Cardiovascular System

2. The Cardiovascular System
Anatomy and Physiology
BSM-1A
Vina Reconday
Christine Rodriquez
Sarah Mae Lopez
Vanessa Mae Olpato

3. In this chapter, you will learn that:
In this chapter, you will learn that:
The heart pumps blood through the pulmonary and systemic circuits
starting with:
Anatomy of the heart
and knowing …
then looking at:
Structure of the
Cardiovascular System
Organ Composition
Functions of
the parts
and exploring …
Associated
medical
terms
Associated
diseases
Physiology of the heart

6. Components of the cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system is the system
responsible for delivering blood to different parts
of the body. It consists of the following organs
and tissues:
The heart: A muscular pump that forces blood
around the body.
A closed system of blood vessels: These vessels
include:
• Arteries: Vessels that carry blood away
from the heart.
• Veins: Vessels that bring blood back to
the heart.
• Capillaries: Tiny vessels that branch off
from arteries to deliver blood to all body
tissues.

7. There are two blood
circulatory systems in the
body. The first is
the systemic circulatory
system. This is the main
blood circulatory system
that transports blood to
the organs, tissues, and
cells throughout the body.
It carries oxygen and
nutrients to the cells and
picks up carbon dioxide and
waste products. Systemic
circulation carries
oxygenated blood from the
left ventricle, through the
arteries, to the capillaries
in the tissues of the body.
The second is the pulmonary circulatory system. This
circulatory system moves blood between the heart and lungs.
It is where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide
leaves the blood.
Pulmonary circulation includes a vast network of arteries,
veins, and lymphatics that function to exchange blood and
other tissue fluids between the heart, the lungs, and back.
They are designed to perform certain specific functions that
are unique to the pulmonary circulation, such as ventilation
and gas exchange.

8. Let’s start with …

9. 2) Blood flows through the tricuspid valve and
enters the right ventricle (lower right
chamber).
3) The right ventricle pumps blood through
the pulmonary valve and out of the heart via
the main pulmonary artery.
4) The blood then flows through the left and
right pulmonary arteries into the lungs. Here,
the process of breathing draws oxygen into
the blood and removes carbon dioxide. As a
result, the blood is now rich in oxygen.
5) The blood returns to the heart and flows
into the left atrium (upper left chamber) via
four pulmonary veins.
The heart consists of four distinct chambers: two
upper chambers called “atria” and two lower
chambers called “ventricles.” A wall or “septum”
separates the atria and ventricles. Valves control
the flow of blood within the different chambers.
Blood follows the following path through the
heart:
1) Blood lacking oxygen returns from the body and
enters the right atrium (upper right chamber) via
the inferior vena cava and superior vena cava
veins.

10. The importance of the heart
The heart pumps blood through closed
vessels to every tissue within the body.
The blood itself then delivers nutrients
and oxygen to all cells in the body. Without
blood, the cells and tissues would not
function at their total capacity and would
begin to malfunction and die.
6) Blood flows through the mitral
valve and enters the left ventricle
(lower left chamber).
7) The left ventricle pumps the blood
through the aortic valve into a large
artery called the “aorta.” This artery
delivers blood to the rest of the
body.

11. And now …

12. ARTERIES
carry oxygenated blood away from the
heart. They are thick hollow tubes
which are highly ELASTIC which
allows them to DILATE (widen) and
constrict (narrow) as blood is forced
down them by the heart. Arteries
branch and re-branch, becoming
smaller until they become small
ARTERIOLES which are even more
elastic. Arterioles feed oxygenated
blood to the capillaries. The AORTA is
the largest artery in the body, taking
blood from the heart, branching into
other arteries that send oxygenated
blood to the rest of the body.
CAPILLARIES
distribute the nutrients and oxygen to the
body's tissues and remove deoxygenated
blood and waste. They are extremely thin, the
walls are only one cell thick and connect the
arterioles with the venules (very small veins).
VENULES
(very small veins) merge into VEINS which
carry blood back to the heart. The vein walls are
similar to arteries but thinner and less elastic.
Veins carry deoxygenated blood towards the
lungs where oxygen is received via the
pulmonary capillaries. The PULMONARY Veins
then carries this oxygenated blood back to the
heart.

13. Let’s go now with …
TERM DEFINITION
Afterload Afterload is the resistance which the
left ventricle has to pump.
Automaticity Automaticity is the property of the
specialized cells of the heart that
allows them to self-activate.
Cardiac output Cardiac output is the amount of blood
ejected by the heart with each
heartbeat.
Contractility Contractility is the ability of muscle
tissue to contract.
Diastole Dia- refers to apart or through.
-stole is a suffix meaning contraction.
-diastole is also a suffix meaning
period of dilation of the heart.
Diastole is the period between
contractions or the resting period of
the heart when the ventricles are filling
or dilating.

14. TERM DEFINITION
Cardiology Cardi refers to the heart .
-ology refers to the study of.
Cardiology is the study of the
disorders of the heart.
Cardiologist Cardi refers to the heart.
-ologist refers to one who studies.
A cardiologist specializes in
disorders of the heart. A
cardiologist can order and interpret
the test. A cardiologist can advise
the patient of their option.
Interventional cardiologist An interventional cardiologist is a
sub-specialty of cardiologists that
can perform advanced cardiac
procedures such as catheter-based
procedures.
Cardiac surgeon A cardiac surgeon can perform
major procedures on the heart and
the vessels.
Electrophysiologist Electr(o) refers to electricity.
physi(o) means related to
physiology.
-ologist refers to one who
studies.
Physiology is the study of the
science and processes of the
human body.
Electrophysiology deals with the
relationship between electrical
phenomena and biological
function.
An electrophysiologist is a
person who works with the
body’s electrical and biological
functions.
Electrophysiologist cardiologist An electrophysiologist
cardiologist studies the heart
electrical impulses.

15. Diastolic Diastolic pertains to diastole or
the blood pressure during the
relaxation of the heart.
Electrocardiograph (ECG) Electr(o) refers to electric.
Cardi(o) refers to the heart.
-graph is a suffix meaning
product of a drawing, writing or
recording.
An electrocardiograph, also
known as an ECG is used to
record the electrical activity of the
heart.
Electrocardiogram Electr(o) refers to electric.
-gram means a drawing or a
written record.
Cardi(o) refers to the heart.
An electrocardiogram is a record
produced by the
electrocardiography.
Preload Preload is the stretch of the
muscle fibers at end diastole.
Systole Sy- means an association.
-stole is a suffix meaning
contraction.
-systole means type and
location of a higher blood
pressure measurement.
Systole means the contraction
of the heart.
Systolic Systolic is the pressure
created when the ventricles
contract. This is the top
reading of the blood pressure.

16. Apex Apex means top or summits;
however, it is the lowest part of
the heart.
Atrium Atri(o) refers to the atrium.
Atria is the plural form of atrium.
An atrium is a cavity or
chamber. The atrium of the
heart is one of the top chambers
of the heart.
Base The base of the heart is
opposite the apex of the heart.
This is the top portion of the
heart.
Carotid Carotid refer to the arteries of
the neck that supply blood to
the head and neck.
Endocardium Endo- refers to within.
Cardium refers to the heart.
The endocardium is the
innermost layer of the heart.
Epicardium Epi- refers to above or outer.
Cardium refers to the heart.
The epicardium is the outer layer of the heart.
Intercostal Inter- refers to between.
Costal means pertaining to the ribs.
Intercostal refers to the spaces between the
ribs.
Jugular A term related to the throat.
The jugular vein is a large vein in the throat.
Manubrium The manubrium is the upper portion of the
sternum. One of the three bones of the
sternum.
Mediastinum Media- refers to middle or midway.
Mediastina refer to the mediastinum.
The mediastinum is a portion of the thoracic
cavity in the middle of the thorax, which
houses the heart, trachea, esophagus and
major blood vessels.
Myocardium My(o) refers to muscle.
Cardium refers to the heart.
The myocardium is the middle muscular layer
of the heart.

17. Pericardium Peri- means around.
Cardium refers to the heart.
The pericardium is a thin sac
that surrounds the heart.
Point of maximal impulse The point of maximal impulse is
a site on the chest wall located
at the 5th intercostal space
midclavicular line in which you
can palpate and auscultate the
apical pulse.
Septum Septa is plural for the septum.
The septum is a partition or wall
that separates the right and the
left side of the heart.
Sternal The term sternal pertains to
the sternum. It is also a suffix
meaning sternum.
The sternum is a flat bone
located in the upper anterior
portion of the chest.
Thorax Thorax refers to the chest.
-thoracic is a suffix meaning
the chest.
The Thorax is the upper part
of the trunk which contains
the heart and lungs.
The plural forms are
thoraxes, thoraces.
Ventricles A ventricle is a cavity located
at the bottom of the heart.
Ventricular pertains to the
ventricle.

18. TERM DEFINITION
Aorta The aorta is a major portion
of the arterial circulation
which branches off the left
ventricle and carries
oxygenated blood to the
circulation.
Artery Arter(o) refers to the artery.
An artery is one of the large
blood vessels carrying blood
away from the heart.
Arterial Arteri(o) refers to the artery.
Arterial means pertaining to
the arteries.
Arterioles Arterioles mean little artery.
Arteriovenous Arteri(o) refers to the arteries.
Atrioventricular Atri(o) refers to the atrium.
Ventricular refers to the
ventricles.
Atrioventricular is a connection
between the atrium and the
ventricles, electrical or
anatomical.
Capillary Capillary is a Latin word
meaning hairlike.
A capillary is one of the
microscopic blood vessels.
Coronary The term coronary refers to
encircling structures.
The coronary arteries refer to
the arteries that branch off the
aorta and encircle and supply
the heart.
Intravascular Intra- refers to the middle.
Vascular refers to the blood
vessels.
Intravascular means inside the
blood vessels.

19. Inferior vena cava Inferior means lower or
situated below a given point.
Vena refers to a vein.
Cava refers to a cavity.
Inferior vena cava is a large
vein that brings deoxygenated
blood from the lower part of the
body to the heart.
Semilunar valves Semi- refers to half.
Luna refers to the moon.
A valve is a structure which
prevents the backflow of fluids
that pass through it.
-valve is also a suffix meaning
a thing that regulates the flow
of.
Semilunar valves are valves in
which the cusps are shaped
like half moons, such as the
pulmonary and aortic valve that
keep the flow of blood in one
direction.
Superior vena cava Superior means higher or
situated above a given point.
Vena refers to a vein.
Cava refers to a cavity.
The superior vena cava is a
large vein that brings
deoxygenated blood from the
upper half of the body to the
heart.
Valve -valve is also a suffix meaning
a thing that regulates the flow
of.
A valve is a structure which
prevents the backflow of fluids
which pass through it.
Vascular The term vascular means
blood vessels.

20. Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System
Vein Ven(o) refers to a
vein.
A vein is a blood
vessel that collects
blood from the
capillaries and carries
it back to the heart.
Venule Venule means small
vein.
A venule is one of the
small blood vessels
that collect blood from
the capillary.
Diagnostic Studies of the
Cardiovascular System
TERM DEFINITION
Doppler echocardiography An echo is the reflection of
an ultrasound wave off a
structure which is sent back
to the transducer.
Cardi(o) refers to the heart.
-graphy means the process
of recording.
A Doppler
echocardiography uses
Doppler ultrasonography to
evaluate blood flow
patterns and directions in
the heart and records them.

21. Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System
Doppler ultrasonography Ultra means beyond, farther.
Ultrasound is high-frequency
sound waves.
A Doppler ultrasonography
uses ultrasound imaging to
look at the structures and
blood flow of the beating
heart.
Echocardiography Echo is the reflection of an
ultrasound wave off a
structure back to the
transducer.
Cardi(o) means heart.
-graphy refers to the process
of recording.
A echocardiography is a
noninvasive diagnostic
procedure used to record the
movement and structure of
the heart.
Echocardiogram Echo is the reflection of an
ultrasound wave off a structure back
to the transducer.
Cardi(o) means heart.
-gram means a drawing or a written
record.
An echocardiogram is a graphic
reading of the heart movement from
an ultrasonography.
Electrophysiology study (EPS) Electr(o) refers to electricity.
Physi(o) means related to
physiology.
Physiology is the study of the
science and processes of the human
body.
Electrophysiology deals with the
relationship between electrical
phenomena and biological function.
An EPS study is a procedure that
uses electrode catheters to pace the
heart and sometimes induce an
arrhythmia to detect problems with
the conduction system of the heart.

22. Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System
Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI)
Magnetic means lodestone.
Resonance means to sound
again.
Imaging means image.
An MRI is a procedure used
to produce an image by the
creation of a magnetic field
to give detailed information
about the cardiovascular
system.
Tomography Tomo- refers to the
preparation of a section.
-graphy refers to the process
of recording.
A tomography is a sectional
imaging to produce a film
with a detailed cross-section
of tissue and organs.
Transesophageal
echocardiography (TEE)
Trans- refers to through.
Esophageal refers to the
esophagus.
Electrocardiography is a
noninvasive diagnostic
procedure used to study the
movement and structure of the
heart.
A transesophageal
echocardiography (TEE) is an
ultrasound using an endoscope
that views the heart from a
retrocardiac vantage point. That
is the endoscope is passed down
the esophagus.
Ultrasound Ultra means beyond, farther.
Ultrasound is high-frequency
sound waves.
Ultrasound imaging is the
process of using high frequency
sounds waves to visualize
internal structures.

23. Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System

24. Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System
TERM DEFINITION
Angiopathy Angi(o) refers to a vessel.
-pathy refers to a disease.
Angiopathy is a disease of the
blood vessels.
Angina pectoris Angi- refers to a vessel.
Angina is a choking feeling in
the throat caused by not
enough oxygen to the
myocardium of the heart from
the blood vessels.
pector- refers to breast.
Pectoral refers to the chest or
thorax.
Angina pectoris is thoracic pain
caused by spasms in the
coronary arteries caused by
not enough oxygen to the
myocardium of the heart.
Atherosclerosis Ather(o) refers to an artery.
-sclerosis refers to hardening.
Atherosclerosis means the
build-up of fatty plaque or
cholesterol in the lining of the
arteries. The walls become
thick, fibrotic and calcified.
Arteriosclerosis Arteri(o) refers to an artery.
-sclerosis means hardening.
Arteriosclerosis means
hardening of the arteries due
to calcification, thickening and
loss of elasticity.
Arrhythmia A- refers to without.
Rhythmia refers to the rhythm.
Arrhythmia means an irregular
heart rhythm.

25. Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System
Blood pressure Blood is the liquid pumped
from the heart through the
blood vessels.
Pressure means to press.
Blood pressure is the
pressure exerted on the walls
of the arteries by the
circulating blood volume.
Bradycardia Brady refers to slow.
Cardia refers to the heart.
Bradycardia means a heart
rate less than 60 beats per
minute.
Bruit A blowing or swishing sound
caused by turbulent blood flow
heard when auscultating
diseased carotid arteries.
Cardiac arrest Cardiac refers to the heart.
Arrest means to inhibit,
restrain or stop.
A cardiac arrest is a sudden
stoppage of cardiac circulation
and cardiac output.
Cardiogenic shock Cardi(o) refers to the heart.
-genic refers to causing,
forming or producing.
Cardiogenic refers to
originating in the heart.
Shock is a condition
characterized by inadequate
blood flow to the body.
Cardiogenic shock is a
condition associated with a
myocardial infarction resulting
in a low cardiac output.

26. Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System
Cardiomyopathy Cardi(o) refers to the heart.
My(o) refers to the muscle.
-pathy refers to the disease.
Cardiomyopathy is a disease
of the myocardium causing
enlargement.
Congestive heart failure Congestive refers to
congestion which is an
abnormal accumulation of
fluid.
Congestive heart failure is a
condition in which the cardiac
output is impaired and is
unable to meet the needs of
the body causing an
abnormal accumulation or
backup of fluid and
peripheral edema.
Coronary artery disease
(CAD)
Coronary refers to encircling
structures.
Coronary artery disease is a
condition affecting the
arteries of the heart that
cause a reduction of blood
flow to the myocardium.
Endocarditis Endo- refers to inward or
within.
Card refers to the heart.
itis refers to inflammation.
Endocarditis is the
inflammation of the
endocardium and heart
valve.
Hemostasis Hemo- refers to blood or
blood vessels.
-stasis refers to halting.
Hemostasis is the halting of
bleeding by the coagulation
process or by chemical or
mechanical means.

27. Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System
Hypertension Hyper- refers to excessive, above
and beyond.
Tension refers to stretch or
pressure.
Hypertension is a common
condition characterized by an
elevated blood pressure when
there is an abnormally high amount
of pressure on the arteries.
Hypotension Hypo refers to under, below or
beneath
Hypotension is a condition
characterized by a low blood
pressure or when there is not an
adequate amount of pressure in the
arteries for normal perfusion.
Myocardial Infarction (MI) My(o) refers to muscle.
Cardial refers to the heart.
An infarct is a localized area
of necrosis.
An MI is necrosis of part of
the cardiac muscle caused
by an obstruction of the
coronary artery that affects
the heart ability to pump.
Ischemia Ischemia means to hold
back blood.
Ischemia is a decreased
blood supply to a body part.
Murmur Murmur refers to humming.
A murmur is a humming or a
gentle blowing such as a
heart murmur.

28. Diagnostic Studies of the Cardiovascular System
Pericardial effusion Peri- refers to around.
Cardial refers to the heart.
Effusion means to pour out or the
escape of fluid.
Pericardial effusion is the escape
of fluid into the pericardial sac.
Pericarditis Peri- refers to around.
Card refers to the heart.
-itis refers to inflammation.
The pericardium is the sac that
surrounds the heart.
Pericarditis is the inflammation of
the pericardium.
Tachycardia Tachy- refers to fast.
Cardia refers to the heart.
Tachycardia is a condition in
which the heart beats at a rate
faster than 100 beats per minute.
Thrill A thrill is a vibration felt over an
area of the patient’s body caused
by turbulent blood flow.