Develop Smart Home Climate Control System

3:
If you like to develop a computer-based DAQ measurement
system or that can provide several functions in a Smart Home
System, such as climate control or gas leakage detection
functions, answer the following for the climate control
systemfunction:
3.1 Draw the hardware connections of the system focusing on
the pin connections of the system components, so that the
system can provide the 'Climate Control'
function. The available devices are:
(5 marks)
Microprocessor-based system (Laptop/PC).
Interface board: NI USB DAQ.
LM35 Temperature sensor Humidity sensor
Micro-switches Variable resistor
LEDs Relays
Multi-output power supply
Include any required passive electronic components
3.2 Draw a flowchart for a program that can achieve both the
climate control and gas leakage detection functions.
(4 marks)
3.3 What are the factors that should be considered when
selecting a DAQ card?
(4 marks)
3.4 Discuss the signal aliasing problem and how you can
overcome this effect; supportyour answer with figures and
drawings(2 marks)
3.5 What are the steps of conversion of continuous signals to
digital values (ADC)?

(2 marks)
3.6 Name four types of ADC’s and choose any two to compare
between them; what is the ADC type that is used in NI DAQ’s?
support your answer with figures anddrawings(7 marks)
3.7 Compare between RTD (Resistance Type Device) and
Thermocouples temperature sensors; support your answer with
examples and drawings. The LM35 sensor can be classified as
which type of temperature sensors? (5 marks)
3.8 Give examples of DAQ cards that can be used to measure
the following properties and discuss the reasons for your
selection.?
1- Displacement
2- Vibration
3- Strain (6 marks)
Total 35 marks4:
You are to develop a home security system that can be used to
monitor a house of two doors and four windows. The output of
the system should present the status of each location
independently and should provide an audible warning in case of
any problem - including the detection of smoke. The available
devices are:
− PIC16F877 Microcontroller (given in Figure 4.1)
− two door push button switches
− four window push button switches
− one Motion Detector
− one smoke detector sensor
− eight LEDs
− one buzzer
− Include any passive electronic components required.

According to your study answer the following questions:
4.1 Draw a block diagram for the complete system.
(4 marks)
4.2 Using the PIC16F877A microcontroller shown in Figure 4.1,
draw the wiring diagram of the proposed system. Include any
necessary electronic components required for the
microcontroller to function correctly; state the function of each
element. (8
marks)
4.3 Draw a flowchart for a program that can achieve the above
function. (4 marks)
4.4 Given the pin configuration of the PIC16F877A
microcontroller (shown in Figure
4.1), describe the function of the following:
(4 marks)
__________ __
· MCLR
· OSC1/OSC2
-
RA0
-
RD5

(
Figure
4.1)
Total
20
marks
Transcultural Health Care: A Culturally Competent Approach,
4th Edition
Copyright © 2013 F.A. Davis Company
Theories, Models, and Approaches
Larry Purnell, PhD, RN, FAAN

4th Edition
Cultural Theories, Models, and ApproachesLeininger: First
nurse cultural theorist from early 1950s. She states it is for
nursing onlyCampinha-Bacote: basic simple model without
complex constructs but applicable to all healthcare providers.
Also has a Biblical based model.
4th Edition
Cultural Theories, Models, and ApproachesGiger and
Davidhizar: Nursing onlyPurnell: For all health care providers
and is an example of a complexity and holographic conceptual
model with an organizing framework.
4th Edition
Cultural Theories, Models, and ApproachesPapadopoulous,
Tilki, and Taylor Model for Transcultural Nursing and Health
Andrews and Boyle Nursing Assessment Guide Spector’s Health
Traditions Model

4th Edition
Cultural Theories, Models, and ApproachesRamsden's Cultural
Safety Model Jeffrey’s Teaching Cultural Competence in
Nursing and Health Care: Inquiry, Action, and Innovation
4th Edition
Leininger’s Theory of Cultural Care
Diversity and Universality
www.madeleine-leininger.com
Leininger described the phenomena of cultural care based on
her experiences.Began in the 1950s with her doctoral
dissertation conducted in New Guinea www.tcns.org and go to
theories and then to the Sunrise Enabler and her model is
displayed as well as publications.
4th Edition

Transcultural Nursing"Transcultural nursing has been defined as
a formal area of study and practice focused on comparative
human-care (caring) differences and similarities of the beliefs,
values, and patterned lifeways of cultures to provide culturally
congruent, meaningful, and beneficial health care to people.“
Leininger and McFarland text, 3rd ed.,2002, pp5-6.
4th Edition
Leininger: Purpose and GoalTo discover, document, interpret,
explain and predict multiple factors influencing care from a
cultural holistic perspective.The goal of the theory was to
provide culturally congruent care that would contribute to the
health and well being of people, or to help them face disability,
dying, or death using the three modes of action.
4th Edition
Leninger: Theoretical TenetsLeininger’s tenets: Care diversities
(differences) and universalities (commonalties) existed among
cultures in the world which needed to be discovered, and
analyzed for their meaning and uses to establish a body of

transcultural nursing knowledge.
4th Edition
Leininger: AssumptionsCare is essence of nursing and a
distinct, dominant, central, and unifying focus. Some would say
that caring is not unique to nursing. Care is essential for well
being, health, growth, survival, and to face handicaps or
death.Culturally based care is the broadest means to know,
explain, interpret, and predict nursing care phenomena to guide
nursing care decisions and actions.
4th Edition
Leininger AssumptionsNursing is a transcultural humanistic and
scientific care to serve individuals, groups, communities, and
institutions worldwide.Caring is essential to curing and healing
for there can be no curing without caring.Cultural care concepts
meanings and expression patterns of care vary transculturally
with diversity and universality.

4th Edition
Leininger AssumptionsEvery human culture has generic care
knowledge and practices and some professional care knowledge
that vary transculturally.Culture care values, beliefs, and
practices are influenced by the (rays of the sun see the
Model).Beneficial, healthy, and satisfying culturally based care
influences the health and well-being of individuals, families,
groups, and communities within the cultural context.
4th Edition
Leininger AssumptionsCulturally congruent care can only occur
when individuals’, groups’, and communities’ patterns are
known and used in meaningful ways.Culture care differences
and similarities between professionals and clients exist in all
human cultures worldwide.Culture conflicts, imposition
practices, cultural stresses, and pain reflect the lack of
professional care to provide culturally congruent care.
4th Edition

Leininger’s Sunrise Enabler to
Discover Culture Care
To view the model go to:
http://leiningertheory.blogspot.com/
4th Edition
Leininger Orientational Theory DefinitionsCultural Care
Preservation or Maintenance: all is well with the patient so
encourage to continue what has been doneCultural Care
Accommodation or Negotiation: Needs some change. What is
acceptable weight from the patient’s perspective Cultural Care
Repatterning or Restructuring: Practices are deleterious to
overall health and need restructured: sexually promiscuous and
has not been practicing safe sex
4th Edition
Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services: A
culturally Competent Model of CareDr. Josepha Campinha-

Bacote but cannot display her model. Go to
http://www.transculturalcare.net
4th Edition
Process of Cultural CompetenceCultural Competence is a
process not an event.The process consist of five inter-related
constructs: Cultural desire, cultural awareness, cultural
knowledge, cultural skills, and cultural encounter.The key and
pivotal construct is cultural desire.There is more variation
within a cultural group than across cultural groups.
4th Edition
Process of Cultural CompetenceThere is a direct relationship
between healthcare professionals level of cultural competence
and their ability to provide culturally responsive health
care.Cultural competence is an essential component in
delivering effective and culturally responsive care to culturally
diverse clients.

4th Edition
Cultural Desire. . . Cultural desire is defined as the motivation
of the healthcare professional to “want to” engage in the
process of becoming culturally competent; not the “have to”.
4th Edition
Concepts Cultural awareness is the self-examination and in-
depth exploration of one’s own cultural background.Cultural
knowledge is the process of seeking and obtaining a sound
educational base about culturally diverse groups.Cultural Skills
is the ability to collect relevant cultural data regarding the
client’s presenting problem as well as accurately perform a
culturally based physical assessment.Cultural encounter is the
process which encourages the healthcare professional to directly
engage in face-to-face interactions with clients from culturally
diverse backgrounds.
4th Edition

The Giger and Davidhizar Transcultural Assessment Model
Dr. Joyce Giger
Dr. Ruth Davidhizar (deceased)
4th Edition
Giger and Davidhizar AssumptionsThe Giger and Davidhizar
Transcultural Model postulates that each individual is culturally
unique and should be assessed according to the six cultural
phenomena.
4th Edition
Giger and Davidhizar CommunicationCommunication embraces
the entire world of human interaction and behavior.
Communication is the means by which culture is transmitted
and preserved. Both verbal and non-verbal communication are
learned in one’s culture.

4th Edition
Giger and Davidhizar
SpaceSpace refers to the distance between individuals when
they interact. All communication occurs in the context of
space.Zones of personal space: intimate, personal, social, and
consultative and public. Rules concerning personal distance
vary from culture to culture.
4th Edition
Social OrganizationSocial organization refers to the manner in
which a cultural group organizes itself around the family group.
Family structure and organization, religious values and beliefs,
and role assignments may all relate to ethnicity and culture.
4th Edition

TimeTime is an important aspect of interpersonal
communication. Cultural groups can be past, present, or future
oriented. Preventive health requires some future time
orientation because preventative actions are motivated by a
future reward.
4th Edition
Giger and Davidhizar Environmental ControlEnvironmental
control refers to the ability of the person to control nature and
to plan and direct factors in the environment that affect them.
4th Edition
Biological VariationsBiological differences, especially genetic
variations, exist between individuals in different racial groups.

4th Edition
Boyle and Andrews Culturological AssessmentBiocultural
variations and cultural aspects of the incidence of
diseaseCommunicationCultural affiliations Cultural sanctions
and restrictionsDevelopmental
considerationsEconomicsEducational background
4th Edition
Boyle and Andrews Culturological AssessmentHealth related
beliefs and practicesKinship and social networksNutrition
Religion and spiritualityValues orientation
4th Edition
Ramsden Cultural Safety"the effective nursing practice of a
person or a family from another culture, as determined by that
person or family", while unsafe cultural practice is "any action
which diminishes, demeans or disempowers the cultural identity
and wellbeing of an individual" (Nursing Council of New
Zealand (NCNZ).

4th Edition
Ramsden Cultural Safety
http://culturalsafety.massey.ac.nz/RAMSDEN%20THESIS.pdfA
ssumes that nurses and the culture of nursing is exotic to people
Gives the power of definition to the person served Concerned
with human diversity Focus internal on nurse or midwife,
exchanges power, negotiated A key part of Cultural Safety is
that it emphasises life chances rather than life styles
4th Edition
Papadopoulos, Tilki, and Taylor
Cultural Awareness
Self awareness
Cultural identity
Heritage adherence
Ethnocentricity
Stereotyping
Ethnohistory

4th Edition
Cultural Knowledge
Health beliefs and behaviours
Anthropological, Sociological,
Psychological and Biological understanding
Similarities and differences
Health Inequalities
4th Edition
Cultural Sensitivity
Empathy
Interpersonal/communication skills
Trust
Acceptance
Appropriateness
Respect

4th Edition
Cultural Competence
Assessment skills
Diagnostic skills
Clinical Skills
Challenging and addressing prejudice, discrimination, and
inequalities

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