functional levels remain yet elusive.
Heart Failure: The prevailing ignored subtle differences, in part or combination, may lead towards
developing the two different forms of heart failures these ventricles undergo. While 5.1 million
people in the USA have been diagnosed with heart failure so far, heart failure

The Human Heart
The human heart is slightly bigger than the size of ones fist. It is situated at a very safe place which
is between the cage bones, i.e., in the center of the chest. Usually it is slightly on the left side of the
chest but in rare cases, it can be found on the right side. Heart is responsible for the blood flow to
every single part of the body by constant contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscles. This is the
reason why we hear rhythmic beats all the time. Heart pumps the pure blood to the different parts of
the body and then takes the deoxygenated blood from all the parts to the lungs for oxygenation.
Normally in a minute the heart beats 72 times. Well, let 's check out heart diagram for kids as well as
for adults which can help you ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This maintains a proper one directional blood flow through out the process. Bicuspid valve is
present between the left atrium and left ventricle whereas tricuspid valve is present between the
right atrium and right ventricle. Pulmonary valve behaves as a gate which stops the back flow of
blood from right ventricle to the pulmonary artery which takes the deoxygenated blood to the lungs
for purification. Lastly the aortic valve, this valve plays an important role in stopping the back flow
of the blood from left ventricle to the aorta. Once the blood is transferred to the aorta it supplies the
oxygenated blood to different parts of the body.
Blood Vessels
Blood vessels are the blood carriers in a human body. These play a very vital role in the supply of
blood to various parts of the body. Blood vessels can be of two types, veins and arteries. All the
veins (except pulmonary vein) are involved in carrying the deoxygenated blood from various parts
of the body to the heart whereas all the arteries (except pulmonary artery) are involved in supplying
oxygenated blood from the heart to different parts of the body.
Functioning of the Heart
After getting familiar with the part let 's check out the functions of the heart. Well, as we all know
we need oxygen to survive, but have you ever thought how this oxygen is supplied to different parts
of the body? This work is done with the help of heart. Heart plays a very important role in the
supply of oxygenated

Heart Structure
This passage is mainly about the structure and function of the heart which is located in the middle
compartment of the chest but also tells about cardiovascular system, pulmonary system and so on.
In the first paragraph, author illustrates about the heart shortly. The heart is a muscular organ in
humans and other animals, which pumps blood through a 60,000 mile of blood vessels of the
circulatory system. Blood moves through many tubes called arteries and veins which together are
called blood vessels. It weighs between about 280 to 340 grams in men and 230 to 280 grams in
women. Size of the heart is about your fist. Pumping of the heart relies on a complicate system of
muscle which is called myocardium, valves, coronary vessels, the conduction ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Like contraction and relaxation of the heart, myocytes and myocardium. Squeezing blood out of its
heart chamber is name as contraction but relaxation is expanding to allow the blood inside the heart
chamber. In last sentence, narrator had added the similar action to explain about contraction and
relaxation. Myocytes works together to contract and relax the heart chamber in right sequence to
pump blood to the lungs and the body. There are various blood cells in our body. Those are red
blood cells, white blood cells, platelets and all that sort of things. Red blood cells transport and carry
oxygen to all body. On the other hand, white blood cells attack bacteria and help to fight disease or
infection. Lastly, platelets help the blood if you get cut.
Narrator informs the heart in the right side, left side, pulmonary circulation and the function of the
blood. The right side of your heart receives blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs. Though,
the left side of your heart is given the blood from the lungs and pumps it out to the body. For more
information, heart has four different kinds of chambers. Two upper chambers and two lower ones.
Therefore, formulate of the right atrium and right ventricle, is in control for pulmonary circulation.
Narrator told that the blood must rotate from the right part of the heart and through the lungs before
being moved to the left side and throughout the whole

Similarities Between The Heart And Heart
The heart and the brain are both uniquely fascinating organs in the human body. People probably
believe the heart and the brain are very different from each other. They probably think the brain is
what we use to think, make decisions, do well on English papers, and how we know how to do our
jobs. They probably think the heart is how we pump blood through the body, what the doctor listens
to during patient checkups, or that we have had a meal that just didn't agree with us. These do seem
like quite different organs; however, these organs are actually quite similar in certain ways. Even
though the heart and brain are two different organs, they have common characteristics that are
essential for the body to operate properly.
First, the heart and brain are similar in they both function using an electrical system. The brain has
neurons, which send electrical impulses throughout the body to notify the body of certain senses and
tasks (Martini et al. 410). For example, when someone touches something hot such as a clothing
iron, then their immediate reaction is to remove their hand. If an object gets near the eye, then
people blink to protect the eye. These reactions are all because the brain has received an electrical
impulse that triggers a message of what to do like move the hand and blink the eye. The heart also
has an electrical system. The heart has a conductive pathway that consists of electrical impulses that
tell the heart when to beat. This pathway includes the SA node,

The Heart Of Heart Failure
"In the United States alone, 5.8 million Americans have been diagnosed with heart failure" (Mancini
& Colombo, 2015, p. 2542). Heart failure is a condition where the heart does not pump as
efficiently; therefore, it does not meet the needs of the body. There is a growing number of heart
failure patients each year. "More than 300,000 deaths per year are attributed to heart failure, and the
annual cost to manage these patients is close to $40 billion" (Mancini & Colombo, 2015, p. 2542).
Since the heart failure population is steadily growing in size the progress of therapies and
management is continuing to evolve. The greatest improvements have been surgery related. The two
major surgical approaches involve heart transplants or receiving a ventricular assist device (Mancini
& Colombo, 2015). There are much discussion in regardless to receiving a heart transplant versus a
ventricular assist device, destination therapy, as well as future advances in ventricular assist devices.
Heart Transplant versus LVAD There are many considerations when it comes to determining
whether an individual should receive a heart transplant or a ventricular assist device. For instance,
there are different stages of heart failure. The New York Heart Association classifies heart failure
into four distinctive groups (Class I, Class II, Class III, and Class IV) (Jarvik Heart, Inc., 2008,
para.2). Class I and Class II patients only experience symptoms with some sort of physical activity,

The Heart Summary : The Anatomy Of The Heart
Anatomy of the heart
Name: Rita Attah
Tutor: Mark Drummond
College: North Herts College
Introduction
The heart
The heart is a muscular organ found in the thoracic cavity between the lungs. The heart is protected
by the rib cage. It is also surrounded by a membrane called the pericardium. This membrane consists
of a thin film of fluid to prevent the heart from friction. The heart consists of double pumps. Each
pump is made of two chambers. The upper muscular chamber is known as atrium and the lower
chamber is called ventricle. The heart also consists of blood vessels known as aorta, vena cava,
pulmonary trunk and pulmonary veins. (Taylor, 2017)
Blood is a liquid connective tissue, that transports substances through the body. It also helps main
homeostasis of nutrient, gases and waste. Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood
cells and platelets. A human body contains average of four to five litres of blood. (Taylor, 2017)
Blood vessels can be referred as the body's highway as they allow blood to flow through them
effectively and quickly from the heart to every part of the body. Every blood vessel has a hollow
area known as lumen in which blood flows. (Taylor, 2017)
There are three major types of blood vessels called vein, capillary and arteries. o Arteries and
Arterioles carry away oxygenated blood away from the lungs to the body tissues. They also carry
away deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs to be oxygenated. (Taylor, 2017)
Arteries

Heart Homeostasis
The heart is an organ that can be seen as the center of life for an organism. It function is simple but
of great importance as it has to pump blood through the organism (Unknown et al., 2017). In
mammals and land based organisms the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it then
moves back to the heart and is pumped to the outer most extremities, muscles and all other organs
(Campbell et al., 2008).
The heart is a striated muscle but unlike other striated muscles it is involuntarily contracted
(Campbell et al., 2008). The heart can be a very simple structure in less developed species such as
spiders or worms where it is a tube–like structure to mammals where it is a four–chambered organ
(Unknown et al., 2017). The heart is central to life and as soon as it stops ... Show more content on
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Colder and warmer temperatures can affect the force and rate at which a heart beats as colder
temperatures increases the force of the contraction but decreases the rate as it affects the rate of the
chemical reactions (Campbell et al., 2008). Other substances such as acetylcholine is released to
decrease the rate at which a heart beats (Biopac systems Inc., 2014). Other substances such as
epinephrine are used to increase the heart rate drastically if the organism is frightened making it
more aware and active. Caffeine also increases heart rates as it stimulates the central nervous system
(Biopac systems Inc., 2014).
In this experiment a frog heart will be tested. The frog heart is able to pump up to 7 hours after death
thus making it easy to use. Unlike mammals the frog only has a three–chambered heart pumping
both deoxygenated and oxygenated blood from the heart back to the head and lungs as it is able to
absorb oxygen through its skin. The frog heart looks similar to the mammal heart and is thus the
perfect organism to use for these tests (Campbell et al.,

Heart Pathophysiology
The function of the heart is to pump blood around the body. It is a hollow muscle and can be found
between the lungs in the mediastinum and behind the sternum and between the second and sixth
ribs. It is the size of a fist and has four chambers. The upper chambers are the left and right atria,
with the bottom chambers the left and right ventricles. The heart consists of several layers: the
pericardium (outer protective covering of fibrous tissue), the epicardium (made up of epithelial cells
and secretes serum which prevents the layers rubbing), the myocardium (the muscular wall of the
heart and forms a septum which separates the right and left side of the heart.
The septum also contains the sino–atrial atrioventricular nodes, which is a type ... Show more
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There are four valves in the heart that stop the blood from flowing in the wrong direction.
These are the tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral and aortic valves. The SA node (sino–atrial node)
stimulates the atrium to contract forcing blood through the valves to the ventricles. The AV
(atrioventricular) node then stimulates the ventricles to contract which pumps blood out of the heart.
The right ventricle pumping blood to the lungs, and the left ventricle pumping blood to the body.
There are three types of circulation of the blood. These are pulmonary, systemic and portal
circulation. Pulmonary circulation is where the blood is pumped to the lungs. It arrives
deoxygenated from the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium. It then is pumped
through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The blood then leaves through the pulmonary
valve into the pulmonary artery where it splits into the left and right pulmonary arteries and goes
into the lungs and is re–oxygenated. The oxygenated blood returns from the lungs by the pulmonary
veins and

Function Of Heart: Functions Of The Heart
Function of the Heart
The heart is the pump that propels the blood around the body providing essential nutrition to cells
and tissues.
The heart is the most important muscle in the human body. It is about the size of the owner's fist.
The heart is the pump that drives the whole circulatory system. It receives and propels blood,
rhythmically contracting with every heartbeat and forcing the blood through a system of arteries
veins and capillaries, where it eventually reaches cells and tissues. Blood contains essential
nutrients, oxygen, hormones and enzymes. Without the heart pumping blood, cells would not
receive any nutrition and would die, thus in order to sustain life one must have a heartbeat.
The heart circulates blood through two pathways: the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit. In
the pulmonary circuit, deoxygenated blood leaves the right ventricle of the heart via the pulmonary
artery and travels to the lungs, then returns as oxygenated blood to the left atrium of the heart via the
pulmonary vein. In the systemic circuit, oxygenated blood leaves the body via the left ventricle to
the aorta, and from there enters the arteries and capillaries where it supplies the body's tissues with
oxygen. Deoxygenated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The atria then relax but the ventricles contract, emptying their contents into the arteries. The
ventricles then relax and the heart is at rest. While resting the heart dilates and fills with blood. The
period of rest (diastole) equals the period of contraction (systole). The cardiac cycle starts at a point
in the right atrium called the pacemaker (sino–atrial node). This consists of specialised
neuromuscular tissue which is supplied by the autonomic nervous system. From here the contraction
of the heart muscle spreads through the atria and then down the septum to the walls of the

The Heart : The Four Complex Chamberss Of The Heart
We have learned that the heart is a complex muscle that pumps blood throughout the body for the
purposes of tissue oxygenation and gas exchange (waste removal). We must now discuss the four
separate chambers of the heart through which this blood flows through. To start, the two upper, or
superior chambers are known as the atria, and the two lower, or inferior chambers are known as the
ventricles. These four chambers can further be separated into left and right half's. Each half contains
a superior pumping chamber – the atria, and an inferior pumping chamber – the ventricles. Each of
these chambers have an important and specific job to perform during the circulatory process.
It seems fitting at this point then, to quickly review the two types of circulatory "circuits" that the
heart exhibits while pumping blood throughout the body. The two types of circulatory circuits that
the heart exhibits always work in series – that is, "the output of one becomes the input of the other"
(Tortora, G.J., & Derrickson, B., 2017, p. 705). These two circuits, or circulatory systems, are
known as: systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation (refer to figure 1.3).
The right side of the heart contains the "pump" required for pulmonary circulation. Pulmonary
circulation is essentially the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs where the deoxygenated
blood becomes re–oxygenated, and then returns back to the heart. This circulation begins when the
oxygen–depleted blood from the three

Heart Attacks : A Heart Attack
Heart attacks can be scary no matter who you are or what you have experienced. To think that a
heart attack could happen to you or someone you love can be terrifying. As you age the risk of you
have a heart attack becomes higher and higher. When someone has a heart attack their blood that
produces the oxygen for your heart can not get to your heart because it becomes blocked. Therefore,
your heart cannot get the oxygen that it needs to survive. This is a scary thought because if the blood
can not become unblocked and get to your heart fast enough then your heart will start to die. There
are other names for a heart attack that most people do not know about these names include:
Myocardial Infarction or MI, Acute Myocardial Infarction or ... Show more content on
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Once you have a heart attack it weakens your heart and that can leave your heart more open to
having more heart attacks.
Symptoms
There are many different symptoms that can occur when you are either having a heart attack or
about to have a heart attack. You should always know the signs just in case you or someone you
know is having a heart attack. One of the most common symptom is you will begin to feel chest pain
and discomfort. Unfortunately this discomfort usually last for a few minutes and can come back a
few minutes later. The different kinds of discomfort that you will feel in your chest can range from
pressure, fullness, or even squeezing. Another likely symptom is loss or shortness of breath. It may
become hard to breathe, this is always a good sign that something is wrong and you need to call 911
or someone for help. If you also feel discomfort in the arms and legs that may also be a sign that you
are having a heart attack. Other places that may become a bit discomfortable may be the back,
shoulders, neck, back, and even the upper stomach. Remember to call 911 if you feel any of the
symptoms listed above because you can save your life and also stop the damage to your heart
muscle. That is why you and people you know should always know the different symptoms of a
heart attack to stay alert and also to stay alive. Other factors that you can 't do anything about is your
age. Age is a big

Heart disease is known widely all over the world. It's the number one death issue in the United
States and also in the state of Oklahoma. Even though America is counted as one of the developed
countries in the world, however, it still has an issue of finding a cure to stop these deadly diseases.
In Oklahoma, the number one death issue is heart disease and strokes (Heart Disease and Strokes).
"It is Oklahoma's leading killer for both men and women, resulting in more than 9,000 deaths in
2012" (Understanding Heart Disease). Some of these heart diseases are Coronary artery disease,
which is narrowing of the arteries, heart attack, abnormal heart rhythms or arrhythmias, heart
failure, heart valve disease, congenital heart disease (Different ... Show more content on
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The left ventricle contracts, sending the blood to the aorta. The blood is then sent to the rest of the
body. On the right side of the heart, the tricuspid valve separates the right ventricle and the right
atrium allowing blood to enter the ventricle but not flow backward to the atrium. Blood flows
through the pulmonary arteries to go to the lungs. On the left side of the heart, the mitral valve
separates the left atrium and the left ventricle. Blood flows from the left ventricle to the aorta
through the aortic valves and to the rest of the body. Arteries carry blood with oxygen and other
nutrients throughout the blood. Veins take blood back to the heart, which pumps it to the lungs in
order to get oxygenated. The heart arteries which are called the coronary arteries provide oxygen
and nutrients to the heart muscle the right coronary arteries supply blood to the bottom and the back
of the heart. The left coronary arteries split into two vessels. One branch supplies blood to the front
of the heart the other branch provides blood to the left side of the heart. An electric system transmits
signals throughout the heart to control what is pumping. The electrical signals pass down tot the end
of the heart in the ventricles pathways carry this signal throughout the muscle so they can track at
the same time to pump blood to the lungs and throughout the body. If a person has a heart failure the
heart has lost the

The Human Heart : The Embryology Of The Heart
The human heart is a myogenic muscle which is vital to human life, as it is the muscle which deals
with the pumping of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the entire body. Due to the
importance of the heart an understanding of this complex muscle is necessary. Therefore, today I
hope to discuss the embryology of the heart.
The formation of the heart begins during the third week of development, the embryo undergoes
gastrulation in the embryonic plate resulting in the formation of three germ layers (ectoderm,
mesoderm and endoderm). Originally the embryonic plate possesses two germ layers (ectoderm &
mesoderm) until pregenital heart cells from the ectoderm migrate through the primitive streak in to
splanchnic mesoderm forming the third germ layer (endoderm) creating the primary heart field a
region responsible for the formation of the left ventricle, atria and a part of the right ventricle.
Consequently, the heart is derived from the splanchnic mesoderm layer where it spreads laterally
and cranially. Cells predestined to create the heart form a crescent at the cranial border of the disc,
transforming the ectoderm into a neural plate and eventually into a neural tube due to continuous
folding. The development of the heart is relative to the development of the brain because as the
cranial end of the neural tubes grow they derive the folding of the disc resulting in a tube.
Due to continuous folding the position of the cardiac plate inverts eventually folding in to a

The Heart Essay
THE HEART The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a closed fist that functions as the
body's circulatory pump. It takes in deoxygenated blood through the veins and delivers it to the
lungs for oxygenation before pumping it into the various arteries (which provide oxygen and
nutrients to body tissues by transporting the blood throughout the body). The heart is located in the
thoracic cavity medial to the lungs and posterior to the sternum.
On its superior end, the base of the heart is attached to the aorta, pulmonary arteries and veins, and
the vena cava. The inferior tip of the heart, known as the apex, rests just superior to the diaphragm.
The base of the heart is located along the body's midline with the apex pointing toward ... Show
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Myocardium makes up the majority of the thickness and mass of the heart wall and is the part of the
heart responsible for pumping blood. Below the myocardium is the thin endocardium layer.
Endocardium. Endocardium is the simple squamous endothelium layer that lines the inside of the
heart. The endocardium is very smooth and is responsible for keeping blood from sticking to the
inside of the heart and forming potentially deadly blood clots.
Chambers of the Heart
The heart contains 4 chambers: the right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, and left ventricle. The
atria are smaller than the ventricles and have thinner, less muscular walls than the ventricles. The
atria act as receiving chambers for blood, so they are connected to the veins that carry blood to the
heart. The ventricles are the larger, stronger pumping chambers that send blood out of the heart. The
ventricles are connected to the arteries that carry blood away from the heart.
The chambers on the right side of the heart are smaller and have less myocardium in their heart wall
when compared to the left side of the heart. This difference in size between the sides of the heart is
related to their functions and the size of the 2 circulatory loops. The right side of the heart maintains
pulmonary circulation to the nearby lungs while the left side of the heart pumps blood all the way to
the extremities of the body in the systemic circulatory

The Frog Heart And The Frog Heart
The development of perfusion solutions such as Ringers solution enables us to study basic cardiac
functions. These solutions are based on the composition of extracellular fluid that is able to sustain
isolated organs and allow them to perform as they do inside the body (Silverthorn, 2013).The frog
heart beats slowly and therefore allows us to easily observe the mechanical activity of the cardiac
cycle (Courtice, 1989).
The heart is made up of cardiac muscle. Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle exhibits a few
differences such as rhythmicity. The frog heart is different to the mammalian heart in that it has
three chambers instead of four (Sherwood et al, 2013). The pacemaker cells are located in the sinus
venosus as opposed to in the sinoatrial (SA) node in mammals. The sinus venosus receives
deoxygenated blood from the veins which drain most of the body organs and empties it into the right
atrium. Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the left atrium. The single ventricle receives the
blood from both atria and pumps it through a single large artery known as the truncus arteriosus
(Sherwood et al, 2013). There is little mixing of the two pools of blood due to the structural
organisation of the ventricle and the outflow tract. Due to the organisation, oxygenated blood is
delivered to the brain and tissues while deoxygenated blood flows to the lungs and to the skin
through which the frog exchanges gases and water (Sherwood et al, 2013).
During the experiment, a pithed frog will be used to determine the effect of temperature and certain
drugs on the activity of the heart. In endotherms, humans for example, rate and strength of the
heartbeat increases as temperature increases due the effect that an increased temperature has on
enzymatic reactions (Silverthorn, 2013). When the environmental temperature decreases, the heart
rate initially speeds up to increase metabolism which ultimately will increase heat production in
order to maintain homeostasis. However, once core body temperature decreases, cardiac activity
decreases due to the decreasing rate of chemical reactions (Silverthorn, 2013). Because frogs are
ectotherms, their core body temperature is dependent on the environment. It is expected that an

Lab Report Heart Dissection Of The Heart
Lab Report Heart Dissection The heart is a fantastical organ. The fact that it can circulate blood
throughout the body in a quick span of time and make sure every limb and organ is nourished is
astounding. The wonder is only increased when we look upon the heart in an Aristotelian sense, as
something created and working towards a function, where every part is there for a reason. If we
keep in mind the purpose of the heart while looking at the way it is structured with veins, arteries,
and the heart itself, the way it has been configured is incredibly logical and allows the heart to
function the way it does expediently. The heart has two parts each with a left and right form
(meaning four total): the auricle and ventricle. Knowing this, though it may seem backwards, it is
helpful to consider various characteristics of the veins and arteries that are intimately connected with
these parts. There are two veins, the pulmonary vein and the vena cava. There are two arteries as
well, the aorta and the pulmonary artery. The way these function together, as Harvey demonstrated,
is that the vena cava takes blood into the right auricle. This blood is pushed into the right ventricle,
where it cycles through the lungs from the pulmonary artery and arrives at the left ventricle through
the pulmonary vein. From here, the blood is pushed into the left ventricle where is distributed to the
body through the aorta. These are the purposes and functions of the various veins and arteries

The Heart And The Heart Of The Human Heart
The human heart is the one organ that powers the entire body. Without it we wouldn't be able to do
the simplest functions. Simple things like talking, walking, and even breathing relies on the heart
pumping. Pumping blood into all the different parts of the body allows the circulatory system to
supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and remove carbon dioxide and other wastes.
The heart is a muscular organ about the size of a closed fist that functions as the body's circulatory
pump. There are four chambers that make up the heart. The upper chambers are called the atrium
and the lower chambers are the ventricle. A wall of muscle called the septum separates the two sides
of the heart. Attached to each chamber is a valve. The valves open and close to let the blood flow in
only one direction. These valves are actual flaps that are located on each end of the two ventricles.
The right side of the heart is responsible for taking all the deprived oxygen blood and making it rich
again. The left side pumps all the oxygenated blood out into the rest of the body.
All the great things the heart does for the body and it only takes one wrong thing to happen to the
heart to affect the entire body. Heart attacks is the leading enemy against the heart, it affects more
than a million Americans each year. The heart needs a constant supply of oxygen–rich blood to
nourish it. The coronary arteries provide the heart with oxygen supply. The body produces Calcium,
fatty matter, proteins, and

Artificial Heart
Coronary heart disease, one of the most pervasive diseases, has influenced millions of individuals
around the globe. In 1995, 4000 patients waited for donor hearts and 731 of them died waiting
(ijates). As the number of patients suffering from heart disease increased, the demand for donor
hearts increased along with it. For this reason, it has brought biomedical engineers and researchers
closer to developing devices like defibrillators and artificial hearts that may alleviate patients' pain.
Artificial heart transplant machines are now reliable treatment options for heart failure. These
machines are utilized as a substitute until a donor organ can be found. Statistics show that this
method has resulted in an improvement of survival rate of 80% (Martin Struber). Although artificial
hearts are costly and potentially life threatening, it is conceivable that these machines may have a
more prominent part to play as their expenses diminish and technological improvements expand
dependability. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The design of these hearts is close to the structure of the natural heart. The heart that humans carry
has two pumps and four chambers. The right atrium gathers oxygen–drained blood and pumps it to
the lungs. The left atrium receives oxygen–rich blood from the lungs to and pumps this blood out of
the body. The valves' function is to control the blood flow (Raghunandan Avula). On the other hand,
artificial heart has three subsystems placed under the skin. These subsystems are the heart pump, a
pump controller, and a power source. The battery of the heart is charged with a special magnetic
charger. Energy from the external charger is transferred to internal battery through an energy transfer
device known as transcutaneous energy transmission (National Heart, Lung, and Blood

Korotkoff : The Heart And The Sound Of The Heart
What anatomical structure of the heart produces the "lub" and "dub" sounds? What are Korotkoff
sounds? How are Korotkoff sounds different from the "lub" "dub" sounds? The heart is connected to
the rest of the cardiovascular system through several large arteries and veins. The right atrium
receives blood through the superior and inferior vena cava, the two largest veins of the body, while
the left ventricle receives blood through the pulmonary veins. The right ventricle pumps blood
through the pulmonary artery as it travels to the lungs while the left ventricle ejects the blood into
the aorta, the largest artery in the body, from where it travels to the rest of the body.
Atrioventricular valves are located between the right atrium and the right ventricle, and between the
left atrium and the left ventricle. These allow the blood to travel in one direction: from the atrium to
the ventricles. The semilunar valves, located at the base of the pulmonary artery and the aorta, allow
blood to flow to the lungs and the rest of the body, respectively, but prevent the flow back into the
ventricles. Familiar "lub–dub" sounds of the heart are produced when the respective valves close
after allowing blood to pass through them.
The sounds of Korotkoff are the first sound that is heard when you take the systolic blood persion,
the first sound you hear when you press the artery and listen in the ear is the sound of Korotkoff and
the distal pressure is where the fifth face when the sound is

Heart Pathophysiology
The heart is one of the earliest differentiating and functioning organs of the human body. In human
embryos, the heart will develop from the mesoderm and begin to beat in a little over three weeks.1
When the heart is fully formed, it will be about the size of a large fist and will serve as the
circulatory pump for the body.2 In this role it aids in pulmonary circulation where blood is sent to
the lungs to be oxidized and in systemic circulation where blood is sent throughout the body. This
process is highly regulated by electrical signals and this paper seeks to understand some of the
physical phenomenon that can explain this. Before understanding the physical theories behind the
heart, it is useful to understand a little bit about the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to this, these cells illustrate many electrostatic properties. With this knowledge, we can apply
Gauss's law which describes the electric flux out of the membrane is equal to the charge within the
membrane divided by the permittivity. Mathmatically, this can appear as ΦE=Q/ɛo where ΦE is the
electrical flux, Q is the total charge enclosed within the volume, and ɛo is the permittivity of free
space. Given the above knowns of the electrical flux could be approximated (9x10–4 C/m2) /
(8.854x10–12F/m) = 1.02x10–12 N*m2/C. This electrical flux represents the amount of charge that
could pass through the surface of the muscle cell within the heart when it is

Heart and Points
1. Which layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle tissue? (Points : 1) Epicardium
Pericardium Myocardium Endocardium Hypocardium
2. Which blood vessel shown in the figure carries oxygenated blood to the lower thoracic cavity and
the abdominal cavity of the body? (Points : 1) A B E F H
3. Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through which of the following structures? (Points : 1)
Right atrium Interventricular septum Bicuspid valve Aortic semilunar valve Pulmonary semilunar
valve
4. The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the (Points
: 1) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which blood vessel shown in the figure carries oxygenated blood to the lower thoracic cavity and
the abdominal cavity of the body? (Points : 1) A B E F H
3. Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through which of the following structures? (Points : 1)
Right atrium Interventricular septum Bicuspid valve Aortic semilunar valve Pulmonary semilunar
valve
4. The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the (Points
: 1) cardiac output. cardiac input. stroke volume. heart rate. pulse pressure.
5. Which wave in an electrocardiogram represents repolarization of the ventricles? (Points : 1) R
wave T wave S wave P wave Q wave
6. All of the following aid in venous return of blood to heart EXCEPT (Points : 1) the skeletal
muscle pump. the respiratory pump. blood viscosity. venoconstriction venous valves.
7. Which type of blood vessel plays a key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries? (Points : 1)
arteries arterioles venules veins aorta
8. Which labeled structure in the figure is a metarteriole? (Points : 1) A B D F E
9. What physiological process is

HEART DISEASE
Heart diseases also known as cardiovascular diseases are various conditions types that may interfere
with the function of the heart. These condition types include atherosclerotic also known as coronary
artery heart disease which is shown to affect arteries leading to the heart, the heart valve disease
which affects the functionality of valves in regulating in and out of the blood flow to the heart.
Cardiomyopathy affects the squeezing of the heart muscles. Arrhythmias also called the heart
rhythm disturbances affects the electrical conductions. There are also heart infections which are
resulted by structural problems of the heart which usually develops before birth. (Wedro)
Coronary heart disease also referred as the Ischemic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Long–term mental and emotional stress have also been associated with causing damage to the
arteries. Metabolic components syndrome like obesity and diabetes type II have also been connected
to a higher risk of development of coronary heart disease. Other risk factors that have been seen to
be associated with coronary heart disease include high triglycerides or cholesterol, male gender,
stress, increasing age, trauma, venous thrombo –embolism, obesity as well as underlying vascular
disease. However, hereditary and genetic factors as well as stress has been shown to be responsible
for the development of this disease and thus serves as a risk factor. Males are more likely to develop
ischemic disease despite women risk being significant particularly after they get into menopause.
In blocked or obstructed arteries, blocked coronary artery blood flow may be resulted by the
deposition of cholesterol, calcium and some fatty substances referred to as plaque. The deposition
process begins at early ages and when growing at a different rate in every individual regarding the
presence of the risk factors. These deposits accumulate gradually eventually reducing the diameter
of the coronary artery to the extent that blood vessels can no longer pass blood to the need of
muscles of the heart. Apart from the clogging plaque, there exist other mechanisms that may also
contribute to the reduction of blood flow to the heart. These include spasm of the coronary artery
and also

Heart Rate In The Heart
The heart is a muscle that is used to pump blood throughout the body and helps circulate oxygen and
red blood cells to muscles and organs. Heart rate is the measurement of how many times a person's
heart beats in a certain amount of time. It is measure in BPM (beats per minute). Heart rate can be
affected by the work of the muscles in the body. The more strain the muscles of the body are under
or the more work they do means a higher heart rate. Recovery rate is derived from the measuring the
heart rate after ceasing activity.
The hearts need to speed up or speed down is triggered by the cell's need for oxygen. As one
exercises, the muscles in the body need ATP so they can complete their respective functions. ATP is
the energy source for the cells and it is required for the cell to do work. Oxygen is the final electron
acceptor in the cell's production of ATP and is therefore required to make energy for the cell.
Therefore, the tissue cells need oxygen to create energy and need energy to complete their functions.
They get the oxygen from oxygenated blood circulating throughout the body.
The more muscles work, the more oxygen they need which means the circulatory system must
compensate and pass more oxygenated blood through to the muscles which need it to make energy.
Therefore, the heart must work faster to pump this blood throughout the body at a faster pace, which
increases the heart rate. The lungs also play an important role because the oxygen breathed in
oxygenates the

The Heart Of Heart Failure
Research by the American Heart Association (2014) states that heart failure effects an estimated 5.1
million Americans and it is predicted to increase 25% by 2030. Heart failure is a pathophysiological
condition that indicates the heart is unable to promote enough cardiac output causing insufficient
blood supply to the body. Pharmacological treatment for cardiac failure is dependent upon the
ability to decrease rate of blood flow and blood pressure. Survival after heart failure diagnosis has
improved with medication but the death rate remains high with over half of the people diagnosed
with heart failure will die within 5 years. (Go et al., 2014) Every beat you feel you heart make is one
complete cycle of blood entering the heart and exiting the heart. The heart cycle breaks down into
two main contractions. Atrial contraction of the heart forces blood from the vena cava and the
pulmonary veins through the atrioventricular valves and into the left and right ventricles. During
ventricular contraction the tricuspid and mitral valves close and the blood is forced out of the
ventricles through the semilunar valves into the aortic and pulmonic arteries. The pulmonic arteries
supply blood to the lungs for oxygenation while the aortic arteries circulate the already oxygenated
blood from the lungs, to the rest of the body. Diastole is the period of relaxation when the blood fills
the ventricles. Systole is the period of contraction that forces the blood out of the ventricles.

Heart Suffufficiency: What Is Heart Insufficiency Or Heart...
Heart Insufficiency
What is heart insufficiency or heart failure ?
First of all it is important to clarify what heart insufficiency means. Heart failure is a chronic and
progressive condition in which the the heart can't pump blood properly through the body. It can't
keep up the body's demands of blood and oxygen.
The heart tries to compensate the lack of blood supply by various options:
Enlarging:
The heart stretches to contract stronger than usual which leads to an enlarging of the heart. This an
attempt to provide normal blood supply.
2. Developing more muscle mass:
The contracting cells of the heart become bigger. Consequently an increase of the muscle size of the
heart occurs and stronger pumping.
3. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is implanted under the patients skin in the chest with wires leading through veins and into the
heart. Monitoring the heart rhythm and trying to pace or shock the heart back to the normal rhythm
if the heart stops is the main function of the ICD. But it can also speed the heart rate up if it is too
low.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) / biventricular pacing:
Timed electrical impulses to the left and right ventricles are send by a biventricular pacemaker. The
heart's electrical system is affected by heart failure combined with an already weakened heart leads
to an uncontrolled heart rhythm. Biventricular pacemakers are often combined with ICDs.
Heart pumps:
Devices like ventricular assist devices (VAD) are implanted into the abdomen or chest and
connected to the heart. VADs are often used in the left ventricle but can be also used in the right or

even both ventricles. It is made for patients who wait for a transplant organ. But sometimes it is also
used as an

The Heart Function : The Structure Of The Human Heart
From my high school Human Anatomy and Physiology class, I vaguely remember the structure of
the human heart. The human heart is fairly simple at a non–cellular level. Your heart contains a right
and left atrium, and directly under those, a left and right ventricle. These are the four chambers of
the human heart. Your heart also has two main exiting arteries: the pulmonary trunk which exits
from the right ventricle and the aorta which exists from the left ventricle. The pulmonary trunk
carries "dirty", deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the two lungs to become oxygenated
in a system called the pulmonary circuit. This oxygenated blood is then carried back to the left
atrium by the pulmonary veins. The aorta carries this freshly oxygenated blood to the entire body in
a system called the systemic circuit. The inferior vena cava and superior vena cava are major arteries
leading into the heart, carrying the "dirty" blood to be cleaned. (See figure one). I know of these
parts, however I want to know how these parts are able to function together as the body ages.
While the function of the heart does not change overtime, the efficiency of the heart does change.
It's performance in pumping blood, cleaning blood, and oxygenating blood, all may decrease with
age. The muscular myocardium wall may change in terms of thickness, as well as support. These are
some of the few things I learned about my grandfather's heart while he was dying in the hospital. I
want to search these

The Cardiovascular System : The Heart And The Heart
Introduction
The cardiovascular system, also known as the circulatory system is made up of the heart, the blood
vessels and the blood. It is a double circulatory system because it is made up of two different
circuits; the pulmonary circuit which is between the heart and lungs and the systemic circuit which
is between the heart and the other organs around transferring the nutrients and waste in and out of
the body. This means the blood passes through the heart twice during the cardiac cycle.
These images have been selected and used form the BBC bitesize website:
http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zhnk7ty/revision/2 To display a diagram of the two different
circuits within the cardiovascular system.
Structure and Function of The Heart
The heart is a large muscular organ and its main job is to circulate blood all around the body. The
heart consists of three outer layers: the pericardium is the tough outer protective layer, the
myocardium which is the middle muscular layer and then finally the endocardium which is a smooth
membrane lining. The heart has four chambers within it. The left/right atria and the left/right
ventricles. Between these chambers there are valves which control the blood flow between the
chambers. The blood flows through the heart from right to left– The right atrium receives
deoxygenated blood from both the superior (top half of body) and the inferior

The Human Heart : The Embryology Of The Heart
The human heart is a myogenic muscle vital to human life as it is the muscle which deals with the
pumping of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood throughout the entire body. Due to importance of
the heart an understanding of this complex muscle is necessary. Therefore, today I hope to discuss
the embryology of the heart.
The formation of the heart begins during the third week of development, the embryo undergoes
gastrulation in the embryonic plate producing three germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm and
endoderm). Originally the embryonic plate possesses two germ layers (ectoderm & mesoderm) until
pregenital heart cells from the ectoderm migrate through the primitive streak in to splanchnic
mesoderm forming the third germ layer (endoderm) creating the primary heart field a region
responsible for the formation of the left ventricle, atria and a part of the right ventricle.
Consequently, the heart is derived from the splanchnic mesoderm layer where it spreads laterally
and cranially. Cells predestined to create the heart form a crescent at the cranial border of the disc,
transforming the ectoderm into a neural plate and eventually into a neural tube due to continuous
folding. The development of the heart is relative to the development of the brain because as the
cranial end of the neural tubes grow they derive folding of the disc resulting in a tube.
Due to continuous folding the position of the cardiac plate inverts eventually folding in to a tube
surrounded by the recently formed

The Heart Of A Heart Disappointment
Introduction:
Services Directors for taking care of hearts. Those services will help to have a better quality but with
higher cost.
Ceaseless heart disappointment (CHF) is a perplexing, crippling disorder because of cardiovascular
brokenness that weakens the capacity of the ventricle to load with, or launch, blood. Subsequently,
common side effects, for example, dyspnoea and weariness happen very still or with lessened
physical exertion. CHF regularly comes about because of harm to the myocardium for which the
etiology contrasts as indicated by the populace contemplated. In high salary countries CHF is
regularly the finished result of underlying coronary illness (Cowie 1997). In low to medium salary
countries the disorder is regularly the consequence of longstanding hypertension, cardiomyopathy or
rheumatic coronary illness (Sliwa 2005). This pattern is changing, with the rate and predominance
of atherosclerotic ailment expanding in low to medium wage countries (Yusuf 2001). CHF pushes a
significant trouble on health awareness frameworks, because of the high utilization of human assets
brought on transcendently by rehashed and long admissions to healing facility (Stewart 2002).
Saudi Arabia:
Cardiology Department
Cardiology Department provides comprehensive health care for patients with cardiovascular and
thoracic vessels, and among these patients, "interventional cardiac problems" and open–heart
surgery, and accompanied by the rehabilitation program for the heart and for

Heart Arrhythmia

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