Brain Observation Report

Brain Observation Report
Having already been underclassmen boys, we degree–lacking, self–accredited veterinarians chose to
dissect a misunderstood, typical teenage boy of the year 2016. To begin our dissection, we had to
locate the cranium which was located between the buttocks. Upon removal, the crown of the
cranium was located so far up the anus, we scratched the rectum. As the face appeared out of the
anus, we realized that we would have to clear the face of the feces covering it. Once the feces were
removed, we could make observations of the hair. We noticed excessive amounts of grease in the
hair reflecting the slyness of the individual and indicating the lack of proper shower.
Finally, we were able to begin our dissection of the brain itself. To remove ... Show more content on
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The thalamus resembled a coin counter commonly found in a bank. The general shape implied that
they only see, hear, and sense what they want to sense. Directly below the thalamus, the lateral
hypothalamus was abnormally large and ball shaped, while the hypothalamus as a whole was phallic
shaped. Further within the brain, the hippocampus bore a resemblance to a petite goldfish. Finishing
with the brain, we studied the occipital lobe. Strangely, this lobe was situated in the front of the
brain instead of the rear. The placement didn't allow the optic nerves to cross, so the underclassman
experienced life backward. These optic nerves were also only one–third of the thickness of the
average upperclassman optic nerve. The decrease in optic nerve pathways led to clouded vision.
After finishing dissection of the brain, we returned to the face. Starting with dissecting the eyeball,
we discovered a perfectly proportioned woman printed on the lens. Then we moved down to the
nose. Upon entering the nostrils, copious amounts of scar tissue were found. After a half of an hour
under the microscope, we finally found the ten existing chemoreceptors. This lack in
chemoreceptors revealed that the dissected individual had an inhibited smelling capability,
obstructing him from his own body
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The Stomatognathic System
The stomatognathic system (SS) is composed by dynamic and static components that requires
balance and control determine by the central nervous system (CNS), which makes them responsible
for the harmonious functioning and to perform different tasks (to speak, to break food down, and to
swallow). The SS is characterized by: skeletal components, dental arches, soft tissues, and
temporomandibular joint and masticatory muscles.(Cuccia and Caradonna 2009; Garcia de Paula
Silva, Francisco Wanderley, Mussolino de Queiroz, Alexandra, & Díaz Serrano, Kranya Victoria.
2008) Posture refers to the position of the human body and its orientation in space. This involves
muscles activation that are controlled by the CNS, which guide postural adjustments. These
modifications can be induced by afferent inputs like: exteroceptive, proprioceptive, vestibular an
visual; all of them modulated by different factors, such as anxiety and mood state. (Cuccia and
Caradonna 2009). Temporomandibular disorders (TMD), is a set of disorders characterized by signs
and symptoms affecting human posture, the temporomandibular joint, and the surrounding
structures. Its etiology is multifactorial and include ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2007) the effect of changing mandibular position on body posture and reciprocally, body posture on
mandibular position was assessed. They evaluate forty–five asymptomatic subjects and randomly
assigned to two groups. The MatScan system was used to measure the changes in body posture
(center of foot pressure: COP) while subjects maintained 5 different mandibular positions: rest,
centric occlusion, clinical; midline position with labial frena, placebo wax appliance and right
eccentric mandibular position. The scan was used to analyze occlusal forces distribution in two
different postural positions: with or without a heel lift under the right foot. They concluded that
changing jaw position affected body posture and body posture affected jaw position as

Archaeological Evidence Analysis
The purpose of this article is to document the first archaeological evidence in Australia both by
death by spearing and the use of backed artifacts as spear armatures before European contact.
Furthermore using barbed death spears as a ritual punishment was known to have happened in the
Sydney region at European contact, but not before then. So this finding would provide early
archaeological evidence for ritual payback killing by spearing, as well as be significant in
understanding other archaeological signs of the increase in social complexity across south–eastern
Australia due to the timing of the individual's death.
During an excavation for electricity cables underneath a bus shelter in Narrabeen on Sydney beaches
archaeologists initially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The supporting evidence consisted of the position of the backed artifacts where the remains of
founds, the unhealed cranium trauma that was consistent with the peri–mortem stone axe sound, and
the fact the remains dated the individual's death back to an era when backed artifacts production
were at an all–time high. Also when it came to the idea of social complexity and death by spearing
the finds had great similarities to ethno–historic literature; this showed ritual punishment as being
connected transgressions that took place during a ceremony or over visiting ritual

What is Anchodroplasia?
Achondroplasia is one type of short–limbed dwarfism where arms and legs are smaller in length but
the head and torso look as if there is no deficiency. The word achondroplasia is derived from the
phase "lacking cartilage development." Cartilage is hard and durable but is also a flexible tissue that
makes up most of the bone structure during the early stages of development. Nonetheless, in
achondroplasia there is no problem with developing cartilage, but instead the problem comes in
converting it to bone, a development known as ossification, predominantly in the longer bones of
the arms, such as the humerus, ulna and radius, and legs, which include the femur, tibia and fibula.
Achondroplasia is comparable to additional skeletal syndromes known as hypochondroplasia, but
the structures of achondroplasia have a tendency to be more intense. All people suffering with the
genetic disorder achondroplasia are very short in physique. The typical height of a mature male with
achondroplasia is 131 centimeters, or 4 feet 4 inches, and the typical height for mature females is
124 centimeters, or 4 feet 1 inch. It occurs in every 1 in 40,000 newborns making it the most known
category of short limbed dwarfism.
Distinguishing phenotypical symptoms of achondroplasia contain an average size torso, inadequate
range of motion at the elbows, and a head that id usually a larger than that of someone without the
disorder, it is medically known as macrocephaly, they also have a bulbous forehead.

Medical Terminology Case Study
TERMINOLOGY
CLINICAL CLARIFICATION
The accumulation of blood within the cranium, due either to head trauma or flaws in the cerebral
vasculature
CLASSIFICATION
Based on location of intra–cerebral hemorrhage
○ Extra–axial hemorrhages occur outside of brain tissue
– Subarachnoid
□ Blood collects between arachnoid membrane and pia mater
– Epidural/Extradural
□ Blood collects between dura mater and the skull
– Subdural
□ Blood collects between dura mater and brain
○ Intra–axial hemorrhages occur within brain tissue
– Also referred to as intracerebral hemorrhages
– Intraparenchymal
□ Blood collects in brain parenchyma
– Intraventricular
□ Blood collects in the ventricular system of the brain
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL PRESENTATION ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
○ Other risk factors/associations 4
– Prior treatment with antithrombotics
DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES
Primary diagnostic tools
○ History and physical examination is suggestive of disease by explicit clinical criteria (i.e.,
hypertension, sudden onset of seizure, neurologic deficits, coma)·
○ Confirmation of diagnosis is made by radiographic examination of the skull (i.e., MRI of the
head)
Laboratory
○ CBC
– Increased WBC will indicate infection, or secondary to trauma (stress reaction); in rare cases may

signal hematologic disturbance (i.e., leukemia)
– Diminished platelets indicates further risk of

Video Games : Violent Video Games : Cranium Warfare?
Video Games: Cranium Warfare
Video games have been in children's lives so much that they are almost second nature to them, and
they are very comfortable playing them. In November 2010, the Supreme Court in California held a
vigorous debate on whether children should be allowed to play violent video games, and to what
extent it may increase their aggressive behavior. At times, parents can be shocked from all the
violence and aggression they suddenly see in the video games. Some people say that these are only
games and there is nothing to worry about. However, others argue that such violence is harmful for
the developing personality of a young person. Video games are at a superior level of want in
children's lives and are correlated with the rise of children's aggression levels. The main issue with
this topic is that violent video games can cause aggression levels of young children to a rise. The
controversial side of this topic is that video games may be violent in some ways, but the educational
aspect of it brings knowledge to the children's cognitive skills. M rated (17+) and T rated (13+)
games should be restricted from younger children more precisely. Children who are below the
guidelines for these games should not be allowed to purchase nor receive the game from and outside
source. E rated (10+) games are more recommended for the minority of children who cannot play
violent games. On average, girls spend more than an hour per day playing video games and boys
spend

King's Realm Argumentative Essay
King's Realm:A Gated Community will be a magical neighborhood for your family to move to for
the rest of your lives .You will be overjoyed with all the endless possibilities that can happen King's
Realm:A Gated Community.King's Realm will have the most futuristic technology and will have
endless possibilities ranging to activities to nightlife.This gated community will have activities
ranging from sports to 5 star amusement parks,restaurants from fast food to fine dining, and
nightlife from clubs to 5 star casinos. Everyone has got to have fun too! In King's Realm there will
be so many activities to choose from your head will go bananas. First, for the elderly and golf
enthusiast we will have state of the art golf facilities and an amazing par 72 links–style golf course.
King's Links will test your golf knowledge to the brink like any class in school. The course will
have luscious bermudagrass ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
First, For those partiers out there we will have a night club. We will have a fantastic DJ that will
play the best hits and best party songs. ATTENTION partiers you will have so much fun your
cranium will go bananas.Second,for those late night or midday shoppers we will have any store your
brain can think of. From athletic apparel to lovely fancy dress clothes we have anything for your
style of shopping.Lastly,for those that like to waste there money we will have endless amounts have
slot machines, poker tables, and blackjack tables.As you can see,night life will attract a huge adulta
nd teen population in King's Realm.
If you dare to take the chance to move into King's Realm you will realize all the endless possibilities
that can happen. King's Realm will have things for all ages to do such as activities, restaurants, and
even nightlife.As you can see,you are going to want to move into the magical neighborhood of
King's

Explain The Structure And Function Of The Skeletal System
In this content am going to be talking and explaining the structure and function of the skeletal
system. I will be talking about: Axial skeleton, Appendicular. Also highlighting the different types of
bone such as long bones, short bones flat bones, irregular bones and sesamoid bones. I am also
going to be talking about how your body is Axial skeleton The axial skeleton is part of the skeleton
that has bones from the head and the trunk which are found in the vertebrate, it forms the main axis
or core of your skeletal system. It has 80 bones and is split into eight parts; the skull bones, the
ossicles of the middle ear, the hyoid bone, the rib cage, sternum and the vertebral column. Ity kepps
the heart and the lungs safe from any damge that the body might experience. It is also the portion of
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With out the support we wouldn't be able to function in the right way. The skeletal system is very
important because of the bones that are found in our body, nearly all bones hold our vital organs in
place whilst you are moving. Protection– The cranium and the ribs are both very important for
protection. Cranium protects your brain form any impact or any wrong movements that the body
might experience. The ribs are just as important because they protect the heart and your lungs, they
stop anything that will try and damage the lungs the lung a very important because if they are not
working right the heart will not function properly. The heart is protected by the ribs in order for it to
function without it being in risk of any damage from the outside. Blood cell production – Red blood
cells and white blood cells are produced in the bone marrow of the bones, this is because it protects
the body form any infection that might start. Red blood cells deliver oxygen into the body tissues
this happens by blood flow from the heart through the circulatory

Essay On Forensic Anthropology
There is much evidence that the dead can tell tales. Even though they are deceased, they leave many
clues behind for forensic anthropologists to find their identity. Forensic anthropologists can figure
out information of the victim from their bones such as how old they were, if they were male or
female, their race, their stature, and other individual characteristics. Another way forensic
anthropologists can identify the victim is by facial reconstruction and photo superimposition.
The bones of the victim are very important when forensic anthropologists are trying to figure out
who the victim is because they tell you many characteristics of the victim. One of those
characteristics is if the victim is male or female and they can find that out ... Show more content on
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They first of all have to find what racial features are the most obvious, such as skin, hair, eye color,
and other physical features, because that helps them narrow their search for a missing person. Then,
they have to find their race by figuring out what things such as the Negroid has have a round skull,
long cranium, and smooth nasal aperture. Mongoloids have a wide, flat–faced skull, round cranium,
flat–square incisors, and an edge to edge bite. Also, forensic anthropologists use many methods to
see how old the victim is. One thing they do is look at the bones and see if many of the bones got
heated together with the cartilage or not. They also see if the joints have become smoother or break
down because that is what happens to joints as they grow older. Furthermore, they also look at the
victim's teeth to see the amount of teeth and that can help with finding the victim's age. One more
method they use for finding the victim's age is called the Kerley method where they take the thin
part of the bone and count how many rings are on it, but this method isn't the best because it can
damage the

Hair Saloon Executive Summary
Executive Summary Introduction Cranium Filament Reductions is a hair salon that allows the entire
family to have their hair needs satisfied in one convenient visit. There are many "quick salons" like
Cranium, however, many of these salons, such as Cost Cutters, only provide the minimum services,
whereas the upscale salons can be inconvenient due to scheduling requirements and cost. The owner
of Cranium perceives an unfulfilled customer need for a low–cost salon that provides maximum
flexibility and strong customer attention. Using this strategy, Cranium will gain significant market
share and create critical long–term relationships with its clients. The Company Cranium Filament
Reductions is an Oregon corporation owned entirely by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| $100 | Other | $0 | Total Start–up Expenses | $1,100 | | | Start–up Assets | | Cash Required | $96,580 |
Other Current Assets | $0 | Long–term Assets | $7,320 | Total Assets | $103,900 | | | Total
Requirements | $105,000 | | | Loss at Start–up (Start–up Expenses) | ($1,100) | Total Capital |
$58,900 | | | | | Total Capital and Liabilities | $103,900 | | | Total Funding | $105,000 | Services
Cranium Filament Reductions provides hair styling for the entire family. This includes hair cuts for
men and women, permanents and hair coloring for women, as well as hair cuts for children.
Shampoos will be offered for all adult services. Service is offered on a walk–in basis or by
appointment. Cranium Filament Reductions will emphasize a customer–centric service where the
customer's needs are always the priority. Cranium Filament Reductions will also sell hair care
products which is forecasted to account for 15% of sales. These professional–quality supplies will
include shampoos, conditioners,

Mid-Pleistocene Analysis
"The Evolution of Cranial Form in Mid–Pleistocene" by Philip Rightmire enlightens his readers
with comprehensive research about the evolution of the cranial in Mid–Pleistocene. Philip
Rightmire conducted a research based on the evolution of the cranial and how it has changed over
time due to brain size increasing. Rightmire explained in great detail the differences between brain
size and face structures and what all of these had to do with modern humans.
There were speculations that hominins might have resembled the Neanderthals, but it was later
realized that the cranial lacked the specialized characters of the later neanderthals. Although the
comparison was inappropriate, they saw similarities between hominids and african individuals.
Rightmire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At first, based in the number measurements, the cranium started off smaller than the normal recent
humans. As time passed by the brain matured and this caused the cranial to increase in size. The
bigger brain, the bigger the cranial had to be in order to fit in it. Another major point pointed out was
when he gave us in full detail that the length of the modern human cranium is dependent on the
growing brain. A feature of the Homo Erectus skull is that it is uniquely low, long, and it has a poor
appearance from the relationship to the small brain. The cranial length is influenced by the brain in
extent to humans as previously mentioned. The length is strongly correlated with the basics of the

Aps Vs Modern Apes Essay
1.The ancestral characteristics of the species are flat face with forward facing eyes and molars
present because they all contain these features. Sagittal crest, large cranium , similar width of dental
arcade to the length, chain and supraorbital bow are derived characteristics because they are specific
to all hominins and are not found from their ancestor.
2. It can be concluded that both hominins and modern apes share flat face with forward facing eyes
and molars present. The Phylogenetic Tree shows that the modern apes diverged from hominins.
This implies that modern apes and hominins share a same ancestor, but early hominins did not
evolve from modern apes. The closest relative of human (Homo sapiens) is Homo neanderthalensis.
We share many characteristics, such as chain, large cranium and similar width of dental arcade to the
length. One of differences is Homo neanderthalensis has Supraorbital bow, not human does not. ...
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The skull proportion index conveys the proportional relationship between the face and the cranium.
A larger index indicates a larger cranium in comparison to the face. The skull proportions of Homo
sapiens, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo erectus are relatively large, which are around 100. This
suggests that Homos have large brain and cranium. Brain is associated with intelligence. Hence,
homo can perform more complex activities, such as using sophisticated stone tools, cooking, and
mashing food. Meanwhile, the skull proportions of Australopithecus afarensis and Paranthropus
boisei are relative small. This suggests that Australopithecus afarensis and Paranthropus boisei have
small brain and cranium. They can perform relatively simple activities, such as using basic stone
tools, instead of sophisticated stone

Adult Human Skeletal System
Did you know that the body is made up of unique collection of organs and organ systems? These
systems work together to help a person maintain. One of the systems happen to be the skeletal
system. The skeletal system is a critical system, without it we would not be able to survive. Without
the skeletal system, we are not able to have movement within our bodies. This system is very
compound and complexed. It has it's on blood supply, nerves, and lymphatic vessels. The skeletal
system provides format for the body. "The adult human skeletal system consists of 206 bones, as
well as a network of tendons, ligaments, and cartilage that connects them" (Zimmerman, 2016). This
system shields our inner organs and especially our spinal cord. The brain is enclosed by the cranium
to provide protection. Bones organize together so that the muscles attached to our body can have
movement. The tendons are links that clutches the muscle and bone together. The skeletal has
different types of tissue within the bone. The compact bone is firm and solid. It is the exterior of
majority of the bones and the main section of the longer bones. The spongy bone contains red
marrow. It can be found on the top of the femur bone and in the middle of other bones. Our bones
grow as we grow into adulthood. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The bones have content that has mineral, which are phosphorus and calcium. Collagen helps us have
flexibility. Resilience and toughness of the bones help protects us when we endure a punch. Bones
of larger stature have marrow. Marrow can be red and yellow. The red marrow produces all red
blood cells and some of the white blood cells. "Red blood cells are produced at an average rate of
approximately 200 million per day" (Genden, 2016). These cells bring oxygen to tissues of the body.
Blood cells that are white provide protection that fights infections. Yellow marrow provides fat cells
that alter as red

Ardipithecus Research Paper
Priscilla Hernandez Professor Magginetti ANTH 101 06 May 2018 Article Review #3 Ardipithecus
has been discovered, an Ancestor that dates back prior to the remains of Lucy. In the article written
by Ann Gibbons and others, it dives into the discovery of our most ancient ancestor and the clues
given to us from all 110 remains that have been found of A. ramidus. First let me begin with Lucy
whose remains were found in 1974 and that dated back to 3.2 million years ago. These skeletal
remains gave us the evidence needed to prove that our ancient ancestors were bipedal before
evolving their big brains. After Lucy was discovered the scientist found themselves with even more
questions, such as, were any previous ancestors before Lucy bipedal or did ... Show more content on
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They found that Au. ramidus had very similar characteristics to Sahelanthropus Tchadensis an
ancestor that dates to 6–7 million years ago. Ardi had a foot that was primitive and had an opposable
big toe which was most likely used to grab on branches. She also had a long and curvy spine just
like humans. Its pelvis was large like those of apes and had short and broad shoulders suggesting it
had a lower center of mass and could possibly walk on one leg at a time. But it is also thought that it
was still spending a lot of time in the trees as well. Thus, why it is thought to be intermediate form
of bipedalism it lived in both worlds, walking upright, and climbing trees, equal success in both
biospheres. Although Ardi is not the connection to apes it still served to prove that the ancestor of
apes was a lot more primitive than we believed. There are still several questions to be answered in
this puzzle called our ancestry. It may seem that more questions arise as more clues are found, but
that is science, there would be no intrigue left if all questions were

Homo Habilis Lab Report
We measured the skulls of Homo erectus, Australopithecus, Homo habilis, and Neanderthals species
by measuring the widths, heights, and length of their craniums and the diameter of the eye socket
(orbit height). We used measuring tape and calipers to measure these skulls by adjusting the calipers
to a fast, for taking a precise measurement of the skull's width, height, and length. We did not
include the fins of some of these skulls when measuring the width; because these will make the
measurements and the Encephalization Quotient (EQ) inaccurate. After we had got the precise
measurement of each one of them at a time, we used a tape measure to gauge the distance between
the ends of the caliper and recorded all the measurements on the data sheet ... Show more content on
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The cranium measurements of the Homo habilis specimen (1370) were 88 mm in height, 130 mm in
length, 84 mm in width and the orbit height is 30.5 mm. And the cranium measurements for
specimen (1470) were 94 mm in height, 157 mm in length, 112 mm in width and the orbit height is
32.5 mm. For Australopithecus Africans, its skull was the second smallest, and it is not much bigger
than that of Homo habilis. It has three specimens: the cranium measurements for the specimen
(STS5) were 99 mm in height, 134 mm in length and 99 mm in width and the orbit height is 26 mm.
The cranium measurements for specimen (AL280) were 96 mm in height, 124 mm in length and 132
mm in width and the orbit height is 30 mm. The cranium measurements for specimen (AL288) were
107 mm in height, 131 mm in length and 122 mm in width and the orbit height is 32 mm. Homo
erectus was the second largest based on its measurements. The cranium measurements for specimen
(KNMER 730) were 110 mm in height, 170 mm in length and 123 mm in width and the orbit height
is 31 mm. The cranium measurements for specimen (KNMWT 1500) were 122 mm in height, 142
mm in length and 125 mm in width and the orbit height is 38 mm. The cranium measurements for
specimen ( Asian) were 102 mm in height, 200 mm in length and 134 mm in width and the orbit
height is 36 mm. The skull of Neanderthals was the largest. The cranium measurements for
specimen (811/807) as 117 mm in height, 198 mm in length, 153 mm in width and orbit height of
43mm. The cranium measurements for specimen (LF) were 113 mm in height, 195 mm in length,
150 mm in width and orbit height of

Homo Naledi : An Ancestral Investigation Of The Human Species
Homo naledi: An Ancestral Investigation of the Human Species There is no denying the fact that
fossil records show an excellent representation of species of the past. Details of human evolution
can also be identified and new discoveries are being found. Homo naledi is the most recent
discovery within the Homo genus. This new discovery could potentially be a very important key in
studying the evolution of the human species. H. naledi was first discovered in 2013 in South Africa.
Rick Hunter and Steven Tucker, two cavers, were exploring the Dinaledi Chamber of the Rising Star
cave in Gauteng when the fossils were discovered (Berger 4). The entrance to the cave is rather
narrow. This proposes many questions for scientists as to what this species was, what it did, and how
the members of this species found their way into this cave. The remains contained both skeletal and
dental fragments. Archeologists were able to identify over fifteen hundred bones from
approximately fifteen different members of this new species (Berger 4). Since the entrance of the
cave was so narrow, retrieving the fossils took cooperation, precision, and technology. Two
"underground astronauts" were lowered into the cave on a cable. They had cameras, which projected
an image onto a television screen for the other scientists on the project could be "in the cave" with
them. This technology made it possible for scientists all over the world to follow along with the
expedition. 3–D models of the fossils

Skull Or Cranium
The skull or cranium is the hard, bone case that contains and protects your brain.
The skull looks as though it is a single bone. In fact, it is made up of 22 separate bones, cemented
together along rigid joints called sutures.
The dome on top is called the cranial vault and it is made from eight curved pieces of bone fused
(joined) together.
As well as the sinuses of the nose; the skull has four large cavities – the cranial cavity for the brain,
the nasal cavity (the nose) and two orbits for the eyes.
There are holes in the skull to allow blood vessels and nerves through, including the optic nerves to
the eyes and the olfactory tracts to the nose.
The biggest hole is in the base. It is called the foramen magnum, and the brain stem goes through

Pubic Symphysis Observation
The beginning of the lab consisted of taking inventory of what bone were present in the case number
that was being worked on. The Bones that were present in case number 002 were the right tibia,
right radius, mandible, right scapula, left humerus, left femur, left Os coxae, the cranium, and two
right molars. The first part of the lab was estimating sex from the remains. The method used was
Buikstra which helped determined with sex using the Os coxae. While observing the Os coxae I
noticed that the ilium looked a low and wide when put together with the femur in posterior position.
The morphoscopic method was also used to give a rate from 1–5 of the bone to estimate sex. The
ventral arc, subpubic concave and the preauricular sulcus was present ... Show more content on
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On the Symphyseal face on the Pubic Symphysis there were some ridges present on it but they were
pronounced, it looked as if it was diminishing. The lower and upper extremities present but there
was not an oval outline present. I also noticed that the ventral rampart was beginning to form.
Comparing the Symphyseal face to the Suchey Brooks images it appeared to be in Phase 2 which
gives the mean of 25.0, the standard deviation of 4.9 and the age range of 19 – 40. Next I went on to
examine the cranial sutures closure using the Meindl & Lovejoy method. Looking at the
Midlambdoid and the Brgema on I noticed that these two sutures were closed but they weren't
completely fused yet, while the Lambda, Obelion, and anterior Sagittal Sutures minimal closures to
them. Combing the composite vault score I received a 7 and gave the age range of 27–44. The next
sutures were the Anterolateral, the Midcoronal, pterion, and the Sphenofrontal were also closed but
not completely fused together. The Sup Sphenotemporal was open it had no closure while the
Infspheno temporal was completely fused. Combing all 5 sutures it gave the composite Anterolateral
score of 10 and gave the age range of

Critical Analysis Of Cranium And Substance Abuse-
Critical Analysis Cranium and Substance Abuse–
This paper examined the age groups for learning and playing the board games as about 13 or more.
This was an important finding as the age group in which children are keen to learn and can adapt to
the teachings needs to match with the age of playing these board games. This comes out to 13 and
above. Cranium has been identified for adults by the Hasbro website how Boardgaming.com
recognizes it for kids 13 and above. Now, substance abuse as well all know affects the brain and the
need to experiment with drugs is ordered by the brain. Therefore to combat the problem, we need to
focus on games which involve a lot of brain activity. Cranium seems to fit the example perfectly.
Cranium is defined by Webster as the skull, specifically that part of the skull which encloses the
brain however the logo used by the game Cranium depicts the soft brain tissue.
Cranium is a game involving a wide range of brain activities as the players are required to perform
the tasks as the go along the track. This game has been carefully designed to emulate the physical
activities coordinated by the brain. For instance, in the game the players are requested to "enter the
Cranium circle from the fast track" or "move clockwise to each [activity card] deck name" or "to
complete the final activity in the Cranium central to win".
In the normal world, these activities have a corollary to the digestive actions performed by the brain
or the blood circulation or

Forensic Anthropology Summary
Forensic Anthropology Report
Summary of Analysis
Name: Allison Miller Date: 20 February 2016
Case Number: 08–0452
Condition: Upon examination of the remains, there were soil stains apparent on the upper ribs, as
well as the skull and upper vertebrae. There is evidence of insect and scavenger activity, apparent
from the damage to the right femora, and right pubic.
Time Since Death: Approximately 6 Weeks
Ancestry: African American
Sex: Female
Age at Death: 20–25 Years Stature: Estimated to be between 5 feet, and 5 feet 6 inches.
Trauma: Post–mortem trauma: No Ante–mortem or perimortem trauma is evident.
Unique Characteristics: Healed fracture scars on the left clavicle.
Skeletal inventory:
Total remains ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is a small vertical irregularity on the mandible, likely the result of a fracture scar. This
irregularity measures approximately 3 millimeters in length. There is also evidence of forced trauma
to the cranium, with the vertical irregularity measuring approximately 8 millimeters in length.
The right humerus shows evidence of a transverse fracture, unknown if ante or post mortem, with
teeth marks from scavengers. The right radius and ulna appear normal, with minimal damage from
weathering and scavengers.

The left humerus shows no sign of irregularity, and appears normal, with minimal damage from
scavengers. The left radius and ulna show some slight damage from scavengers, with teeth marks all
along both.
The left tibia and femora show no signs of irregularity, and appear normal.
The right clavicle shows no sign of deformity, nor does the right scapula.
The left clavicle has a healed fracture, with a smooth and rounded

Neurons: The Peripheral Nervous System
The peripheral nervous system includes two separately functioning additives: the sensory
department and the motor division. The sensory division gives suitable responses from sensory
receptors to the relevant worried gadget. Sensory neurons transmit reactive responses from the
periphery to the imperative fearful device even as the motor division conducts action potentials from
effector organs which include muscular tissues and glands. In assessment, motor neurons transmit
motion potentials from the vital worried device toward the periphery .The nervous gadget consists
of tens of millions of nerve cells referred to as neurons. Neurons are the parenchyma of the
apprehensive gadget which performs each feature of the nervous device from easy sensory features
to complicated thinking and analysis. Neurons, upon receipt of stimuli, transmit responsive signals
to different neurons or to effector organs. the anatomy of a neuron consists of four foremost parts;
the mobile frame, the dendrites, the axon, and the nerve fibers. Given the importance of every of the
neuron additives, it's far important to talk about how every paintings separately and in tandem to
achieve green and appropriate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Axons are surrounded by cell processed of oligodendrocytes inside the primary fearful gadget and
Schwann cells inside the peripheral nervous gadget. Myelin sheaths are again and again wrapped
round axon segments to form tightly wrapped cellular membranes. Myelin sheaths prevent nearly all
electric current go with the flow through the cellular membrane. Gaps exist between the myelin
sheaths known as the nodes of Ranvier. it can be visible approximately every millimeter between the
oligodendrocyte segments or between man or woman Schwann cells. Contemporary flows
effortlessly among the extracellular fluid and the axon on the nodes of Ranvier, and movement
potentials can

The Evolution Of Modern Humans
When we think about the evolution of modern humans we think about two basic theories. The first
theory is the "Multiregional Variation theory which is the different human populations or cultures
had independent origins and are evolved in isolation from one another. The second theory is the
"Out of Africa "theory. This theory is basically when humans evolved in Africa between 200,000
and 100,000 years ago. After these humans evolved they left Africa after evolving. Both of these
theories both support and have evidence about human evolution beginning in Africa.
About 1.5 million years ago "Multiregional Variation "marked the beginning of human evolution,
and the fossils represented the evolving of Homo sapiens. In this theory is stated that there is no
place where the Homo sapiens actually evolved they migrated out of Africa and the evolution took
place in another place. . Although for human evolution the fossil record seemed to be the most
reliable and useful evidence. With the fossils record this helped no depending on assumptions, and
false evidence. The "Multiregional Variation lists a couple predictions that fossil evidence should
prove. The first one is that all living humans derive for the species homo erectus that left Africa.
Natural selection in regional populations is responsible for regional variants. And the emergence of
homo sapiens was not restricted to one area. This theory is not supported by many due to the lack of
support and evidence. Some believed that

The Discovery Of A Fossil Specimen
After so many years of searching and excavating, my partners and I have discovered our first
hominin fossil. After all the digging, cleaning, and cataloging of hominin discoveries is complete,
we begin to start analyzing mysterious specimen #6. It looked a lot like a modern human but the
skull features is slightly different and the molars is quite large. From what we have noticed at first
sight, the incisors, canines and the premolars of the specimen are missing. Without analyzing and
measuring the teeth's, it would make our job a bit difficult, but there is always alternative route to
analyze this mysterious specimen.
My partners and I shared each other hypotheses about mysterious specimen #6 that were trying to
figure it out. We observed every little feature that the specimen have and we're not were not sure
what hominin it is, we first guessed that this specimen is just another known fossil species in the
human lineage or it could be a new fossil species in the human lineage. Our main hypothesis that
were trying to find the answer is mysterious specimen #6 is a previous human species before
modern humans today, and How long does mysterious specimen #6 live? There are so many
questions about mysterious specimen #6 and were we going to get to the bottom of this by analyzing
the skull features, measuring the specimen with special tools and compare and contrast to all
hominin from the past to see anything similar and related to mysterious specimen #6.
Methods and materials:

Homo Floresiensis Contextualized: A Geometric Morp
"Homo floresiensis Contextualized: A Geometric Morphometric Comparative Analysis of Fossil and
Pathological Human Samples", was written in a combination of efforts by anthropologist Karen L.
Baab, anthropologist Kieran P. McNulty, and paleontologist Katerina Harvati. The research article
discusses the species Homo floresiensis and how its unique, albeit controversial, morphology relates
to other species of the genus Homo. The remains that were first excavated from the Indonesian
island of Flores baffled many anthropologists and archeologists. Archaeologists made the discovery
in the early 2000's, as they accidentally stumbled across the new species, referred to as LB1, inside
the Liang Bua Cave (Baab et al.). Surprisingly, the habitat of ... Show more content on
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However, as the authors conclude, the shape of LB1's cranium disproves the previously stated
theory. New evidence presented also concludes that, despite similarities between certain species of
the genus Homo and modern humans with microcephaly, there exist evident differences in cranial
vaults and supraorbital torus to eliminate any convergent theories between the two species (Baab et
al.). Due to the constant battle between similarities and differences between different species of the
genus Homo, one major concept to retain from this article is the fact that 'later' hominins are not just
simply scaled–down versions of older hominins. Evolution and adaptation is not a simple straight,
perfect line that can be simply traced. It is a complex, non–linear progression, full of error and
imperfect

Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerves The human body is a unique and fascinating entity. There is not much notice taken of
the features the human body is capable of. The brain is necessary to perform day–to–day actions,
such as the ability to speak, and see amongst us. This brain is made up of simple mater (Pia mater,
Arachnoid mater, Dura mater) and the cranial surface to protect the brain. We live our daily lives
without acknowledging the importance of this organ, the brain, unless you're a medical student of
course! Despite that people go on with their daily activities using the human natural senses. Looking
at the world through the eyes, watching for any danger around us; ears for hearing the sounds
detecting something that may call for danger, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second cranial nerve is optic nerve. Optic nerves main function is vision, one of the important
senses of the human body. Allowing oneself to see around them. The cell bodies of the optic nerve
are located in the Retina (ganglion cells). Optic nerve begins with unmyelinated axons of the
rentinal ganglion cells, which later become myelinated in the optic disc. CN II enters the cranium
via the optic canal. The retina has bipolar cells that are connected to the special sensory fibers (rods
and cone cells). When light hits the rod and cone cells, electrical impulse are relayed and transmitted
to the bipolar cells. That is when the bipolar cells transmit electrical activity to the CNS through the
optic nerve. Loosing the sense of vision can be very detrimental. Some of the dysfunctions that
occur with CN II are immediate monocular blindness (partial or complete), visual field deficits,
blurring, scotomata, and monocular diplopia. There can be many possible causes for these
dysfunctions to name a few, immediate loss of vision is due to injury to optic nerve due to ischemia
or death, delayed vision loss is due to infarction of the optic nerve or less frequently by hematoma
surrounding the nerve. Complete monocular blindness is usually due to non–organic disorders.
Blurring and scotomata are due to trauma to the cornea, vitreous tears, traumatically induced

Descriptive Essay
I took lengthy whiles to adore your physiognomies before the moment where I could register how
you spoke. I got hit at random upon one Tuesday noon filled with rain by how you stressed your
syllables, and wound your ways in my heart when you spoke on literatures. It wasn't how you spoke
and what you touched upon. Rather, it was your vocal cadence sounds. If I could have, I might have
made you speak for hours. Despite whether you spoke the equal terminology non–stop, I might not
have minded; I knew it might enthrall. The greatest times were the moments where I did not know
how you surrounded me, or how you were quiet throughout lengthy periods while I dozed. It was
then I was able to discern you not far away and then smile with your vocal cadence intimacies in my
ears. Do not ask me what it was like to hear you say my namesake; it could get sensed but never
spoken. You entwined yourself in my cranium to where I was no longer someone who thought with
their personal voice; at moments where I read, your vocal cadence handled narration duties. You
captured my secondary senses in thorough fashion. A jubilant Wednesday saw you teach me how
powerful associations were. I was in one mellow latte store along with my maternal figure, and
enjoyed lunchtime, but contemplated the means by which I might have survived until the next
seven–day period where I might have had another opportunity to see you; my maternal figure
afterwards brought our lattes. I picked up the cups; when the smells

The Anatomy Of The Anthropology Department That I Found
My name is Sean Keefe and I am an intern for the recently deceased Harvey Manfrenjensenjen.
While sorting through samples I came across 6 hominin skulls that lack analysis. In this project, I
am going to explain and talk about the six skulls in the Anthropology Department that I found. To do
this, I will use what I have learned in lecture, as well as numerous outside sources to describe three
defining characteristics for each skull. Additionally, I will provide necessary information about each
skull if needed. After that, I will put the fossil samples in evolutionary order form the oldest to the
youngest. Lastly, I will include a family tree that shows age comparison and ancestral relationships
between the homonids. The first skull that I observed in the Anthropology Department belongs to
Australopithecus robustus. Australopithecus robustus was first named by the eminent Dr. Robert
Broom. The A. robustus leftovers generally come from three different sites: Swartkrans (largest),
Dreimulen, and Kromdraai. One of the major problems with these South African sites is dating, but
generally, robustus remains can be safely placed from 2.0–1.0 myr, and possibly even earlier.
Australopithecus robustus has many features that are specifically distinct to A. robustus. This skull
has very thick jaws; small incisors, canines, large, molar–like premolars and very large molars. The
height of Australopithecus robustus is between 1.1–1.3 meters, and the weight is between 40–80 Kg.
The

Axial Skeleton Center Structure
Similar to the earths axis, the axial skeleton provides the center structure support of the body. The
top of the axial skeleton supports the cranium, a complex bony structure made up of eight bones,
fused together by a system of interlocked joints called sutures. The face is made up of fourteen fused
bones, and the moveable mandible which is responsible for chewing food. Together, the cranium and
face function to protect the brain and the senses of sight, hearing, and balance. Supporting the
cranium is the vertebral column also known as the spine. These thirty–three bones, called vertebrae
are broken down into five different sections. The first section, the cervical vertebrae consists of
seven unfused bones. They make up the neck, working to

Structure And Functions Of The Skeletal System
TASK 1– Skeletal system Produce an information project that can be displayed around a sports club
or for athletes to give information on the different structures and functions of the skeletal system. A.
Describe the main functions of the skeletal system (P1) Functions of the Skeleton Support– the
skeleton acts as frame for the body and keeps us upright, it provides shape and is the main structural
frame for the body. Protection– the skeleton provides the protection for the vital organs in the body.
For example, the rib cage protects the heart and lungs. Another example would be the cranium; it
protects the one of the most import vital organs in the body, the brain. Movement– the skeleton
enables movement. It provides a large surface area for muscle attachment. When skeletal muscles
contract, they pull on bones at a joint to produce movement. Produce Blood Cells– the skeleton
enables red and white blood cells to be produced in the marrow cavities of larger bones of the body.
Red blood cells make haemoglobin and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide around the body. White
blood cells help protect the body against infections. Bones such as the femur and the pelvic girdle
produce blood cells. Fat and Mineral storage– the bones in the skeleton store many minerals. The
main minerals they store are calcium and phosphorus which strengthen the bones. Leverage– the
bones in the skeleton provide the attachment for muscles. The muscles attached to the bones provide
the power

Phylogenetic Tree C
In an attempt to find a correct phylogenetic tree, our group has found that Phylogenetic tree C shows
a significant lineage. After researching, Phylogenetic Tree C seems to be an accurate depiction of
hominid evolution. It shows a clear line of lineage that begins with the common ancestor A.
Afarensis. To explain how the hominids connected in the lineage, our group decided to compare the
skulls' cranium width and length of braincase. We concluded that over millions of years, the width
of the cranium of the hominids have increased, along with the length of braincases. Our explanation
matched up with tree C respectively. The order of the width of craniums recorded are: A. Afarensis
(80 mm), A. Boisei (80 mm), A. Africanus (85 mm), H. Habilis (98 mm), H. Erectus (108 mm), H.
Heidelbergensis (122 mm), H. Neanderthalensis (128 mm), and H. Sapien ... Show more content on
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Heidelbergensis, H. Neanderthalensis, H. Sapien Sapien. The width of their craniums are all in a
range of 6 mm while the cranium of both H. Neanderthalensis and H. Sapien Sapien are both
180mm. This portrays that the hominids shown were close in generations and are directly connected
in the lineage. No gaps are shown in the measurements indicating a difference in generations. The
lineage represents the growth of the craniums caused by random mutations, spanning millions of
years. Our evidence depicts that the closest ancestor to humans are H. Sapien Sapien, the most
recent hominid that has been the last of its species. Also, in the connection between H. Habilis and
H. Erectus, a minor gap is seen between the cranium width and the length of braincase. The H.
Habilis' width of cranium is 98 mm while H. Erectus' is 108mm. The length of the braincase of H.
Habilis; is 115 mm while H. Erectus' is 175 mm. The hominids are still seen as subsequent
generations, but the generation gap depicts that the mutation in skull volume was

Brain Injury Essay
First injury: Multiple crescent shaped abrasions Prosecution
The multiple crescent shaped marks on the anterior part of neck and especially at the level of thyroid
cartilage indicates towards throttling (strangulation with hands) and the size of abrasions which vary
from 0.4x0.3 cm indicates that these abrasions are caused by nails.
Second injury: Contusion on sub–mandibular region of left side of neck
Prosecution
The congestion of larynx and haemorrhaging over laryngeal mucosa is only caused when the death
of a person is result of homicide and not of suicide. The puffy and cyanosed (livid or blue in colour)
face of the deceased establishes beyond reasonable doubt that the death is caused by strangulation
and the contusion on sub mandibular region of left side of neck are caused after the death from
simulating ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This trauma is caused only when some external force is used on the cranium i.e. a blow is given to
the cranium. The presence of trauma and haemorrhage indicate towards signs of struggle and proves
the prosecution theory of homicide.
Defence
The TBI can be easily caused due to falling. The high level of alcohol and anti–depressants in the
blood of deceased suggests that the deceased was nowhere in her senses. This easily gives rise to the
doubt that this injury is not caused due to any blow or external force but this may be caused due to
her falling on the floor or even she might have taken a fall from the stool while trying to commit
suicide.
Fifth injury: Lacerations on wrists
Prosecution
Fresh lacerations of size 3x3cm running laterally clearly indicates that the deceased was tied with
the very same rope which is used for hanging as the size of laceration and the size of oblique mark
on the neck are same in size i.e.

The Origin Of A Cranium
Introduction
Since the migration of the first group of homo sapiens from Sub–Saharan Africa millions of years
ago, the diversification of the human cranium has grown exponentially. As the population continues
to intermix and increase, so will the complexity in the features of the cranium. Diversification of the
cranium will not only be unique to the individual, but a key aspect of identifying that individual, if a
biological profile were to be compiled by a forensic anthropologist. Henceforth, determining
someone 's ancestry from their cranium, is one of the most complicated and unique aspects of the
skeleton. So, must be examined with the utmost consideration.
To determine the ancestry of a cranium, there are two potential aspects investigated; the
morphological features and metric points of the cranium. Morphological determination uses specific
features of the skull and is compared to standards already published in literature. Metric, on the
other hand, is the use of measurements between specific landmarks on the cranium. Which can then
be input into the specialised computer programmes: FORDISC(Ousely & Jantz, 1998) or
CRANID(Wright, 1992) to estimate the ancestry of that individual. There are ,however, benefits and
flaws to each method, which can affect the reliability and accuracy of the ancestry acclaimed.
Morphological (non–metric)
Non–metric assessment of ancestry, uses the ascertainment of features of the cranium by the
observer and an estimation of the ancestry,

Neanderthal's Brain Summary
Paleoanthropologist discover a skeleton of an 8 year old Neanderthals boy recovered from El Sidrón
cave in Spain. Based on the skeleton, Dr.Rosas and his team studied the ancient Neanderthal
remains and made an analysis of how the Neanderthal's brain is different from modern day brain.
The Neanderthal people's brain are much larger but take longer time to grow. This scientific article
is very interesting and the news element are unusualness and timeliness. This event is uncommon
because finding ancient remains is not common and is very hard to find. However, with hard work,
paleoanthropologist found ancient Neanderthal remains and made a new discovery on how the
brains of ancient Neanderthal differ from modern brains. The lead of the article

Evolution Of Human Culture Developed Based On Our Environment
The earth is an ever evolving planet in the universe that has changed dramatically since the
beginning of time. Physically people have seen, measured, and recorded changes in land mass and
population growth in different parts of the world due to supply and demand of resources. Theories
such as the "Pangea Theory" or the "Bering Strait" theory have given insight into how human
culture developed based on our environment. Through the study of history, people can see the course
of the human lineage as well. Human evolution started with the phylogeny Hominoidea, a
superfamily that includes humans and all living apes. Out of Hominoidea, the earliest genus that
exists today is the genus Homo which is comprised of Homo sapiens that includes modern humans,
as well as several extinct species classified as ancestral to or closely related to modern humans. One
the earliest known hominids, a species that comes from the genus homo, is Homo habilis. What
makes Homo habilis special is that it was the first of the human species to have a notable increase in
brain size and be found with stone tools. Through an observation of Homo habilis, we can see large
similarities between humans within this common ancestors characteristics.
Homo habilis was discovered by Louis and Mary Leaky and their other coworkers Johnathan Leaky,
Philip Tobias, and British Scientist John Naiper, in 1960. They both believed that humanities roots
in Africa had been taken for granted and that people weren't

Paranthropus Boisei
Paranthropus boisei is also known as Australopithecus boisei. Paranthropus boisei lived in Eastern
Africa in countries such as Ethiopia at the Konso and Omo River basin, Kenya at Koobi Fora,
Chesowonja, and West Turkana, Tanzania at Olduvai Gorge and Peninj, and Malawi. Paranthropus
boisei lived about 2.3 to 1.2 million years ago. Paranthropus boisei is also known as being the most
robust of the robust australopithecines. Paranthropus boisei had human like features including a
strong sagittal crest that assisted in chewing by having a large bottom and top jaw, with large molars
and premolars. Paranthropus boisei also had flaring cheekbones and a cranial capacity that was 100
cc larger than in the last genus homo within the last one million ... Show more content on
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KNM–ER 406 was found in Koobi, Kenya in 1969 by Richard Leakey and H. Mutua and they said
this finding was about 1.7 million years old. This finding was a complete adult male fossil finding.
KNM–ER 732 A was found in Koobi Fora, Kenya as well by Richard Leakey and H. Mutua, but in
1970. This finding was known to be 1.7 million years old as well and was a partial cranium of a
female paranthropus boisei and gave more insight that there was sexual dimorphism in this early
species. The finding OH 5 was nicknamed the Nutcracker Man, which was found in Olduvai Gorge,
Tanzania in 1959 by Mary Leakey. This finding was 1.8 million years old and is the most famous
finding. It was the complete cranium of a male. Peninj Mandible was a well preserved jaw that was
found in Tanzania at the Lake Natron region by Kamoya Kimeu. There was a finding made in either
2010 or 2011 in Tanzania at Olduvia Gorge that composed of bone fragments such as the ulna, tibia,
and femur that gave more information regarding the post cranial structure of paranthropus boisei.
These findings helped prove that paranthropus boisei was sexually dimorphic, more ruggedly built,
showed signed of bipedalism, and had some aboreal behaviors. After looking at many physical
pictures and pictures of their skull, paranthropus boisei do have resemblance of human
characteristics.

Hair Cut
Executive Summary Cranium Filament Reductions is a hair salon located in Shaker Hts., Ohio that
allows the entirefamily to have their hair needs satisfied in one convenient location. Cranium serves
men, women,and children and accepts appointments as well as walk–ins. Cranium also sells retail
hair careproducts. Cranium is able to serve the entire family in one quick, convenient visit. While
there are many "quick salons" like Cranium, Cranium will excel due to its attention to
detailregarding customer service. Through unheralded customer attention, Cranium will slowly but
surelygain market share as it services the entire family, creating long–term relationships. Lastly
Cranium 's location will allow it to attract a lot of walk in traffic. ... Show more content on
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Market Growth For the last seven years the hair cutting industry has grown steadily at 5% a year.
The industry is generally unaffected by economic upturns or downturns. While in upturns, women
are more likely to purchase extra services such as hair coloring or perms, although generally the
consumption pattern is unchanged. This is somewhat intuitive as most people need and get a haircut
based on an elapsed amount of time, independent of the economic environment that they are in.
SWOT Analysis The following SWOT analysis captures the key strengths and weaknesses within
the company, and describes the opportunities and threats facing Cranium Filament Reductions. 2.2.1
Strengths Excellent retail space in a well–traveled mall. Well–trained employees with good hair
cutting skills with a wide style repertoire, and customer–focused business practices. A wide range of
services offered. Competitive prices. 2.2.2 Weaknesses As a new entrant to the market, Cranium
lacks brand equity that many of its competitors have earned over years of service. The struggle to
appear continually on the edge in terms of fashion and style. Large costs associated with a start–up
company. 2.2.3 Opportunities A steady growing market that is traditionally unaffected by the
economic environment. The ability to decrease marginal fixed costs as the

Hominids
What evidence did you find that indicates relatedness between early and modern hominids? Our
evidence of the relatedness between early and modern hominids is the we have the same head
features such as molars, canines, protrusion of the lower face, and the same orientation of where the
spine connects with the skull. The size of the these features range in size, for example the A.
africanus lower jew had 2 molars that were 2 cm, each one about 1 cm in size. Our Homo sapien
skull had 3 molars (meaning it had a wisdom tooth) and measure of 3 cm, again each one being
around 1 cm. All of the skulls had a protruding lower face and even through all of the skulls have
the spines connect in the bottom centre of the skull, but they still varying degrees ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Gorillas use canines for protection with in turns is used for attracting a mate, bigger canines means
female gorillas are more likely to notice and think that they can protect their future family. Likewise,
hominids (humans at least) search for the same traits in their mating, but not just on their teeth. Why
do you think the face flattens over time in hominids? The faces of hominids flatten out because their
brow ridge and canine teeth got smaller and cranium got bigger. The Neanderthals have the largest
brain case and was 55 cm, Homo sapiens the second largest with 48.5 cm and the flattest face. The
A. africanus was the most protruding face with 129° and the brain case was 40 cm. How does the
position of the foramen magnum relate to the body posture and movement pattern of the animal? If
hominid craniums connected to the spine through the back of the skull instead of the bottom then
they would not be able to walk up straight. Animals, such as dogs and horses, have to walk on all–
fours because their skulls connect through the back How would you explain the adaptive differences
seen between these skulls on the basis of what you know about DNA, proteins and

Relapse Formulae In Anthropology
Personal identification using anthropology deals with estimation of sex, age, stature etc. by studying
skeletal featured of bone. Mostly the sex estimation is finished by looking at the morphological
features of Pelvis– which because of conceptive necessities shows unmistakable characteristic
elements which serve as trademark; or cranium.
Stature is in common language the standing tallness of a living person. With regards to legal human
sciences, it constructs part of the natural profile of a person in the discriminating proof affair.
A scope of techniques have been created to decide stature from human stays to various degrees of
fulfilment and protection. The Fully technique, also called anatomical strategy, requires the nearness
of every single skeletal component that add to stature to recreate the standing body. Numerical
techniques, then again, extrapolate stature from the extent of a solitary bone or body part utilizing
relapse formulae. This is most dependable ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is especially the case for relapse strategies, which force a straightforward relationship between
the measure of a particular bone and stature. There are diverse arrangement of formulae for different
gatherings and populace.
Forensic anthropologists use a number of methods to estimate the age at death for skeletal remains.
In general, the methods are based largely upon the morphology of the skeletal elements, that is, the
presence of non–metric traits or specific morphological features on each of the bones of the
skeleton. These characteristics for example also include the degree of fusion of the proximal and
distal epiphyses, fusion of the cranial sutures, dental eruption patterns etc.
Generally the sex estimation is done by examining the morphological features of Pelvis or cranium,
but this is possible only when these parts are recovered.
What about instances when only a hand or leg is provided for

Pelvis Research Paper
The sex of a decedent can be told by the pelvis and the skull. They're the most accurate bones to
determine the sex. However, the skeletons of children are usually the same. Accordingly, it cannot
be told apart until they hit puberty The pelvis of a female become wide and shallow. Angela Libal
states "As a girl matures into a woman, her pelvic bones spread and her hips become much wider
than a man's." A male's pelvis has a rounder pelvic inlet. The opening is heart–shaped, and it's
narrow and long. The pubic symphysis–piece of cartilage where the hip bones join–softens. If a
woman gives birth to a child, the two sides of the pelvis will separate. As a male goes through
puberty, his skull is changing. Their foreheads slope backwards and their chins and jawbones are
squarer than females. Their skulls become more robust. They have a lump of bone at the bottom of
the back of the skull. A woman's skull has a rounded forehead and chin. There is also a smooth bone
above the eye sockets. Men's shoulders are broader than women therefore a long collar bone would
indicate a male. Smaller bones would be assumed to be a female because women are usually smaller
in size than men. However, a female can have a strong build and a male might have a small frame so
the pelvis and skull are the best places to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It benefits a forensic anthropologist because it can narrow down the search. Daily habits can show
up in the bones. If a person sits for long periods of times, they're hip bones will grow differently
than somebody who usually squats. Their career can also appear on the bones. A construction
worker–or any job that requires lifting–would have large muscle attachments. Smooth muscle
attachments establish that the person had a job with meager physical activity. A child who was poor
or neglected would exhibit bones that have stopped growing for periods of

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