250 words agree or disagree to each questions  Q 1. An intimate partner is defined as a current or former spouse, boyfriend, girlfriend, dating partner, or sexual partner. Intimate partners can also be same sex couples. In some states intimate partners are also known as domestic partners. Intimate partner murders of females are approximately 4 to 5 times the rate for male victims (Campbell, Glass, Sharps, Laughon, Bloom 2007). The murder rates for male and female intimate partners have gone down in the past 25 years (Campbell, Glass, Sharps, Laughon, and Bloom 2007). When investigating intimate partner murders male or female the major risk factor for this crime is past cases of domestic violence (Campbell, Glass, Sharps, Laughon, and Bloom 2007). Intimate partner murders without previous domestic violence incidents occurred in 9% of cases (Vatnar, Friestad, and Bjorkly 2017 (Norway 1990-2012)). Intimate partner murders without prior domestic violence incidents research shows the suspects were highly educated and were less likely to have a criminal history (Vatnar, Friestad, and Bjorky 2017 (Norway 1990-2012)).             In the late 1960’s the women’s right movement brought attention to intimate partner violence (Gauthier-Chung 2017). Because of the increase in intimate partner violence and intimate partner murders in the 1970’s and 1980’s, many law enforcement agencies throughout the United States changed their procedures when handling these incidents in the early 1990’s (Gauthier-Chung 2017). Before these changes were made women intimate partner victims were often reluctant to prosecute their abusers (Gauthier-Chung 2017). In the eyes of law enforcement agencies and judges in the United States the unwillingness of women intimate partner violence victims to prosecute was evidence the abuse was not that bad or that it was not a valid claim (Showden 2011, P.659).              In New York State numerous changes have been made when law enforcement deals with intimate partner incidents (Gauthier-Chung 2017). Starting with when law enforcement responds to intimate partner or domestic incident, when there is evidence a crime has been committed the suspected abuser must be arrested by the investigating agency (Gauthier-Chung 2017). After an arrest has been made the state of New York handles the prosecution process (Gauthier-Chung 2017). In New York state successful prosecution does not require the victim’s cooperation (Gauthier-Chung 2017). New York state prosecutors are able to have successful cases without the victim’s help because law enforcement officers have been trained to collect evidence that supports the state’s case (Suk 2009, P. 37). Law enforcement officers gather evidence at the scene of the domestic violence such as photographs of the victim and suspect, photographs of the scene of the incident, and spontaneous statements made by the victim and suspect (Suk 2009, P. 37).             Domestic violence calls are the most deadly s.

1. 250 words agree or disagree to each questions
Q 1.
An intimate partner is defined as a current or former spouse,
boyfriend, girlfriend, dating partner, or sexual partner. Intimate
partners can also be same sex couples. In some states intimate
partners are also known as domestic partners. Intimate partner
murders of females are approximately 4 to 5 times the rate for
male victims (Campbell, Glass, Sharps, Laughon, Bloom 2007).
The murder rates for male and female intimate partners have
gone down in the past 25 years (Campbell, Glass, Sharps,
Laughon, and Bloom 2007). When investigating intimate partner
murders male or female the major risk factor for this crime is
past cases of domestic violence (Campbell, Glass, Sharps,
Laughon, and Bloom 2007). Intimate partner murders without
previous domestic violence incidents occurred in 9% of cases
(Vatnar, Friestad, and Bjorkly 2017 (Norway 1990-2012)).
Intimate partner murders without prior domestic violence
incidents research shows the suspects were highly educated and
were less likely to have a criminal history (Vatnar, Friestad, and
Bjorky 2017 (Norway 1990-2012)).
In the late 1960’s the women’s right movement brought
attention to intimate partner violence (Gauthier-Chung 2017).
Because of the increase in intimate partner violence and
intimate partner murders in the 1970’s and 1980’s, many law
enforcement agencies throughout the United States changed
their procedures when handling these incidents in the early
1990’s (Gauthier-Chung 2017). Before these changes were made
women intimate partner victims were often reluctant to
prosecute their abusers (Gauthier-Chung 2017). In the eyes of
law enforcement agencies and judges in the United States the

2. unwillingness of women intimate partner violence victims to
prosecute was evidence the abuse was not that bad or that it was
not a valid claim (Showden 2011, P.659).
In New York State numerous changes have been made
when law enforcement deals with intimate partner incidents
(Gauthier-Chung 2017). Starting with when law enforcement
responds to intimate partner or domestic incident, when there is
evidence a crime has been committed the suspected abuser must
be arrested by the investigating agency (Gauthier-Chung 2017).
After an arrest has been made the state of New York handles the
prosecution process (Gauthier-Chung 2017). In New York state
successful prosecution does not require the victim’s cooperation
(Gauthier-Chung 2017). New York state prosecutors are able to
have successful cases without the victim’s help because law
enforcement officers have been trained to collect evidence that
supports the state’s case (Suk 2009, P. 37). Law enforcement
officers gather evidence at the scene of the domestic violence
such as photographs of the victim and suspect, photographs of
the scene of the incident, and spontaneous statements made by
the victim and suspect (Suk 2009, P. 37).
Domestic violence calls are the most deadly situations
police officers are found in. When responding to domestic
violence calls police officers must be cognizant of the involved
parties friends, relatives, and associates all of whom can be a
danger to officers (Stevens PhD 2018). When dealing with these
highly volatile situations officers have to constantly know what
state of mind the victim and suspect are in (Stevens PhD 2018).
Knowing if the police have ever responded to the dispatched
location for domestic incidents in the past, the involved parties’
criminal history, is anyone at the location in question in
possession of weapons, and are there any guns / rifles registered
at the location (Stevens PhD 2018). Having answers to all these
questions is pertinent information that can help responding
officers remain safe (Stevens PhD 2018). Between 2007– 2016

3. there were 26 law enforcement officers killed during domestic
disturbances calls for service, in that same time period 10 law
enforcement officers were killed during burglary incidents, and
9 law enforcement officers were killed during drug – related
arrests (FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting program). The more
information law enforcement officers have when responding to
domestic incidents will help save their lives and the lives of
others.
Sources:
Campbell, J. C., Glass, N., Sharps, P. W., Laughon, K., &
Bloom, T. (2007). Intimate Partner Homicide.
Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
,
8
(3), 246–269. doi: 10.1177/1524838007303505
Gauthier-Chung, M. F. (2017). Hounded Women: The IPV
Protocol and the Autonomy of Abuse Victims.
Moral Philosophy and Politics
,
4
(1), 67–85. doi: 10.1515/mopp-2016-0039
Vatnar, S. K. B., Friestad, C., & Bjørkly, S. (2017). Intimate
partner homicide in Norway 1990–2012: Identifying risk factors
through structured risk assessment, court documents, and
interviews with bereaved.
Psychology of Violence
,
7
(3), 395–405. doi: 10.1037/vio0000100
Showden, C. R. (2011).
Choices women make: agency in domestic violence, assisted

4. reproduction, and sex work
. Minneapolis, MN: Univ. of Minnesota Press.
Suk, J. (2011).
At home in the law: how the domestic violence revolution is
transforming privacy
. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Stevens, D. J. (2018).
Cops at Risk
(1st ed.). San Diego, California: Cognella Academic
Publishing.
FBI Releases 2017 Crime Statistics. (2018, September 24).
Retrieved October 10, 2019, from
https://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/press-releases/fbi-releases-
2017-crime-statistics.
Q 2.
The Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment was an
investigation to determine if an arrest was an effective aid
against future assaults. It was determined that the arrest of the
perpetrator decreased future assaults although five duplicate
investigations were skeptical of the effectiveness of arresting
the batterer. Specialized Domestic Violence Response Units
undergo important training to investigate domestic violence
while preparing a case without the victims' testimony in court.
Also, a lethality evaluation is used to distinguish which victim
is in greater danger but hasn't been noticed (Gosselin, 2010).
Canada, The United States, and The United Kingdom conducted
research that explains the similarities and differences of
previous lethal and nonlethal intimate partner violence cases.
(Dobash,2009). Violence involves powerful and constant

5. communication among partners and the numerous situations
they face (Vantar,2017). Genuine circumstances are recognized,
understood and selected according to the mindset of the partner
(Magnusson, 1981). It is imperative to examine the IPH method
by exploring the more comprehensive set of experiences and
occurrences that led to homicide. Sadly, “Sixty percent of
homicides involve a female victim being killed by their partner”
(Shackelford Todd and Mouzos 2005).
The Center for Disease Control and Prevention reports around
5.3 million acts of violence will transpire every year (Sheehan,
2015, Klap,2007) and The Bureau of Justice Statistics (2012)
reports that intimate companions were responsible for 14% of
all the murders in 2007 that occurred in the United States.
Family and intimate friends are normally the first to know the
victim is suffering abuse. They are considered co-victims when
they lose a loved one to homicide. Signs and risks leading up to
the death of an intimate partner include prior abuse patterns and
the inability to leave. Separation can cause an abuser to feel
like they have lost control over their victim. A woman that
escapes a live-in relationship is three times more likely to be
killed within the next year. Stalking, weapons, and alcohol are
also risks leading to homicide.
Dangers an officer encounters on domestic violence calls can be
life-threatening. An abuser will often take their rage out on the
officer especially if mental illness, alcohol or weapons are
involved. Many officers are fatally wounded during domestic
calls. I have seen the abused’s attitude change abruptly and
attack the officer that was there to help. Officers are trained to
be highly cautious during these calls.
Gosselin, D. K. (2010). Heavy hands: An introduction to the
crimes of family violence. 5th ed., Pearson College Division
Sheehan, B., Murphy, S., Moynihan, M., Dudley-Fennessey, E.,

6. & Stapleton, J. (2015). Intimate Partner Homicide: New Insights
for Understanding Lethality and Risks. Violence Against
Women, 21(2), 269–288.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214564687
Vatnar, Solveig Karin Bo; Friestad, Christine; Bjorkly, Stal.
(July 2017), Psychology of Violence Vol. 7, Iss. 3, Intimate
partner homicide in Norway 1990–2012: Identifying risk factors
through structured risk assessment, court documents, and
interviews with bereaved, 395-405. DOI:10.1037/vio0000100