Solar

1. Welcome to all

2. Non-conventional energy resources
 Solar
 Wind
 Biomass
 Geothermal
 Energy from the oceans
 chemical energy resources
 Hydrogen energy
 many others…….

3. Solar power
 In the world over on average each square meter of land
is exposed to enough sunlight to receive 1700 KWh of
energy. every year.
 But cell effeciency
 Thin Film- 5-10 %
 Multicrystaline cell- 14- 16 %
 So only 1700x0.15 watt= 255 watt is today extractable
from multicrystalline cell

4. But
 There is no waste of energy through effeciency loss, as
sunlight can not be wasted.
 Solar cells convert sunlight energy in electricity . They
do not store energy.
 So these are basically converters.

5. Advantages of PV technology
 Fuel is free
 No moving part to wear out , break down or replace
 Only minimal maintenance is requiired to keep the
system running
 The systems are modular and can be quickly installed
anywhere

6. Advantages of PV technology
contd…..
 It produces no noise,harmful emmissions or polluting
gases
 Unused space can be used even in residential areas on
roofs, window panes, building wall surfaces, deserts
etc )

7. PV Technology
 Most important part of PV system is the Cell
 Each cell 0.5 volts,
 A number of cells are arranged in series and parallel
combination to produce required power.
Around 60% cost of solar plant is for PV panels only

8. PV Technology
1-Crystalline silicon- sliced from ingots or castings, or
from grown ribbons- effieciency 14-16 % ( has been
achieved up to 20 %)
2-Thin Film- manufatured by depositing thin films of
silicon on low cost bases such as glass, stainless steel and
plastic.
 Thin film Tech offers – low material consumption, Low
weight, and smooth appearance. But effeciency is low
5-10 % only, so requirs almost double the area for same
capacity plant.

9. PV Technology
 1- Crystalline silicon-
 Area needed per KW ( for Modules) approx 7 – 8 m2
 2- Thin film- use extremely thin ( in microns) layers of
silicon
 Area needed per KW ( for Modules) approx 10-15 m2

10. Crystalline silicon
 These are of two types- Monocrystalline and Multi(
Poly ) Crystalline
 The average thickness of wafers has beenreduced from
0.32 mm in 2003 to 0.17 mm.
 Over the same period efficiency has increased from 14
to 16 %
 Efforts are futher continue to reduce this thickness

11. Thin Film
 Thin film modules commertially available at the
moment are three types-
 1- Amorphous silicon (a-Si)
 2-Copper indiam Deselenide
 3-Cadmiun telluride ( Cd Te)

12. Cell efficiency depends…
 Standard Testing Conditions ( STC )
 Temp-25 Deg C
 Insolation 1000 w /m2
 Air pressure 1.5

13. What is photovoltaic energy?
 The energy which is converted form of light energy
from sun.
 At the heart of PV technology is a semiconductor .
 The most common semiconductor material usee in PV
is silicon.
 The element silicon is the second most abundant
element on the earth’s urface, next to Oxygen.

14. Basic Information
 Name: Silicon
Symbol: Si
Atomic Number: 14
Atomic Mass: 28.0855 amu
Melting Point: 1410.0 °C (1683.15 K, 2570.0 °F)
Boiling Point: 2355.0 °C (2628.15 K, 4271.0 °F)
Number of Protons/Electrons: 14
Number of Neutrons: 14

15. Atomic Structure

16. How does PV cell work
 Outer cell of silicon has 4 no of electrons
 Light actually penetrates in to the cell
 These billion billion of light particle called as
PHOTONS transfer their energy to electrons around
the silicon atoms.
 Some of the electrons gets liberated , and
multiplication of process occurs
 These lot of electrons flow in a particular direction and
so produce the D C current

17. PV Cell technology

18. Figure of solar insolation in the
world

19. Types of PV systems
 1- Grid Connected- For syn of Inverters AC power in
grid is must
 Off Grid- No Connection from grid is required.Battery
system is required
 Hybrid system-a solar system can be combined with
another source of power-a Biomass generator, a wind
turbine or diesel generator- to ensure a consistent
supply of electricity.

20.  A hybrid system can be –
 Grid vconnected or
 Off Grid ( Stand -alone )

21. Types of PV systems
 1-Grid Connected- No Battery system is required to
store the electricity generated
 Very useful for homes and business in developed
countary like Germany , spain, ..where ( Feed –In
Tariff in existance)
 Off grid- Battery system is required for storing the
energy for future use.

22. 5MW SOLAR PV PLANT

25.  Estimated Annual Generation: 7263.089 MWh
 CO2 emission reduction by 6936 Tonnes of CO2 e
per annum

26.  05 MW SOLAR PV PROJECT OVERVIEW
 PROJECT ZERO DATE : 07th MARCH 2012
 PROJECT COST : 48.59 cr.
 TOTAL AREA = 27.40 Acres
 TOTAL PV AREA = 22.2 Acres
 TOTAL MMS FOUNDATIONS = 3476 Nos.
 Interspace Between Foundations: 3.87/2.9 Mtrs
 Inter row Spacing : 7.0 Mtrs

27.  Type of Cell – Multi crystalline Silicon
 PV MODULES - POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON
Quantity = 20856 Nos
 Each PV Module output Voltage 29.6 V, and
current 8.14 Amp
 Power generated from each Module=29.6 x8.14
= 240.944 W
 Total PV Module s in one string( Series ) - 24
Nos, going to one SCB
 Total no of Strings in Parallel -18 Nos going to
one SCB

28.  So Total Power generated by one SCB Total voltage x
Total Current
 So Total Power by one SCB= ( ( 29.6 x 24) x ( 8.14 x 18) )
= 104.087 KW
 Total Five SCBs are attached with one Inverter,
 So Total Power by one Inverter= 104.087 x5 = 520.435
KW
 Total 10 No of Inverters are installed, So total Power
from Solar Plant=5.20435 MW
 TILT ANGLE ADJUSTMENT SLOTS----Tilt Angles-0º,
5º,13º,28º,35º & 43º
 7.5 MVA TRANSFORMER : QTY- 01 Nos., 1.1 /33 KV

29. Inveretrs
 Inverters are used to convert the D C supply to AC
 They can be Motor Generator or
 More commonly used electronic type inverters-
because their automation is easier even in fraction of
cycle. In them switching is done at several kHz or
higher. various protection are easier thro’ digital
circuitries.

30.  Inverters---No. Of Inverters -10 Nos--Make-
SATCON---Capacity - 500 KVA
 Input Voltage Range (V) : 420-850 --Output
Voltage Range (V) : 232-292--Maximum Output
Current per Phase (A) : 1090---Output
Frequency Range (Hz) : 49.3-50.5
 STRING COMBINER BOX (SCB) ---Quantity =
49 Nos

32. Starting of Plant
 Voltage availability ac and DC
 Ac/ DC Timers
 Generation depends on insolation
 Ideal condition 25 deg C

33. Inverter protections
 O/v
 U/v
 O/f
 U/f
 Heat sink temp
 Air temp

34. System protection
 7.5 MVA x-mer protn
 2.5 MVA x-mer protn
 0.5 MVA x-mer protn
 33 KV transmission line protn

35. Protn is through Num relays
only

36. Bay equipment control
 Local
 BCU
 SCADA

37. 33 KV TRANSMISSION LINE---Length of Line =4.2 Kilometers
MODULE CLEANING WATER LINE---PIPING (MAIN HEADER):
Ø 100mm CWS (GI)-PIPING (BRANCH LINE): Ø 20mm (GI)
TOTAL NO OF BORE WELL: 01 no
TOTAL NO OF PUMPS: 02 nos
RAW WATER TANK: 01 no, CAP. 25000 ltrs
500 KVA TRANSFORMERS : QTY 10 Nos.--- No Load Voltage Ratio-1.1/.26
SYNCHRONISATION DATE: 13TH FEB 2013
Performance Warranty of Modules : 25 Years

38. SCADA System (for Control & Monitoring of SPV Plant)

39. Functions of SCADA
 Communication with
 All MFMs
 All Num relays
 All Invereters

40. Weather Station
 Solar Insolation ( Pyrenometer)
 Ambient Temp
 Wind Spead ( Anemometer )
 Last 24 hrs graph can be seen on screen

41. In case AC aux power fail
 Individual inverters has UPS of 96 Amp Hour
 Can be survived nearly two hrs
 One separate UPS also given for LT 1.1 KV switchgear
plus Fire Protection system combinedly