Running head SPOUSE VIOLENCE 1SPOUSE VIOLENCE8.docx

Running head: SPOUSE VIOLENCE 1
SPOUSE VIOLENCE 8
Annotated Bibliography
Joshua D. Musick
PSAD 410 7980 Public Safety Research and Technology
Professor: Angela Edwards
University of Maryland University College
April 6, 2019
Institution
Spouse violence
This is a type of domestic violence and it magnitude can be
determined based data from government agencies and pieces of
research by scholars. Some factors such as drug abuse, money
problems, and health of community contribute and cause spouse
violence.
Thesis: Spouse violence is important public safety concern and
it reflects quality of intimate partner life.
Kaur, R., & Garg, S. (2008). Addressing Domestic Violence
Against Women: An Unfinished Agenda. Indian Journal of
Community Medicine, 33(2), 73–76. doi:10.4103/0970-
0218.40871
According to this journal, domestic violence affect many

sectors of social system such as health systems and the
development of a nation. Also, the researcher believe the
problem is widely dispersed geographically and has serious
impact on the victim, mostly women. Based on research
conducted in this journal, 85% of violent abuse target women
compared to 3% of abuse experienced by men. Some of the
causes of domestic violence are cultural mores, economic and
political conditions, and religious practices precede the
violence. The authors further argue that spouse violence
undermine economic, spiritual, economic, and psychological
wellbeing of victim, the perpetrator and society. According to
research, an incident of spouse violence translate to lose of
minimum of seven working days. In US the loss due to domestic
violence is about 12.6 billion dollars annually.
Alejo, K. (2014). Long-Term Physical and Mental Health
Effects of Domestic Violence. Research Journal of Justice
Studies and Forensic Science, 2(5), 82-90.
This is a qualitative journal and it used existing studies to
determine the magnitude and effect of spouse violence.
According to the author domestic violence against men
considered mild to society and parties affected. Further this
paper shows that men and women who suffer from long-term
health problems have high potential of causing domestic
violence. The likelihood to cause violence is determined by the
published statistic on prevalence of spouse violence in
heterosexual relationships. The researchers analyze the results
from existing studies to determine health effect of the spouse
violence. According to the findings both men and women
sustain injuries, however, women suffer more.
M. Pilar Matud. (2007). Dating Violence and Domestic
Violence. Journal of Adolescent and health, 40(4), 295–297.
The journal states that spouse violence include sexual violence,
emotional abuse, and controlling partner. The journal use
quantitative and qualitative approaches to establish the

prevalence of spouse violence. The author used 48 studies and
the data shows between 10% and 69% of women are victim of
assault and abusive behavior. The journal shows violence
against women is rampant and has serious effects.
Fox, J. A., & Fridel, E. E. (2017). Gender Differences in
Patterns and Trends in U.S. Homicide, 1976–2015. Violence and
Gender, 4(2). Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0016
In this article, the researcher used data from national homicide
database from 1976 to 2015 to examine the spouse violence in
terms of age, weapon, race and circumstances. According to the
research “Women are always and everywhere less likely than
men to commit criminal acts” more so in murder case. Also, the
method, location, and motive of spouse violence differ.
Homicide cases are mainly male centric.
Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., & Basile, K. C. (2014).
Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking,
and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization — National
Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States,
2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 1-18.
Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6308a1.htm?s
_cid=ss6308a1_e
This report admits that sexual violence, partner violence, and
stalking are public safety issue and have negative effect to
millions of people in US. The report examine stalking, sexual
violence, and partner violence suing data from 2011. Further the
report shows prevalence of sexual violence; racial variation in
prevalence, age of victimization, and types of perpetrators
based on violence type. The report also captures the impacts of
victimization and need for services.
Black, M. (2011). Intimate partner violence and adverse health
consequences: Implications for clinicians. American Journal of
Lifestyle Medicine, 5(5), 428-439.
This article argue that perpetrator of spouse violence is
someone known to victim. According to this article spouse

violence is associated with different risk causing health and
economic consequences. 1 in 3 women and 1 in 4 men have
experienced spouse violence. The costs of spouse violence is
$122,461 per victim including lost productivity, medical costs
and criminal justice activities. The author believe the use of
public health approach can be used to protect and address factor
for spouse violence.
National Institute of Justice. (2017, March 30). Intimate Partner
Violence. Retrieved April 06, 2019, from National Institute of
Justice: https://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/intimate-partner-
violence/pages/welcome.aspx
According to this government website, spouse violence is linked
to long-term and immediate social, health, and economic
consequences. Other factors which trigger violence include
individual, community, relationship, and society. It is
recommended that to prevent spouse violence people should
understand these factors, coordinate resources, and foster
change in society and families.
Devries, K., & Moreno, C. G. (2013). The global prevalence of
intimate partner homicide: a systematic review. The Lancet,
382(9895), 859-865. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736
(13)61030-2
Spouse violence (homicide) cause premature mortality. The
study estimate the international and regional incidence of
spouse violence. The researchers used five databases to find
academic journal and reports on people murdered by intimate
partner. According to the finding, one in seven homicides are
perpetrated by a spouse. Such violence are as result of
consistent abuse. Preventive measures include investing in
prevention measures against partner violence, support women
affected by domestic violence, and set policies governing gun
ownership.
Hernon, J., & Tompkins, D. (Eds.). (1999). Intimate Partner
Homicide: An Overview. National Institute of Justice Journal.
Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/jr000250.pdf
Close partner homicide (spouse violence) has declined among

all race and gender groups in the last 25 years. However,
women have higher chance compared to men to be killed by
spouse or partners. The journal present which women are at risk
of murder and policies which can help to reduce spouse violence
and homicides. Example of preventive measure include alcohol
abuse rehabilitation.
Machado, C., Martins, C., & Caridade, S. (2014). Violence in
Intimate Relationships: A Comparison between Married and
Dating Couples. (J. C. Flanagan, Ed.) Journal of Criminology,
2014, 1-10. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/897093
The study examines attitude about intimate violence between
married and dating people, by nature of abuse and gender of
victims and perpetrators. This a quantitative study and
participants used questionnaire. The data shows general
condemnation of domestic violence. Comparing the data, more
dating partners have incidents of physical abuse compared to
married partners.
References
Alejo, K. (2014). Long-Term Physical and Mental Health
Effects of Domestic Violence. Research Journal of Justice
Studies and Forensic Science, 2(5), 82-90.
Black, M. (2011). Intimate partner violence and adverse health
consequences: Implications for clinicians. American Journal of
Lifestyle Medicine, 5(5), 428-439.
Breiding, M. J., Smith, S. G., & Basile, K. C. (2014).
Prevalence and Characteristics of Sexual Violence, Stalking,

and Intimate Partner Violence Victimization — National
Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey, United States,
2011. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), 1-18.
Retrieved from
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss6308a1.htm?s
_cid=ss6308a1_e
Devries, K., & Moreno, C. G. (2013). The global prevalence of
intimate partner homicide: a systematic review. The Lancet,
382(9895), 859-865. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-
6736(13)61030-2
Fox, J. A., & Fridel, E. E. (2017). Gender Differences in
Patterns and Trends in U.S. Homicide, 1976–2015. Violence and
Gender, 4(2). Retrieved from
https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0016
Hernon, J., & Tompkins, D. (Eds.). (1999). Intimate Partner
Homicide: An Overview. National Institute of Justice Journal.
Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/jr000250.pdf
Kaur, R., & Garg, S. (2008). Addressing Domestic Violence
Against Women: An Unfinished Agenda. Indian Journal of
Community Medicine, 33(2), 73–76. doi:10.4103/0970-
0218.40871
M. Pilar Matud. (2007). Dating Violence and Domestic
Violence. Journal of Adolescent and health, 40(4), 295–297.
Machado, C., Martins, C., & Caridade, S. (2014). Violence in
Intimate Relationships: A Comparison between Married and
Dating Couples. (J. C. Flanagan, Ed.) Journal of Criminology,
2014, 1-10. Retrieved from
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/897093
National Institute of Justice. (2017, March 30). Intimate Partner
Violence. Retrieved April 06, 2019, from National Institute of
Justice: https://www.nij.gov/topics/crime/intimate-partner-
violence/pages/welcome.aspx

Writing Assignment onMuhammad Ali and the Draft
When most people think of the 1960s, images of civil rights
activists and anti-war protesters immediately come to mind.
One commonly thinks of Martin Luther King, Jr. or the Black
Panthers, for example. At the same time, provocative
photographs of burning draft cards and violent confrontations
with the police also form a large part of America’s historical
memory. The case of Muhammad Ali and conscription reflects
these wider issues of war and peace and racial justice, but from
a different angle that allows you to use your larger historical
imagination to better understand the tensions underlying
American society in that contentious decade.
Let us go back to the late 1960s, when the federal government
felt obligated to prosecute a celebrity draft evader, the Nation
of Islam passionately advocated for their most prized recruit,
Stokely Carmichael defended a man he called “hero,” who
through his refusal to serve dramatically raised the profile of
the growing anti-war movement (especially for Black
Americans), patriotic American Legion members urged
boycotts of Ali prize fights, traditional white establishment
sportswriters heaped scorn upon the young heavyweight champ,
and Ali, took a courageous and costly principled stand against a
war that he could not in good conscience join.
Drawing on all the sources below, explain the issues
surrounding Muhammad Ali’s greatest fight, his refusal to be
drafted for combat during the Vietnam War. Having read
chapter 25 of Foner’s Give Me Liberty, which provides a
foundation for understanding social protest and antiwar
sentiment during the 1960s, read the following articles from
the Washington Post (Links to an external site.)Links to an
external site. and New Yorker (Links to an external site.)Links
to an external site. for more background about Muhammad Ali
and the draft. Then consider the following sources—videos,
primary documents, and newspaper and magazine articles—as
you work through the assignment.

The sources below are arranged around five personas, two of
which are fictional composites, that represent five different
constituencies/perspectives about the controversy. While they
are hardly conclusive, they should provide plenty of context for
you to construct a historical argument about the incident and its
larger social and political meaning. With all that in mind, here
is your prompt:
Drawing on all the sources below, explain the issues
surrounding Muhammad Ali’s “greatest fight,” his refusal to be
drafted for combat during the Vietnam War. Consider the
historical context and the various perspectives of the five
personas. Why was his decision met with such hostility? How
did the controversy both reflect and shape larger social
struggles, both in the civil rights and antiwar movements, as
well as beyond? What does Ali’s struggle tell us about
American society in the 1960s? In short, why is Cassius
Clay/Muhammad Ali so important?
Your paper should be a four-to-five page typewritten (1250
words, double-spaced) analysis of the issue. A good paper will
consider these questions and provide evidence from the various
sources and/or your textbook to support your answer. The essay
is due Monday, April 22nd. You will be penalized ten points
for every calendar day that your paper is late. Note that without
the paper, you will not have completed all of the requirements
for the course, and will therefore be ineligible for a passing
grade. Please be sure to keep a draft or copy of your paper until
it is graded and returned.
While grading is primarily based upon your understanding and
critical analysis of the sources, form will also be taken into
account. In addition to typographical errors, check carefully for
spelling and grammatical mistakes. Pages must be numbered.
With regard to formatting, use standard one inch margins and a
12 point font. Times New Roman is the preferred typeface.
And remember to cite direct quotations. As a rule they can be
valuable in underscoring a point, but avoid lengthy and
excessive quotations: they are boring. As for form, you can cite

your work with either MLA or Chicago styles, as long as you
are consistent. Finally, do not plagiarize. No credit will be
given for dishonest work.
Introduction:
In early 1966, Muhammad Ali, heavyweight champion of the
world, received his draft notice like most American young men
during the Vietnam War. Sportswriter Robert Lipsyte was
present and recorded Ali’s now famous response, “I ain’t got no
quarrel with them Vietcong.” This seditious remark, and Ali’s
refusal to cooperate, set off a firestorm of invective from
sportswriters and politicians as well as a groundswell of support
from black nationalists and anti-war protesters. Ali’s decision
would lead to a protracted legal battle that would eventually
cost him more than three of the best years of his fighting
career. Moreover, his case would soon encapsulate much of the
social and political tensions of the 1960s, including racial
conflict, anti-war activism, and the youthful rebellion that
challenged authority in all of its manifestations.
Despite sincere efforts from his former Louisville patrons to
arrange for a term in the National Guard service or some
service-related boxing activities that would have kept him
completely away from the jungles of Vietnam, Ali refused. To
him, this was a matter was a principle, which gave his
resistance a sharper edge. According to Ali, “Why should they
ask me to put on a uniform and go ten thousand miles from
home and drop bombs and bullets on brown people in Vietnam
while so-called Negro people in Louisville are treated like
dogs?” And he added, “If I thought going to war would bring
freedom and equality to twenty-two million of my people, they
wouldn’t have to draft me. I’d join tomorrow. But I either have
to obey the laws of the land or the laws of Allah. I have
nothing to lose by standing up and following my beliefs. We’ve
been in jail for four hundred years.”
Ali’s struggle with the United States government would
temporarily derail his athletic career. His state boxing

licenses and even the heavyweight title were stripped away
shortly after his initial refusal. While he became a pariah to the
traditional boxing establishment and much of mainstream
America, Ali emerged as a courageous hero for those who
agreed with his opposition to an increasingly unpopular war.
As a result, a sports hero was transformed into a national, in
truth an international, champion of his people. Indeed, by the
1980s, Muhammad Ali was the most recognizable man on the
planet.
Ali’s battle over the draft unfolded on a crowded national stage
occupied by increasingly militant civil rights activists including
Martin Luther King Jr. and his newfound outspoken criticism of
the war as well as the emergence of the Black Panthers, a rising
and well-organized opposition to the war on college campuses,
and an often chaotic youth-inspired rebellion against all things
associated with mainstream America. While Ali’s case wended
its way through the courts, Americans struggled to make sense
of the Tet Offensive, the assassinations of Martin Luther King,
Jr. and Robert Kennedy, race riots and urban upheaval, and
increasingly violent antiwar protests culminating with the
tragedy of Kent State in 1970. Thus an examination of Ali’s
story through the words of its key players and constituencies
tells a larger story of America during the tumultuous 1960s.
Five Biographical Sketches:
Muhammad Ali – Born Cassius Marcellus Clay, Jr. in 1942, Ali
became the pride of Louisville as an Olympic gold medal
winner in the 1960 Rome Olympics. In February 1964, Ali
defeated Sonny Liston to become the heavyweight champion of
the world. Shortly afterwards, he became a Muslim and joined
the Nation of Islam. Within the year, he adopted the name
Muhammad Ali.
Stokely Carmichael, former leader of the Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC)– SNCC was a college-based
civil rights movement inspired by Martin Luther King and
founded in 1960. SNCC launched the sit-in movement to

integrate lunch counters and other public facilities, staged voter
registration drives in the South, and grew increasingly militant
as the decade unfolded.
Mainstream American Sportswriter – A white traditional
American journalist who is typically critical of Ali to the point
where he continues to refer to him as Cassius Clay. For him,
Ali, long before the draft issue, represents all that is wrong with
a country in transition. He sees Ali as a defiant and outspoken
black man who does not know his place and challenges
authority on every level.
American Legion member – A forty-six year old veteran who
lost a leg at Iwo Jima during World War II. He spends every
Saturday afternoon at the American Legion Hall in Kenosha,
Wisconsin. His son attends the University of Wisconsin and is
a member of the Students for a Democratic Society. He
supports Ali’s opposition to the draft much to his father’s
chagrin. To have a good sense of the Legionnaire’s disposition,
think of the Silent Majority and pro-Nixon hard hats reacting to
student and anti-war protests.
Erwin Griswold, Solicitor General representing theUnited State
Government in Clay v. The United States – As a Harvard-
educated Solicitor General for both Lyndon Johnson and
Richard Nixon, Griswold was the embodiment of the American
establishment. With a nation at war, he must defend the United
States’ interest in its power of conscription.
Sources for the Five Biographical Sketches:
Sources for Muhammad Ali:
Muhammad Ali and the Vietnam War (three video excerpts and
one newspaper pdf)
Muhammad Ali on the Vietnam War-Draft (Links to an external
site.)Links to an external site.
Muhammad Ali on the Vietnam war and racism. (Links to an
external site.)Links to an external site.
MUHAMMAD ALI: Speech on not going to war (Links to an

Muhammad Speaks, April 21, 1967 (Links to an external
This pdf may come out too small for a thorough read. But
reading the headlines and images will provide enough of the
perspective of Elijah Muhammad and the Nation of Islam.
Sources for Stokely Carmichael:
Stokely Carmichael on racism and the Vietnam War (two video
excerpts and two documents)
Stokely Carmichael Gives Speech About Malcolm X (Links to
an external site.)Links to an external site.
Stokely Carmichael on Vietnam War 1967 (Links to an external
The U.S. Government Has Deceived Us”
SNCC Position Paper on Vietnam, Bloom and Breines, eds.,
“Takin’ it to the Streets,” 184-85
doc 1, Ali project, SNCC Position Paper on Vietnam.docx
“Charmichael Praises Cassius Clay’s Defiance” (Links to an
This fascinating document is a North Vietnamese government
propaganda piece that quotes some of Carmichael’s anti-war
statements as well as a reference to Ali’s draft opposition. This
was intended for distribution among American service men in
the south with the intention of eroding morale.
Sources for the American Mainstream Sportswriter:
These three websites offer reflections on how sportswriters
thought about Ali’s career, especially regarding his conversion
to Islam and resistance to the draft. They are relatively short
and offer good perspective on changing historical perceptions.
One is from the Washington Post (Links to an external
site.)Links to an external site.. Another from slate.com (Links
to an external site.)Links to an external site.. And a final
summary frompublication for boxing fans (Links to an external
site.)Links to an external site..
Sportswriter Jimmy Cannon on Muhammad Ali

New York Journal American, February 22, 1966
doc 2, Ali project, Jimmy Cannon on Muhammad Ali.docx
Sources for American Legion Member:
These two documents represent views that a typical American
Legion member might hold in the 1960s. The social and
political context which informed his service in WWII is
radically different from the one in which the Vietnam War
unfolded.
U.S. Representative Frank Clark, Democrat, Pennsylvania, on
Muhammad Ali
Congressional Record, March 15, 1966, p. 5580
doc 3, Ali project, Frank Clark on Muhammad Ali.docx
U.S. Representative L. Mendel Rivers, Chairman of the House
Armed Services Committee, Democrat, South Carolina
New York Times, August 26, 1966
doc 4, Ali project, Mendell Rivers on Ali.docx
Sources for Ernest Griswold:
While these documents were not written by nor quote Griswold
directly, they clearly describe the government’s case against
Ali (Links to an external site.)Links to an external site. that
Griswold argued as Solicitor General in 1971.
“Ali is no Pacifist, U.S. Tells Court”
Edward B. Fiskes, New York Times, April 20, 1971
pdf 1, Ali no pacifist, US tells court, aprl 1971.pdf
“Ali Wins in Draft Case Appeal”
David E. Rosenbaum, New York Times, June 29, 1971
pdf 2, ali wins draft appeal, jun 1971.pdf
Instructions:
In a ten-to-twelve page research paper, design a research
methodology to address the problem statement written in Step

#2. In Step #3 you are NOT reporting on the work of others
related to your topic - that's what you did in Step #1. In Step
#3, you are designing your own research methodology to
address the question you have posed in Step #2.

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