Cranial Structure
The primary structure in the cranial cavity is the brain which has a mass around 1300 grams and
make up by approximately 100 billion neurons and 10 to 50 trillion neuroglia in adults (Tortora and
Derrickson, 2011). The weight of the brain increases rapidly during the first four years of life and
reaches the maximum weight around twentieth years (Gallucci et al., 2005). The brain is the portion
of central nervous system that act as control center for registering sensation correlated with one
another and with stored information, decision making, and actions. Furthermore, it also acts as a
center for the intellectual, emotions, behavior and memories (Tortora and Derrickson, 2011).
The brain is covered by meninges layers consisting the dura mater, the arachnoid mater and the pia
mater. The dura mater forms the outermost layer of meninges that act as a protective and supportive
if the brain. While the arachnoid mater and the pia mater form the middle and the innermost layer of
meninges respectively. Furthermore, the subarachnoid space lies between the arachnoid and pia
mater responsible for circulation of cerebrospinal fluid and contains most of blood vessels in the
brain (Lazo, 2005). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The largest part of the brain called cerebrum forms a curved around the thalamus, whereas the
second largest part of the brain namely cerebellum located posteriorly to the pons at the base of
skull. Moreover, the transverse fissure separates the occipital lobe of cerebrum between the
cerebellum (Applegate, 2010). Not only that, the brainstem consists of midbrain, pons and medulla
oblongata present inferior to the thalamus. Additionally, the superior cerebellar peduncle connects
the cerebellum to the midbrain (Lazo, 2005). Next, the pituitary gland lies in the sella turcica,
posterior to sella turcica is the dorsum sellae and anterior to sella turcica is the sphenoid
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Hemangioma Research Paper
PAS 661 Pediatrics EBM Assignment Elizabeth Arnold 6/29/15 Clinical Question: Does topical
timolol have the same efficacy in treatment of superficial infantile hemangiomas compared to oral
propranolol? Introduction: Infantile hemangioma (IH), a benign vascular tumor, is the most common
tumor of infancy, with an incidence of 5%–10% at the end of the first year (1). Most lesions are not
visible at birth but appear in the first four to six weeks of life. Hemangiomas are characterized by a
growth phase which continues for the first year followed by a involution phase lasting from one to
nine years (1). Risk factors for development of hemangiomas are being female, Caucasian, low birth
weight, and those of multiple gestations (1). The cause ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of them being that it was a randomized controlled trial which increases its internal and external
validity. One of the main limitations of the study was the heterogeneous patient population and
small numbers. The dramatic response of IH's to propranolol is encouraging and suggests early
treatment could result in decreased scarring and disfigurement. Propranolol hydrochloride
administered orally reduced the volume, color, and elevation of focal and segmental IH in infants
younger than 6 months up to 5 years of age. LOE II: Evidence obtained from at least one well–
designed Randomized Controlled Trial (4). The main strength in the study completed by
Chakkittakandiyil et al. was that it demonstrated further clinical evidence of the safety and efficacy
of topical timolol maleate. The study had several limitations. The procedures for digital photography
were not uniformly standardized and the investigators were not blinded to duration of treatment.
Topical timolol was shown to be an effective treatment for superficial IH with decreased risk of
adverse events compared to oral beta–blockers. LOE IV: Evidence from well–designed case–control
and cohort studies

Spider Man Vs Spider Man
Movies show us a great life that most people would love to have. No matter how hard things get in
movies such as in the movie Ted how the John main character loses but doesn't really lose at all.
Super hero movies are known for getting super powers the most uncommon way possible not saying
superpowers are common anyway. Being able to see life in a different point a view is something the
movie Cars does showing you the point–of–view of living life as a car.
Imagine losing your best friend, which by the way is a talking teddy bear. Well, John did just that by
losing that Ted who was given to him when he was a kid for Christmas. Originally the bear didn't
talk however he made a wish that he had a best friend and while making that wish a shooting star
flies by, helping John's wins came true by giving Ted the teddy magical powers and he came alive.
John not only lost his best friend because someone stole him but he loses the so–called love of his
life, Lori. John gets to meet one of his favorite fighters does cocaine with him and Ted. Not only did
John meet his hero but somehow John still finds a way to win his girl back. John had a life that
people wouldn't mind having as long as the end of their life is as just like Ted the movie.
The movie Spider–Man shows you how superheroes can get superhero powers instead of dying. In
the movie Spider–Man spider bites, Peter whom later becomes "Your friendly neighborhood Spider–
Man. instead of dying how almost anyone in the world would

The Efficacy Of The Decompressive Craniectomy
Scott Sorge
OMS 1
Advanced Dissection
Decrompressive Craniectomy
The efficacy of the decompressive craniectomy is a topic of debate in today's healthcare setting.
While initial studies showed no significance in the procedure's ability to save lives when compared
to conservative treatment, more recent studies that take into account time after onset of injury and
age of patient make a strong case for the necessity of the craniectomy. As research continues to
develop, the decompressive craniectomy continues to gain more support as the gold standard
treatment for a sudden, uncontrolled increase in intracranial pressure.
Various forms of acute trauma can lead to swelling of the brain within the cranium. Infection,
ruptured blood vessels, or inflammation due to stroke can cause the brain to expand, potentially
forcing the brainstem through the foramen magnum. During this expansion blood vessels may
become compressed, leading to further accumulation of inflammatory molecules and stasis of blood
flow to cerebral tissue. Lack of oxygen along with physical trauma due to expansion may cause
irreversible damage and death. In extreme cases of intracranial swelling, a decompressive
craniectomy may be necessary to alleviate pressure. Additionally, the procedure provides the
surgeon with an access point to physically remove hematomas and repair damaged vasculature.
The first steps of the procedure include identifying the presence, nature, location, and severity of the
trauma.

CVA Case Study Essay
This case study includes different diagnosis/problems that originate from a Cerebrovascular accident
commonly known as a CVA or stroke, these diagnoses includes; subdural hemorrhage, Hemiplegia,
visual field cut, and side inattention. In order to begin, let's familiarize with these particular
conditions. A CVA is a sudden loss of blood supply to the brain that damages and kills brain cells.
There are two different types of CVA one is an Ischemic strokes which is a blood clot that causes
blockage and the other is a hemorrhagic stroke which is a ruptured blood vessel. Some of the signs
of a stroke are sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the
body, sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding,

Good Brain, Bad Brain
The vocation of a doctor is the perfect unification of scientific curiosity and being of service to
others. Consequently, medicine is a career that interests me, above all others, while also appealing to
my scientific side as it demands the gifted use of science to combat the omnipresent threat of
disease.
What excites me most about a degree in medicine is the unparalleled exposure to the human
anatomy and physiology, and discovering the complex connections between various systems. This
inspired me to research medical issues in my own time, and so I took an online course titled 'Good
Brain, Bad Brain.' I learned how oligodendrocytes are the pathological target of multiple sclerosis
and how plaques that show up in scans are a result of the apoptosis of these cells. I can directly link
this to study of neurotransmission and autoimmune disease in GCSE ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Through my self–study of FP1 in maths I am able to further demonstrate being an effective
independent learner with a quest for knowledge, and proving my academic potential.
Currently, I have a weekend job at Sainsbury's which has aided the development of crucial time–
management skills, balancing the job with other duties, while consistently striving for academic
excellence. I have also taken advantage of many volunteering opportunities, such as serving
Christmas lunch for OAPs, at my local church, and helping in a local school with their science club
and as a class assistant. From this, I have grown in both patience, empathy and demonstrates my
caring nature.
I conclude hoping I have successfully demonstrated my unrelenting passion and potential for
studying medicine. Despite the challenges that come with being a medical student and ultimately a
doctor, I look forward to taking full advantage of the opportunities that university life has to

Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves Exercise 19...
Exercise 19: Gross Anatomy of the Brain and Cranial Nerves
HUMAN BRAIN– RIGHT LATERAL VIEW –(A – E)
A = POSTCENTRAL GYRUS
B = PARIETAL LOBE
C = PARIETO–OCCIPITAL SULCUS
D = OCCIPITAL LOBE
E = CEREBELLUM
HUMAN BRAIN– RIGHT LATERAL VIEW –(F – L)
F = PRECENTRAL GYRUS
G = CENTRAL SULCUS
H = FRONTAL LOBE
I = LATERAL SULCUS
J = TEMPORAL LOBE
K = PONS
L = MEDULLA
IN WHICH OF THE CEREBRAL LOBES ARE THE FOLLOWING FUNCTIONAL AREAS
FOUND?
AUDITORY CORTEX
TEMPORAL LOBE
FOUND?
PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX
FRONTAL LOBE
FOUND?
PRIMARY SENSORY CORTEX
PARIETAL LOBE
IN WHICH OF THE ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
FIRST, NAME THE COMMISSURE.
CORPUS CALLOSUM

DESCRIBE WHAT RESULTS (IN TERMS OF BEHAVIOR) CAN BE ANTICIPATED IN SUCH
EXPERIMENTS. "SPLIT BRAIN"
PERSON WILL BE UNABLE TO VOCALLY NAME WHAT THEY ARE/HAVE SEEN. A
PERSON'S MEMORY IS GENERALLY LOWER THEN NORMAL. CONTROL AND MEMORY
CAN BE AFFECTED BY THE SPLIT BRAIN EXAMPLES: MATHEMATICS AND SPEECH
CAN BE AFFECTED, LOSS OF DREAMS, CAN BECOME MUTE, AND CANT CONTROL
LEFT SIDE OF BODY.
OUTERMOST MENINX COVERING THE BRAIN; COMPOSED OF TOUGH FIBEROUS
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
DURA MATER
INNERMOST MENINX COVERING THE BRAIN; DELICATE AND HIGHLY VASCULAR
PIA MATER
STRUCTURES INSTRUMENTAL IN RETURNING CEREBROSPINAL FLUID TO THE
VENOUS BLOOD IN THE DURAL SINUSES
ARACHNOID VILLI
STRUCTURE THAT FORMS THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
CHOROID PLEXUS
MIDDLE MENINX; LIKE A COBWEB IN STRUCTURE
ARACHNOID MATER
ITS OUTER LAYER FORMS THE PERIOSTEUM OF THE SKULL
DURA MATER
A DURAL FOLD THAT ATTACHES THE CEREBRUM TO THE CRISTA GALLI OF THE
SKULL
FALX CEREBRI
LABEL THE STRUCTURES INVOLVED WITH CIRCULATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID
ON THE ACCOMPANYING DIAGRAM.
A DURAL FOLD SEPARATING THE CEREBRUM FROM THE CEREBELLUM
TENTORIUM CEREBELLI
CORRECTLY IDENTIFY ALL STRUCTURES INDICATED BY LEADER LINES ON THE
DIAGRAM
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FLOWS FROM THE FOURTH VENTRICLE INTO THE CENTRAL
CANAL OF THE SPINAL CORD AND THE ____1____ SPACE SURROUNDING THE BRAIN
AND SPINAL CORD. FROM THIS SPACE IT DRAINS THROUGH THE ___2___ INTO

Focal Nervous System Paper
The general structure of the nervous system is known as the "anatomy of the nervous system"
(neuroanatomy). The acts of human beings are guided by controls through the nervous system. A
human being's response to its environment is also through controlled guiding and thoughts (Pinel,
2013). The peripheral nervous system or PNS and central nervous system or CNS are important
parts of our nervous systems within hollow tube holding the CNS and PNS of our nervous system
(Pinel, 2013). There are subdivisions of these two sensory systems that have structure and
capacities. Focal Nervous System: AS the name recommends, it is focal and the two primary
segments of the focal sensory system are mind and spinal rope, which are under the assurance of
exceptional

Essay On Subdural Hematoma
The brain, the control center for all functions in the body, the center of all emotions and feelings,
and without which there is no life, sits inside of the hard, bony skull. The brain is highly
vascularized with an intricate system of arteries and veins. Between the brain and the skull lie the
meninges which consist of three layers: the arachnoid (closest to the brain), the pia mater and the
outer most layer the dura mater which is tough and fibrous. Problems can occur when there is a
trauma to the head, often occurring from a motor vehicle accident, fall or assault. The blood supply
to the brain can be injured and blood can leak out of the damaged vessels, usually veins, and can
accumulate between the dura mater and the brain. This is known as a subdural hematoma. When this
occurs it consequently puts pressure on the brain, damaging and even killing brain tissue. The
difference between subdural hematoma and a stroke is that a stroke can come from bleeding ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Signs and symptoms usually appear immediately and can include a loss of consciousness. This is the
most dangerous type.
Subacute: The signs and symptoms can take days to weeks to develop after the injury.
Chronic: In this type signs and symptoms take even longer to develop and the patient may not even
recall the injury that preceded the symptoms (Mayo Staff, 2014).
In the elderly population, subdural hematoma can occur spontaneously without a direct blow to the
head. With age, the brain shrinks. This causes a tractioning or pulling on the blood vessels supplying
the brain. "These 'bridging veins' become more fragile and susceptible to tears" (Brody, 2015).
Subdural hematoma can also be caused by trauma without head injury. In motor vehicle accidents or
falls the brain can impact the skull without the head ever receiving a direct blow. This is a more
common mode of injury than a direct trauma to the

Bacterial Meningitis Case Study
Based on the symptoms presented by the roommate, it is likely that she is suffering from bacterial
meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is the inflammation of the meninges surrounding the spinal cord,
specifically the arachnoid mater and the Pia mater, due to a bacterial infection. This illness typically
first displays as a mild headache, fever, nausea, and drowsiness. As it grows more severe, symptoms
may progress to photophobia, or intolerance to light, and neck stiffness, often referred to as the
Kernig sign (Drake, Vogl, & Mitchell, 2012b). The pain Kernig sign is caused by the sensitivity that
inflammation in the meninges creates. During flexion of the spine, the meninges stretch, causing
pain and discomfort for the patient (Montgomery, n.d.).
The roommate will likely be admitted to the hospital, where she will likely undergo a procedure
known as a lumbar cerebrospinal fluid tap, also known as a lumbar puncture. This procedure will
sample a small amount of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in order to test for the bacteria that causes
meningitis (Drake et al., 2012a). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The patient will then flex her spine as far as possible to create the maximum amount of space
between the vertebrae as possible (Clinical Case, 2000). The procedure will take place inferior to the
L4 spinous process, between the L4 and L5 space. The spinal cord tapers into the conus medullaris
and branches into the cauda equina superior to this space around the L2 vertebra. The space inferior
to the L4 will allow the physician to access an area with a large amount of CSF with nerve roots, but
no spinal cord (Drake et al,

Epidural Hematoma Case Study
Patient 1 – Two individuals come to the emergency department with head injuries. One is a 25 years
old, has just been in a motor vehicle accident (MVA) and has a temporal lobe injury. The other, 65
years old, has increasing confusion after a fall that happened earlier in the week.
a. Differentiate the pathophysiology of extradural hematoma and subdural hematoma.
Extradural hematoma (Epidural hematoma): "Bleeding between the dura mater and the skull caused
most commonly by motor vehicle accidents and occasionally by falls and sporting accidents"
(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 584). It usually results from a "brief linear contact force to the
calvaria that cause separation of the periosteal dura from bone and disruption of interposed vessels
due ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This "involves either the head striking a hard surface or a rapidly moving object striking the head.
The dura mater remains intact and brain tissues are not exposed to the environment"(McCance &
Huether, 2014, p. 582). Closed (blunt) trauma can be classified as primary (injury results from the
initial anatomical and physiological insult usually direct trauma to the head) and secondary (results
from hypotension, hypoxia, acidosis, edema, or factors that can secondarily damage brain tissue)
(Rangel–Castilla, 2014, p. 2). It can also cause mild concussion (characterized by immediate but
transitory clinical manifestations) and classic cerebral concussion (any loss consciousness
accompanied by retrograde and anterograde amnesia)(McCance & Huether, 2014, p. 587). The
degrees of concussions

Case Study Tess's Low Cp
A low MBP of 71 and an increased ICP of 22 means that the CPP is 49. A normal CPP is 70 to 85
and a CPP of 49 is severely low and means that blood flow to cerebral tissue is inadequate. There
are several factors that have influenced Tessie's low CPP. Tessie's coup–contrecoup injury most
likely resulted in cerebral edema causing an increase in ICP (Cernak, 2010). Tessie has an epidural
hematoma; bleeding between the skull and the dura mater. Due to the accumulation of blood in
potential space between the skull and dura mater, blood accumulates rapidly and ICP increases. The
Monro–Kellie hypothesis, explains another factor affecting CPP. According to the Monro– Kellie
hypothesis, if one factor increase other factors such as blood, CSF, will be

The Nervous System Of Anniyas Essay
The nervous system of Anniyas is a complicated network of nerve cells interlaced with one another
and specialized cells performing one of the most complex functions in the bodies of Anniya. The
nervous system serves as a network of communication to many organs of the body, and it also
functions as a control system to maintain homeostasis of the Anniyas' bodies. It controls numerous
body activities through stimuli, hormones, and other methods. As the internal and external
environment change, the nervous system can send impulses to various parts of the body to respond
to stimuli and maintain homeostasis. In Anatomy and Physiology by Tortora & Derrickson, it is
mentioned that the nervous system is separated into two divisions: "The central nervous system
(CNS) which comprises the brain and spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is
made up of ganglia, sensory receptors, and enteric plexus which, carry nerve impulses to and from
the body" (400). The Anniyas' peripheral nervous system is also divided into three systems:
1. Somatic nervous system (SNS) is responsible for carrying signals from the central nervous system
to effectors such as the glands and muscles, to take action. The system is also responsible for nearly
all voluntary muscle movements of the body. It is responsible for the stimulation of the skeletal
muscles.
2. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates the functions of internal organs automatically
unconsciously. The motor part of the ANS is

The Human Nervous System
The Human Nervous system is the most complex of the body, it is our essential controller; this
system is independent and governs our cerebrations, emotions, and functions. It additionally avails
with sending, receiving, and transforming nerve impulses. The sensory system incorporates nerves,
tactile organs, the mind, and muscles. This system is furthermore classified as the visceral motor
system separating it from the somatic motor system. The most essential organs of the ANS are
named the viscera of the Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. With this association we are
incapable of determining or feeling its existence in our bodies as it works unwillingly. This system
explains our flight or battle reaction, watching our body amid rest and reclamation, and observing
our heart rate and body temperatures on a steady premise.
The ANS has two subsystems, known as the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic; these two systems
vary somehow, the sympathetic nervous system increments vigilantness, heart rate, blood glucose
focus, circulatory strain, and blood stream to cardiovascular and skeletal muscle, and additionally
lessening blood stream to skin and digestive tract. Then again, the Parasympathetic division has a
cooling, impact on a large portion of the body 's capacities. This is kenned as the resting, and
processing state. Both frameworks are constantly dynamic, and working. The thoughtful division
speeds up pulse and the parasympathetic division decelerates it. Each of these

Coup-Contrecoup Injury Case Study
OPINION: Death is attributed to a combination of several factors resulting from blunt force head
trauma. One single factor cannot be ruled as the single cause of death. The patient was involved in a
single vehicle accident where his body experienced rapid acceleration and deceleration when his
head hit the windshield or the top of the car (actual is unknown). This trauma caused the brain to
move around inside the skull causing a coup–contrecoup injury. Coup–contrecoup injuries are the
most severe of the coup injuries affecting the brain. "Coup–contrecoup injuries affect both sides of
the brain. The damage occurs to the side under the impact and the opposite side when the brain
strikes the skull. Permanent brain damage risks are very high ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
"Rapid movement of the brain puts stress on blood vessels in the subarachnoid space, which causes
them to rupture. The subarachnoid space, which is normally filled with cerebrospinal fluid, fills with
blood. Compared to a subdural hematoma, bleeding in a subarachnoid hemorrhage is spread
diffusely through the subarachnoid space, so it does not produce massive pressure on the brain tissue
as rapidly."
A secondary factor contributing to the patient's death by blunt force trauma is the dislocation of the
atlanto–axial and atlanto–occipital joints. "Traumatic atlanto–occipital dislocation (AOD) results
from a severe ligamentous injury, which usually has either a fatal or a potentially devastating
outcome. Patients frequently succumb to a cervicomedullary injury from AOD at the site of the
accident". "Because of the relatively wide cross–sectional area of the spinal canal at the
craniocervical junction, spinal cord injury is less common than expected. However, when present,
neurological injury from AOD can be devastating, often leading to sudden death secondary to
brainstem injury. Neural injury may be direct, as a result of traction or compression mechanisms, or
indirect, secondary to cerebrovascular injury leading to

Craniotomy Essay
A craniotomy is the surgical removal of a section of the skull to allow access to the brain. This
procedure may be undertaken for the treatment of numerous conditions including brains tumors,
aneurysms, epilepsy, stroke, damage to the meninges, or hematomas.
During the procedure, that patient is anesthetized, either under general anesthesia (such as for
trauma, strokes, or a number of other procedures) or local anesthesia so that the patient may be
awake for the procedure (such as for some tumor removals or seizure treatments to tissue damage
that would impair the patient or electrocorticography). The patient's head is shaved, the incision site
is marked, and the surgical area is sterilized. The patient's head is placed in a device to hold it in
place during the procedure. A craniotomy drape is placed over the patient, leaving the patient ready
for the procedure.
The surgeon will make an incision along the scalp following the marks. The incision and craniotomy
can be made in numerous place depending on the reason for the operation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
To accomplish this the dura must be cut open, typically with surgical scissors but other tools can be
used such as a scalpel. The dura is then retracted to allow access to the brain. The surgical procedure
that required a craniotomy can now be performed. Some of the procedures that could be performed
include: seizure treatments (such as frontal, temporal, parietal, or occipital lobectomies,
hemispherectomies, corpus callosotomies, multiple subpial transections, or thermal ablation),
treatment for traumatic injuries (such as epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, hemorrhage, or
cranial decompression), brain tumor biopsy, brain tumor resection, treatment of brain lesions,
treatment of stroke damage, implantation of deep brain stimulators for Parkinson's disease, surgical
aneurysm clippings, cyst removal, ventriculostomy, or a cerebral spinal fluid shunt for

Shaken Infant Syndrome Essay
Shaken Infant Syndrome
Shaken Infant Syndrome (also known as Shaken Baby Syndrome, SBS) is a relatively new term in
the medical world. Simply put, it is the collective name of the symptoms produced when an infant is
shaken violently or has sustained some type of head trauma. Any type of trauma to the head or
cranial region results in some negative response to the body's homeostatic system, in an infant or
child this is especially true. An infant or child's skull is disproportionately larger than that of a fully
developed adult. This usually results in a higher susceptibility to head and neck injury.
To understand how SBS effects the human body's homeostatic system it must first be established
what happens to be diagnosed with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Extra–axial hemorrhages indicate that these injuries occur outside the substance of the brain itself.
Other injuries that can occur are damage to the neck, spine, and possible retinal hemorrhages or
detachment.
Extradural, subdural, and subarachnoid hemorrhages are best understood by reviewing the anatomy
of the meninges. The meninges are divided into three layers: the dura mater, arachnoid layer, and pia
mater. The dura mater lines the inner surfaces of the skull and forms partial divisions in the cortex of
the brain. The dura mater is attached to the skull, particularly at the cranial sutures of the bones that
make up the skull. In infants and small children this attachment has not yet taken place. The space
between the skull and the dura mater is the extradural space. A hemorrhage into this space is referred
to as an extradural hemorrhage. These hemorrhages are usually the result of a tear in a meningeal
artery.
An extradural hemorrhage is more prevalent in small children because the dura mater lining has not
yet firmly attached itself to the junctures in the skull. When the head snaps back and forth the brain
will bounce off the skull. This causes bruising or tearing to the dura mater or the meningeal artery.
When the body recognizes that bruising has occurred the body's natural healing abilities take effect.
The first thing that the body will do will be to release histamines to increase to permeability of the

A Congenital Malformation Commonly Affecting Children Born...
As a congenital malformation commonly affecting children born with Spina Bifida, the Arnold–
Chiari malformation, or Chiari Malformation Type II, involves the irregular extension of both the
cerebellar tonsils and the brain stem tissue into the opening to the spinal canal – the foramen
magnum (NINDS, 2013). Typically, the brain stem and the cerebellum sit above the opening to the
spinal canal, where the brain stem houses most of the cranial nerves that supply the body. Providing
the control centres for vital bodily functions such as breathing, regulation of the body's internal
environment through maintenance of heart rate and blood pressure, as well as providing sensory and
motor control to a significant portion of the body (Joynt, 2014), the Arnold–Chiari malformation
causes substantial problems for patients. Likewise, the congestion of these structures in the spinal
canal limits the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the brain to the spinal cord (Medway,
2006), causing other medical issues that become regularly associated with Spina Bifida as a result,
such as hydrocephalus (Columbia Neurosurgery, n.d.). Issues associated with the Arnold–Chiari
malformation can only be relieved, rather than treated, through surgical processes that aim to
eliminate or reduce these symptoms (WebMD, 2014).
The Arnold–Chiari malformation refers to the second type of malformations associated with the
Chiari group, where the irregular formation of the brainstem and cerebellum sees them

The On Blood Brain Barrier
Blood Brain Barrier
One of the most important properties of BBB is that it separates the brain tissue from the blood
circulation of the CNS. By that it consists of three parts: the layer of endothelial cells connected
through tight junctions, basal membrane, and astrocytes and pericytes. Its main function is it only
select molecules to pass from the bloodstream into the fluid that bathes the brain, whereas vital
nutrients get in, toxins and pathogens are blocked. Formed by endothelial cells and epithelial cells
and contributing to the intercellular tight junction, BBB is the creation of a paracellular barrier for
ions, proteins and other solutes. The brain has to think a lot and do a lot of extracting necessary
ingredients such as oxygen and glucose in order for us to function and live and to do some activity
movements. Transporting proteins and drug delivery is one of those mechanism of the BBB in
which it allows important substances to pass through into the brain and spinal cord preventing a
blockage of certain materials into the CNS. In addition to endothelial cells, it depends on continuous
complexes of tight junctions that seals and prevent all but a few substances from squeezing between
barrier cells. A recent study stated that in order for substances to pass through the brain, specific
carrier mediated transport systems assist transport of nutrients such as glucose, galactose, small
peptides, and amines binds to specific membrane protein

Neurons: The Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system includes two separately functioning additives: the sensory
department and the motor division. The sensory division gives suitable responses from sensory
receptors to the relevant worried gadget. Sensory neurons transmit reactive responses from the
periphery to the imperative fearful device even as the motor division conducts action potentials from
effector organs which include muscular tissues and glands. In assessment, motor neurons transmit
motion potentials from the vital worried device toward the periphery .The nervous gadget consists
of tens of millions of nerve cells referred to as neurons. Neurons are the parenchyma of the
apprehensive gadget which performs each feature of the nervous device from easy sensory features
to complicated thinking and analysis. Neurons, upon receipt of stimuli, transmit responsive signals
to different neurons or to effector organs. the anatomy of a neuron consists of four foremost parts;
the mobile frame, the dendrites, the axon, and the nerve fibers. Given the importance of every of the
neuron additives, it's far important to talk about how every paintings separately and in tandem to
achieve green and appropriate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Axons are surrounded by cell processed of oligodendrocytes inside the primary fearful gadget and
Schwann cells inside the peripheral nervous gadget. Myelin sheaths are again and again wrapped
round axon segments to form tightly wrapped cellular membranes. Myelin sheaths prevent nearly all
electric current go with the flow through the cellular membrane. Gaps exist between the myelin
sheaths known as the nodes of Ranvier. it can be visible approximately every millimeter between the
oligodendrocyte segments or between man or woman Schwann cells. Contemporary flows
effortlessly among the extracellular fluid and the axon on the nodes of Ranvier, and movement
potentials can

Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Concussions are a form of brain injury that is medically defined as a condition that modifies the way
in which an individual's brain essentially functions as a result of significant trauma to the head or
body (Mayo Clinic, 2016). While most people believe that concussions can only be sustained by
receiving a direct blow to the head itself, concussions can actually develop from any forceful
acceleration to either the head or the body as long as the impact is hard enough (Edwards & Bodle,
2014). The amount of energy that is generated by such dynamic contact basically causes the brain to
jolt back and forth against the skull surrounding it, thereby damaging the neurological structure
almost instantaneously. However, most concussions tend to lean more to the milder side of the brain
injury spectrum and, in most cases, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI), however, are simply another term used to describe a milder
form of concussion. Similar to the conceptual definition of a concussion, the World Health
Organization Collaborating Neurotrauma Task Force defines an mTBI as being "an acute brain
injury resulting from mechanical energy to the head from external physical forces" (Crandall et. al.,
2014, p. 1359). Hematomas occur as blood begins to pool in the tissues on the outside of blood
vessels as a result of a major injury to the head or brain. Depending on the extent of the injury,
however, this can cause increasing and substantial to major vessels of the head and/or brain, thereby
causing severe and extensive bleeding within the brain itself. Additionally, there are also a number
of different types of hematomas, depending on where the hematoma develops. According to the
2016 report issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), "different types of
hematomas form depending on where the blood collects relative to the meninges. The meninges are
the protective membranes surrounding

Cars Character Analysis
In the movie Cars, by John Lasseter, Lightning McQueen goes through a very large personal change
or healing process throughout the movie. This movie is more of a healing myth because, In the
beginning, he is a very stuck up and self centered character that only cares about winning. By the
end, he has turned to a more humble character that has a better view on the truly important things in
life. In other words, at the beginning he is broken and must go and truly see the finer things in life
and find himself before he can succeed. There are a few different things that change his attitude.
One thing is the people that he meets in Radiator Springs. Second, is the general life of the town that
he has to accommodate to. Linda Seger describes a healing myth as one where "a character is
'broken' and must leave home to become whole again". That statement describes this movie in so
many ways. Lightning McQueen leaves his "home" which is represented by his life on the racing
circuit, and goes on a journey where he becomes whole again before he can return home.
Lightning, meets a lot of different people, or cars, in this small town of Radiator Springs that really
change his attitude towards life and also his view on life. An good example would be Sally. Sally is
the pretty girl of this story. She is a nice and shiny blue porsche that Lightning ends up falling in
love with. The entire time that Lightning is in the town, he tries to impress Sally and make her fall in
love with him. They

Muscle Excitation And Contraction Case Study
Assignment D
Case Study Chapter 11 (6th)
1. D. Nerve impulses from motor neuromuscular junctions are unable to fully stimulate the affected
muscle because the antibodies target the acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. As a
result, the muscles are not told to fire properly.
2. A. Increases the availability of acetylcholine at postsynaptic receptor sites. Edrophonium chloride
blocks the breakdown of the acetylcholine and would make the muscles stronger.
3. C. Increase muscle excitation and contraction. Myasthenia gravis prevents muscles from
contracting or acting sufficiently because antibodies target the acetylcholine receptors at the
neuromuscular junction and muscles are not told to contract. The medicine blocks the breakdown ...
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B. Actin and myosin. Myosin and Tropomysin are in competition for the same binding site on actin.
For tropomysin to bind with actin, it needs troponin. Myosin will not bind to actin without energy,
therefore it can't bind when muscles are at rest.
4. C. Contraction of skeletal muscle cells. When muscles contract, ATP must be produced to contract
the muscles. With any chemical reaction, heat is produced.
5. A. Motor units. Every muscle has several motor units which are composed of muscle fibers. To
lift the shovel, she needs more muscle fibers to create more force. In order to do so, the motor units
would first be recruited.
Chapter 12 Case Study (7th)
1. C. Acetylcholine is found primarily in motor neuron connections. It's the chemical that motor
neurons release to contract muscles.
2. A. Depolarization; excitatory postsynaptic potential. Sodium would depolarize the membrane and
increase the likelihood that the post synaptic neuron would fire an action potential.
3. B. Blocking the action of acetylcholinesterase. The medicine would block that to preserve
acetylcholine and allow it to stimulate muscle movement.
Chapter 13 Case Study (7th)
1. C. Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater. First is the dura mater and the arachnoid mater is right
against it. After those are punctures, the pia mater would be

What Is Subdural Hematoma?
A Hematoma which may be caused by a mild head trauma, if an older adult. You are likely to have a
serious head injury even if there is no open wound, bruise or other outward sign of damage. A
Hematoma may occur as a subdural, epidural, and intracerebral Hematoma.
Subdural Hematoma occurs when blood vessels, usually veins, rupture between the brain and
outermost of the three membrane layers that protect your brain. The leaking blood forms a
Hematoma. If the Hematoma keep enlarging, it will result in a decline in consciousness, possibly
resulting in death. The three types of Subdural Hematoma are: Acute which happens to be the most
dangerous of all three, Usually caused by a severe head injury. Subacute, signs and symptoms
develop at a slower

Spinal Cord Protective Structures
Protective Structures of the Brain and Spinal Cord
The brain and spinal cord are surrounded and protected by three different sets of structures/tissues.
1. Bony skull (cranial cavity) and vertebral column (vertebral canal)
2. Meninges – connective tissue coverings– dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
3. Cerebrospinal fluid filled cavity– subarachnoid space, cisterns and ventricles of brain and central
canal of spinal cord.
The outermost coverings are the bony skull (cranium) and the vertebral column; within the cranial
cavity and vertebral canal of which are located the brain and spinal cord, respectively. Within these,
the brain and spinal cord are surrounded by three connective tissue membranes or coverings – dura
mater, arachnoid ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It also holds venous sinuses between its two layers to drain the venous blood out of the cranial
cavity and brain.
The middle arachnoid mater (meaning spider web membrane) is thin and has an underlying
meshwork of subarachnoid space containing major blood vessels, their branches and cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF). The arachnoid membrane forms protrusions called arachnoid villi/ granulations that
project into the dural venous sinuses for drainage of the CSF. The CSF forms a watery cushion that
provides additional protection, allows buoyancy of the brain making it lighter in weight and acts as
lymph for volumetric balance, metabolic and excretory functions.
The inner pia mater (meaning soft mother), is also a very thin vascular layer that is firmly connected
with the neuroglial tissue in the brain and spinal cord. It conveys the blood vessels and hence
nutrition and oxygen into the substance of the brain and spinal cord. The arachnoid and piamater are
together also referred to as leptomeninges (lepto means thin and delicate) (Table

Artificial Meningitis Essay
Bacterial meningitis is an infection that originates in the meninges of the brain and can spread into
the spinal column. The symptoms can develop within hours and take up to two days after
encountering a carrier host. Bacterial meningitis can be transmitted through fluid transmission from
the mouth or throat of an infected person. Bacterial meningitis is a gram–negative meningitis
diplococcal bacterium. There are several bacteria types that can cause meningitis, which include
Streptococcus pneumoniae (the most common cause), Groupe B Streptococcus, Neisseria
meningitidis, Haemophilus influenzae, and Listeria monocytogenes. The meningitis does not live
long on surfaces outside the host but has shown to live longer on glass surfaces compared to plastic.
Approximately five percent to twenty–five percent of carriers will move around without symptoms
or becoming sick. Studies have shown roughly eight hundred to fifteen hundred people a year will
be diagnosed yearly with roughly one hundred to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first outer most layer is called the Dura mater (Latin – tough mother) lying closest to the skull.
The dura mater has large blood vessels that track throughout it, then split into smaller vessels as they
continue into the other Meninges. The next meninge would be the Arachnoid mater, which gives the
impression of a spider web. This area protects the central nervous system within the skull. The third
layer is called the Pia mater, this layer is the closet to the brain. Pia mater is a fibrous material that is
firmly attached to the brain and spinal column. The meninges are filled with cerebro–spinal fluid
(CSF). The CSF is clear in color and comprised of roughly 125mL of fluid at any given time
covering the brain and spinal cord. The CSF is composed of water, protein, cells and sugars, which
are vital for the nervous system to function

The Friendships Of Friendship In The Movie, The Cars Movie
Friendships off to a rocky start in, The Cars Movie
Judging others isn't the best way to start friendship and there's no question about it. In the movie
cars, Lightning McQueen; a hotshot race car is on his way to the annular Piston Cup, he runs into
some trouble on the way and accidentally departs from his path there. He stumbles into a small hick
town called Radiator Springs where he destroys the roads in panic and meets the love of his life. He
is held in the junkyard for his crimes of wrecking the road which is costing him time to get back in
time for the Piston Cup. Throughout his time there he meets new people that will grow to be the
most loyal and true friends he will ever meet. In the film, Cars by the screenwriter Joe Ranft, uses
the outcast to assert that we as humans tend to judge others that are different from us because we are
insecure about our own flaws.
Next, characters jumping to conclusions, judging and assuming things is seen throughout the movie.
It's a bad habit which affects how relationships turn out greatly. For example, when Lightning
McQueen crashed into town trying to get back to Mack, his ride to the Piston Cup in California.
McQueen crashed into the town statue and got caught on it while he kept driving. The statue got
caught on the roads and caused them to crack and crumble. Lastly McQueen crashes into Red the
town's firetruck's flowers. Red was very upset, he was so upset that he was furious and started to cry.
Red did not understand that

Barno's Role In The Military
After reading these pieces it was easy to speculate that the authors are of adult age with some degree
of higher education based off of the fact their work is published as a respected opinion. The authors
either mentioned attending prestigious events or schools. Rini, attended Georgetown University, and
I can suspect Barno, is military affiliated by his mentions to the event of for governor, Tom Ridge,
and his extensive knowledge on the military. I would assume the authors range anywhere from early
forties to early fifties. This can be supported by mentions such as, when Goldberger states, "I don't
miss the age when phone charges were based on distance..." (4) and the fact he mentions the old
telephone exchanges which were discontinued in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As for in A New Moral Compact, Barno truly moved me by making a case worth defending and
giving some serious consideration. When Barno questions the audience, "...where is the moral
hazard––the personal "equity stake"––that shapes our collective judgement" (17) personally, I took a
moment and really reflected on his argument. This leads me to say he was successful in his intended
purpose due to having me take carefully consideration not just in his claim but in the logistics of our
present military. Finally, in the piece written by Rini, I can understand her points and she clearly
states her audience while closing her point by asking, "...does continuing to apply the name of such
a person express our values, rather than the values of a gone generation?" (24). By asking this she
narrows her audience to those specifically in today's generation asking them to involve themselves
in such ideas and thoughts. Rini's main focus is convincing you to be an active voice by moving,
"you to agree, as an act of civic love" (25). The readings all address current issues despite whenever
they were written it still holds true and successfully engaged me in critical thought.
When questioning the credibility of the authors, I took into account if the material was up to date
and if the author's opinions had merit. Since we were told to do this discussion without researching
them I focused

Epidemiology : Symptoms And Treatment Of Patients With...
Epidemiology
According to Emedicine, acute subdural hematomas have been reported to occur in 5–25% of
patients with severe head injuries, depending on the study. Subdural hematomas are more common
in men than in women, with a male–to–female ratio of approximately 3:1. Two age groups are most
at risk of developing chronic subdural hematoma: the young and the elderly. Advanced age and
chronic alcoholism are common antecedents, presumably because of brain atrophy, which causes
stretching of bridging veins and, thus, predisposes to tearing. The atrophic brain also permits the
asymptomatic accumulation of the nascent collection. The mechanism of hematoma growth in
infants and toddlers may relate to the striking neovascular response of its outer ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Causes
The most common way for a subdural hemorrhage to occur is through a head injury. For instance a
slip and fall, motor vehicle collision, or an assault. Though, the head injury can occur weeks prior
to, this can still cause a subdural hemorrhage to form. The sudden blow to the head tears the blood
vessels that run along the surface of the brain. Also, people with a bleeding disorder and people who
take blood thinners are more likely to develop a subdural hemorrhage. A relatively minor head
injury can cause subdural hemorrhage in people with a bleeding tendency. In the elderly, the veins
often are already stretched due to brain shrinkage and are more easily injured. Other cause that can
lead to a subdural hemorrhage are the following:
Brain injury
Sturge–Weber Syndrome
Meknes Disease
Concussion
Anticoagulant medication (blood thinners, including aspirin)
Long–term abuse of alcohol
Recurrent falls
Shaken baby syndrome
Symptoms and Signs
The symptoms and signs of subdural hemorrhage differs in adults and infants. In adults the subdural
hemorrhage symptoms are the following:
Confused speech
Difficulty with balancing or walking
Headache
Lethargy or confusion

Loss of consciousness
Nausea and vomiting
Numbness
Seizures
Slurred speech
Visual disturbance and so forth.
The symptoms for subdural hemorrhage in infants are the following:
Bulging fontanelles
Feeding difficulties
Focal seizures

Meningitis Research Paper
Meningitis – the root "mening" is derived from the Greek Language which means membrane and the
medical suffix "itis" means inflammation – is defined as a relatively rare disease caused by the acute
inflammation of the protective membranes that surround the brain and the spinal cord known as the
"meninges". The meninges which consist of three layers can be inflamed by many infectious
pathogens, microorganisms, other living organisms such as fungi and non–infectious conditions that
fortunately have many treatment options that can cure meningitis completely.
The primary function of the meninges and of the cerebrospinal fluid is to protect the central nervous
system. The cerebrospinal fluid which is a colorless, clear body fluid located in the brain and ...
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This restriction protects the brain from movements that may stretch and break brain blood vessels. It
is also the closest layer to the skull.
The middle layer of meninges is called the Arachnoid mater. It is a thin and transparent membrane
mad up of fibrous tissue and covered with flat cells that are impermeable to fluid. It is named the
arachnoid mater because it has a spider web–like appearance that helps its function which is
protecting and acting as a cushion for the central nervous system.
The third and most delicate meninges layer is the pia mater. It is an envelope that is adhered firmly
to the surface of the brain and spinal cord. The pia mater, like the arachnoid mater, is composed of
fibrous tissue and covered with flat cells that are also impermeable to fluid. This layer has blood
vessels which run through it to the brain and spinal cord and the capillaries found within it nourish
the brain. Moreover, the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater which is called the
subarachnoid space contains the cerebrospinal

Shaping The Future Of Neuroprosthetics With Soft Implants...
Shaping the Future of Neuroprosthetics with Soft Implants A neuroprosthetic implant is an interface
between neurons and external devices to restore or supplement the function of the nervous system
lost during injury or disease. There have been considerable strides made in the field of
neuroprosthetics, with varying degrees of success. The treatment of many neurological disorders has
improved due the implantation of macro and microdevices into neural tissue. As prosthetic implants
need to be placed in direct contact with tissue, biocompatibility becomes an important aspect to be
taken into consideration during their design. Acute and chronic inflammatory responses occur on the
insertion of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The modalities could be utilised for multiple therapeutic purposes, as demonstrated, such as electric
stimulation, neural recording and directed drug delivery. The combined use of the different
modalities was shown to restore locomotion in paralyzed animals. The e–dura, a soft implant, was
fabricated by soft lithography process using silicone of 120mm thickness as the elastomeric
substrate with stretchable gold interconnects at either end, embedded with platinum–silicone
composite electrodes and a microfluidic channel. The performance of the fabricated e–dura was
tested against a 25mm thick polyimide stiff implant. The e–dura was surgically implanted via an
incision in the dura mater and secured in place by orthotic screws in the lumbosacral segments of
healthy rat spinal cord. The stiff implant was similarly implanted above the dura mater. 6 weeks
after implantation, both animal groups were assessed for motor performance using kinematic
recordings of basic walking and movement across a horizontal ladder. The animal group with soft
implant displayed similar movement to that of the sham group (received only screw but no implant)
as compared to the group with stiff implants. Explanted spinal cord of all animal groups was studied
to quantify changes in shape by calculating circularity index. The immunological response of
astrocytes and microglia was visualized. Once again, the soft implant was found to perform

Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves The human body is a unique and fascinating entity. There is not much notice taken of
the features the human body is capable of. The brain is necessary to perform day–to–day actions,
such as the ability to speak, and see amongst us. This brain is made up of simple mater (Pia mater,
Arachnoid mater, Dura mater) and the cranial surface to protect the brain. We live our daily lives
without acknowledging the importance of this organ, the brain, unless you're a medical student of
course! Despite that people go on with their daily activities using the human natural senses. Looking
at the world through the eyes, watching for any danger around us; ears for hearing the sounds
detecting something that may call for danger, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second cranial nerve is optic nerve. Optic nerves main function is vision, one of the important
senses of the human body. Allowing oneself to see around them. The cell bodies of the optic nerve
are located in the Retina (ganglion cells). Optic nerve begins with unmyelinated axons of the
rentinal ganglion cells, which later become myelinated in the optic disc. CN II enters the cranium
via the optic canal. The retina has bipolar cells that are connected to the special sensory fibers (rods
and cone cells). When light hits the rod and cone cells, electrical impulse are relayed and transmitted
to the bipolar cells. That is when the bipolar cells transmit electrical activity to the CNS through the
optic nerve. Loosing the sense of vision can be very detrimental. Some of the dysfunctions that
occur with CN II are immediate monocular blindness (partial or complete), visual field deficits,
blurring, scotomata, and monocular diplopia. There can be many possible causes for these
dysfunctions to name a few, immediate loss of vision is due to injury to optic nerve due to ischemia
or death, delayed vision loss is due to infarction of the optic nerve or less frequently by hematoma
surrounding the nerve. Complete monocular blindness is usually due to non–organic disorders.
Blurring and scotomata are due to trauma to the cornea, vitreous tears, traumatically induced

PDPH: History And Analysis
Background and history PDPH is known complication, presented with common symptoms include
occipital headache or frontal–temporal headache and get worse when the patient in vertical position
and can be relieved on lying positing. PDPH is defined by the international headache society as
classic symptoms combined with one at least of other symptoms like ;photophobia ,hypoacausia
,neck stiffness and nausea . (Loures et al . 2014) . The history of spinal anaesthesia linked with
german surgeon called Karl August Bier who did the first spinal anaesthesia with work of
Wynter,Quincke and Corning in the late of 18th century, Bier had enough ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Almost 500ml of CSF is produced daily. The CSF volume is roughly 150ml and the other have in
the cranial cavity. The pressure of the CSF in the lumbar area within the horizontal position is
ranging between 5 and 15 cm H2O .The CSF pressure increases in children with age. So dura
perforation has possibility to allow the development of extreme leakage of CSF.CSF lead to
intracranial hypotension and noticeable CSF volume reduction .After development of post Dural
puncture headache, the existence of CSF leak has been confirmed with different investigation (
radiologica and surgical) ( Turnbull and Shepherd . 2003 )

The Nervous Systems ( Cns ) And The Peripheral Nervous System
The nervous system is the part of the human body in charge of coordinating the reception of external
stimuli and the response the body gives to them. It is equipped with sense organs called receptors,
which are in charge of transforming the stimuli's energy into nerve impulses [1]. To emit an external
response, the nervous system uses effectors that can be either muscles or glands.
We can divide the nervous system into two separate systems: the central nervous system (CNS) and
the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord and is
protected by the cranium and the vertebral column, respectively. The PNS is in charge of connecting
the CNS with the receptors and the effectors. To transfer the information from one part of the body
to another, a specialized type of cells called neurons is used.
Neurons are in charge of a communicative function. They perform two different types of activities.
The first one consists in helping the conduction of a signal from one part of the cell to another. The
second activity they perform is synaptic transmission, which means communication between
adjacent cells.
Figure 1.1 – Neuron structure. Source: http://webspace.ship.edu
Neurons are composed of a cell body called soma, dendrites and axon. There is a single axon while
there are multiple dendrites per each neuron. Dendrites are used to conduct the received signals to
cell body. The axon conducts nerve impulses to other neurons or muscle cells. It is

Homeostasis Examples
Define homeostasis, give three examples , and explain the principle of negative feedback and how
this maintains health.
Homoeostasis is the maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions despite continuous changes
in environment. Some examples of homeostasis is regulation of blood pH, body temperature, and
concentration of sugar. A negative feedback system is when the actions of the effectors weakens the
stimuli. Most of homeostatic mechanisms are negative feedback. Negative feeback is a big
contribution and factor in homeostasis.
List the various body cavities and organs within.
The body two large cavities are dorsal and ventral. In the dorsal cavity you can locate two smaller
cavities which are cranial and vertebral cavity. While in the ventral body there is the thoracic and
abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Serosae consists of two layers that are the parietal and visceral. The parietal layer is attached onto
the cavity wall meanwhile the visceral layer is attached onto the organ.
List the four main parts of the plasma membrane. Give a function for each
The four main parts of the plasma membrane are phospholipid bilayer, membrane proteins,
cholesterol, and polysaccharides. The phospholipid bilayer prevents all water soluble substances
from crossing the plasma membrane. Membrane proteins are responsible for regulating the
entry/exit of vital materials and anchor cells together. Cholesterol regulates the fluidity of the
membrane. Polysaccharides acts as receptors and self–identification markers.
Describe and give one function for each organelle listed: Nucleus, Mitochondria, Smooth ER, Golgi
apparatus, Lysosome, Cytoskeleton.
Nucleus: The nucleus has three main regions which are the nuclear envelope, nucleolus, and
chromatin. The nucleus has a genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins and
responds to

Chapter 11 Quizlet Anatomy
the ________ system controls brain and spinal cord central
The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles. autonomic parasympathetic afferent
sympathetic somatic somatic
The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated
autonomic. motor. afferent. efferent. somatic. afferent
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates: glandular cells heart muscle cells
smooth muscle cells skeletal muscle cells All of the answers are correct. all
The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is bipolar. unipolar. multipolar.
pseudopolar. anaxonic multipolar
The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the neuroplasm. ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood–brain barrier. endothelium of CNH capillaries
forms a blood–brain barrier
Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in loss of sensation and motor
control. loss of the structural framework of the brain. inability to produce scar tissue at the site of an
injury. decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid. a breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. loss of
sensation and motor control
Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the formation of myelin sheaths. formation of
cerebrospinal fluid. transport of neurotransmitters within axons. formation of ganglia. repair of
axons. formation of cerebrospinal fluid
The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called ________ nodes of ranvier
Regions of the CNS with an abundance of myelinated axons constitute the ________ matter. white
After a stroke, what type of glial cell accumulates within the affected brain region? satellite cells
oligodendrocytes microglia ependymal cells Schwann cells microglia
The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to
_____. Na+; K+ Na+; Cl– K+; Na+ K+; Cl k, na
During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell? Na+ does not move into the
cell. Na+ moves out of the cell. only the electrical gradient both the electrical and chemical
gradients only the chemical gradient electrical and chemical gradients
What is the value for the

Medical Terminology Case Study
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION
The accumulation of blood within the cranium, due either to head trauma or flaws in the cerebral
vasculature
CLASSIFICATION
Based on location of intra–cerebral hemorrhage
○ Extra–axial hemorrhages occur outside of brain tissue
– Subarachnoid
□ Blood collects between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
– Epidural/Extradural
□ Blood collects between dura mater and the skull
– Subdural
□ Blood collects between dura mater and brain
○ Intra–axial hemorrhages occur within brain tissue
– Also referred to as intracerebral hemorrhages
– Intraparenchymal
□ Blood collects in brain parenchyma
– Intraventricular
□ Blood collects in the ventricular system of the brain
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
○ Other risk factors/associations 4
– Prior treatment with antithrombotics
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Primary diagnostic tools
○ History and physical examination is suggestive of disease by explicit clinical criteria (i.e.,
hypertension, sudden onset of seizure, neurologic deficits, coma)·
○ Confirmation of diagnosis is made by radiographic examination of the skull (i.e., MRI of the
head)
Laboratory
○ CBC
– Increased WBC will indicate infection, or secondary to trauma (stress reaction); in rare cases may

signal hematologic disturbance (i.e., leukemia)
– Diminished platelets indicates further risk of

Submundural Hematoma Research Paper
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF EXTRADURAL HEMATOMA VS SUBDURAL HEMATOMA:
Subdural hematoma is a situation in which brain blood vessels and outermost membrane rupture.
Blood leaks because of this, which causes compression of brain tissues. Chronic subdural hematoma
may follow mild traumatic brain injury. Any minor or major injury to the brain can have shattering
consequences for the patient. The Subdural hematoma may be caused by head injury or by a
procedure like a lumbar puncture. This can be identified by the location and size of the injury, time
spent after injury. The medical and neurological condition of the patient determine the treatment and
can influence the results (Kim & Sim, 2015).
Extradural hematoma or epidural hematoma occurs when a blood

Anatomical And Functional Divisions Of The Nervous System
Evaluate and distinguish between the anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system.
The anatomical and functional divisions of the nervous system are divided into two categories the
central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. Its main functions include: processing, integrating, and
coordinating sensory information and motor instructions. The sensory data conducts information
that is being processed from internal and external conditions the body is experiencing. Motor
commands regulate and control peripheral organs (skeletal muscles). The brain functions under
memory, emotions, learning, and intelligence. The PNS consist of the neural tissue found outside of
the CNS. It functions in sending data to the CNS which motor commands are than carried out to the
peripheral tissues/systems. Multiple nerve fibers send sensory data and motor commands in the
PNS. The nerves that assist with transmitting data include the cranial nerves and spinal nerve.
However, the PNS can be divided into afferent (to bring in) and efferent (to bring out) divisions of
transferring data. The afferent division functions in bringing in sensory data to the CNS. Sensory
structures are receptors that detect internal/external environmental change and adjusting
accordingly. The efferent division functions in carrying out motor commands from the CNS to
glands, muscles, and adipose tissue. The efferent division contains somatic

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