The document discusses domestic violence against women, defining it as any gender-related violence that causes physical or emotional harm. It highlights the characteristics of typical perpetrators, the causes of such violence, and the legal framework established by the Violence Against Women Act of 1994, which aims to support women and impose penalties on offenders. It also presents statistics specifically concerning domestic violence against women in California, where a significant percentage of women reported experiencing abuse.

1. M3A2
by Jennif er Augustus

2. Submission dat e: 02- Oct- 2017 03:05AM (UT C- 0700)
Submission ID: 855766133
File name: DomesticViolenceAgainstWomen.docx (26.89K)
Word count : 1229Charact er count : 7085
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Running head: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 1
Domestic Violence Against Women Name

3. Institution Date
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 2
II
Typical IJerpetrator of domestic violence against women
a
Violence against women can be defined as any act of gender -rel
ated violen ce that is
likel y to result in or actually results in menta l, se xual, or
physical suffering or harm to women including coercion ,
threats of violent acts or arbitrary depri vation of libert y,
whether in private
or public life. In some cases, men are abused by partners (Saili,
Mahfo z, Labong, & Putit, 2014). However , domestic violence
is in most cases directed toward women. Abusive relationships
often involve an imbalance of control and power. The
perpetrator uses intimidating , hurtful
beha viors and words to control their partner (Saili Mahfo z,
Labong, & Putit, 2014). It might be easy for one to identify
domestic viol ence at initial stages . While some relationships
tend to be clearly abusive abuse often begins subtly and worsen
over time.
Domestic violen ce is about control and power. The perpetrator
usua lly wants to dominate the survivor/vict im and wants to
secure all the pover in the relationship and employs violence to
maintain or establish power and authority (Ellsberg , et al.,
2015). Perpetrators of domestic violence are often not deranged
or sick, but have lea rned, manipulat ive and abusive beha viors
and techniques that allow them to control and dominate others
and obtain the desired responses (Ellsberg , et al. 2015). In most
cases, an abuser will restrict the outlets of a victim , forbidding
them from maintaining outside employment family ties and
friends . This has an isolating
impact , creating dependenc y and leaving victims with no
external support. Perpetrators also limit the options of a

4. survivor by disallowing access to credit cards, checking accoun
ts, or other sources of financial independence or mone y.
There is no typical perpetrator of domestic violence against
women , but psychologists
have ident ified some characteristics that are common among
the perpetrntors (Ellsberg , et al.,
m
2015). Many perpetra tors of domestic violence against
women often suffer from low self-esteem ,
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 3
and their sense of identity and self is often tied to their partner.
Thus, if perpetrators feel the y are somehow losing their victims
either through emotional detachment , di vorce , separa tion , or
pregnancy (the fear their vic tims will replace love for them
with the lo ve for the coup le' s child) , they will lash out
(Gracia , 2014). In case victims leave through any of the above-
mentioned
methods , perpetrators usua lly feel they are losing their self-
identi ty, con trol, and powera
(Ellsberg et al. 2015) . This explains why it is usuall y
dangerous for victims during periods of
divorce or separation from their partner .
Perpetrators will often do anythin,g ithin their power to
maintain control and ensure the
victim is kept under control. This dy nam ic also makes intensif
y ing violence inevitable, considering that ma ny victims have
to become emotionally unavailable , or have to physically lea
ve, in order to ensure their survival. Perpetrators of domestic
violence against women may constantl y humilia te, belittle, and

5. criticize their partners (Ellsberg , et al., 2015). Causing the
victim to feel stupid , ug ly, crazy, and worthless does not allow
for healthy self-perception of a survivor. Low self-esteem may
make the victims to feel like they deser ve the abuse , which
eventually affect their ability to see themsel ves as worthy of
respect and better treatment.Causes of domestic violence
against women
Many of the research regarding the causes of perpetration of
domestic violence against women are drawn from the literature
on general violence and aggression (Devries, et al., 2013). Both
the theory on general violence as well as that on domestic
violen ce against women maintain that violen ce emanates from
interactions among ind ividual psyc hosoc ial and biological
factors and social processes but it is not clea rly known ho w
much overlap exist in the de velo pment of violent acts and
beha vior against women. Research on male perpetrators of
domestic violence have found that some perpetrators confine
their violent beha vior to their intimates while others
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 4
mtend to be violent in general (Devries et al. 2013) . The most
com mo" causes oE domestic violence against women include
constant argument with one 's partner refusal to have sex with
the perpetrator , neglect of the children, going out of home
without informing the partner , failure to cook properly and on
tim e, infidelity among others (Devries , et al., 2013). In some
cases, inability to bear children also results in domestic
violence against women . Alcoholism is also
another major cause of domestic violence against women.
a
Criminal and civil legal systems regarding 1>enalties, burden of
persuasion, and key players
a
(
•
)for domestic violence against women

6. The United States passed the Violence Against Women Act of
1994 on September 13
1994. T he origins of the Violence Against Women Act were
from the collective effort and contribution of the courts , sexual
assault advocates, law enforcement agencies, the battered
a
women' s mo vement, and attorneys who urged the United States
Congress to formulate
legislation that is aimed at protecting women from domestic
violence or intimate partner
II
violence (Modi , Palmer , & Arms trong , 2014). The Violence
Against Women Act led to the
creation of the Department ' s Office on violence against women
to support a long-term federal response to intimate partner
violence or violence against women (Modi , Palmer , & Arms
trong , 2014). The act provided a $1.6 billion within a period of
six years towards thel vestigation and
prosecution of violent acts against women and imposed
mandatory and automatic restitution for
II
the convicted individuals. Through the Services Training
Officers and Prosecutors (STOP)
Formula Grant Program, over $440 million was awarded from
1995 to 2000 to support 9,000 projects that help in addressing
domestic violence against women (Modi Palmer & Armstrong
2014).
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN
s
IFJ

7. The Violence Against Women Act helps in addressing domestic
violen ce stalking,
m
sexual assault, and dating violenc e. It focusses on the
development of coordinated community
care among attorneys, prosecutors, law enforcement , and victim
services (Modi Palmer , &
Armstrong , 2014 ). lf funds battered women shelters and houses
and support groups, in addition
II
to offering support to the training of indi viduals who provide
services to victims of intimate
partner violence . The act also makes intimate partner violence
a federal crime in situations where
m
state lines are crossed (Modi, Pa lmer , & Armst rong, 2014).
The act provides grants to states forfJ
programs geared to, ards the prevention of violence against
women or provision of services for
victims of domestic violence. The act currently provides support
for working with tribal organizations and tribes to end domestic
violence , stal king, sexual assau lt, and datin g violence
D fJ
against women (Modi Palmer , & Arms trong , 2014). The
Violence Against Women Act also
changed the civil and criminal justice system by doubling
federal penalties for sex offender whofJ
repeat their acts. Since passage of the act in 19 94, every state
has fonnulated laws making

8. domestic viol ence a crime and each state affirmed criminal
rape statutes .
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGANST WOMEN 6
References
Devries K. M. Mak , J. Y., Garc ia-Moreno, C., Petzold , M.
Child J. C. Paider, G., . . .
Rosenfeld , L. (2013). The global prevalence of intimate
partner violence against women .
Science , 1527-1528 .
Ellsberg, M., Arango, D. J., Morton , M., Gennari, F. Kiples
und, S., Contreras M ., & Wa tts, C. (2015). Prevention of
violence against women and girls: what does the evidence say?
The Lancet, 1555-1566.
Gracia, E. (2014). Inti.mate pa1tner violen ce against women
and victim-blam ing attitudes among Euro peans . Bulletin of
the World Health Organi zation, 92(5) , 380-381.
Modi , M. N., Palmer , S., & Armstrong, A. (2014). The role of
Violence Against Women Act in addressing inti.mate partner
violence : a public health issue . Journal of Women' s Health,
23(3) , 253-259.
Saili , J. Mahfoz N. Labong E. P., & Putit, Z. (2014).
Domestic Violence against Women.
M3A2
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Running head: DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
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DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
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Domestic Violence against Women
FP6015
September 26, 2017
Domestic Violence
Domestic violence can get defined as the commitment of crime
to a particular individual. Domestic violence can take the form
of psychological or physical harm to an individual.
Scholarly Articles on Domestic Violence against Women
Anna, E. (2014). Subordination of gender: reflecting on the
vulnerability to domestic violence against women [PDF
Document]. Retrieved from
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/ean/v18n4/en_1414-8145-ean-18-04-
0728.pdf
Coker, A.L., et al. (2010). Frequency and correlates of intimate
partner violence by type: physical, sexual, and psychological
battering. Journal of public health, 90, 553-559.

13. Heise, L. et al. (2012). A global overview of gender-based
violence. Journal of international Gynecol Obstet, 78, 5-14.
Jewkes,R. (2012). Intimate partner violence: causes and
prevention. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 359,
1331-1336.
Krantz, G. (2017). Violence against women. Journal of
Epidemiology & Community Health, 59(10), 813-814.
U.S. Department of Justice. (2017). Domestic Violence.
Retrieved from https://www.justice.gov/ovw/domestic-violence
University of Kentucky. (2017). Violence Against Women
Journal. Retrieved from http://www.uky.edu/crvaw/violence-
against-women-journal
Watts, C., & Zimmerman, C. (2012). Violence against women:
global scope and magnitude. Journal of public health, 359,
1232-1237.
Women’s Health. (2015). Violence Against Women. Retrieved
from https://www.womenshealth.gov/violence-against-
women/types-of-violence/domestic-intimate-partner-
violence.html
World Health Organization (WHO). (2017). Violence against
women. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs239/en/
Common denominator descriptions of those perpetrating
violence against women:
Dyadic Contexts
According to many experts in the subject regarding violence
against women, most men often carry out violence against

14. women in a dyadic context which include; characteristics of the
woman, their communication and the features of the relationship
(World Health Organization (WHO), 2016). The probability of
violence between a woman and a man is usually determined
according to the stage of their relationship. According to
anecdotal evidence that was found from some of the women who
had gone through battering by their partners indicated that most
men usually refrain from physical violence until when a woman
decides to make an emotional commitment to him (The National
Academic Press, 2014). Some good examples of emotional
commitments that women make include; getting married or
engaged, moving in together with the man or even getting
pregnant.
Societal Influences
There is no doubt that the society also has a great role in the
violence against women. Many communities around the world
always look down upon women as just objects that should be
controlled by men (Young Women’s Christian Association,
2014). In the history of America and Western Europe, we
discover that many married women had no any independent
legal status meaning that women were just part of a man's
property. There were even some instances when husbands were
given the right to physically punish their wives (The National
Academic Press, 2014). A good example is in 1824 in the case
between (Bradley v. State 1 Miss.157) where the Supreme Court
of Mississippi upheld the right of the husbands to chastise their
wives.
Statistics on domestic violence against women in California
Domestic violence has for many years been a big problem in the
United States. According to many surveys in the United Sates
many female experience 80% of domestic violence against them
as compared to the small percentage of men that have
experienced domestic violence. We are specifically going to
focus on domestic violence against women statistics in

15. California. Recent surveys indicate that about 32.9% of women
in California experienced domestic violence from their intimate
partners. There are about 4.5 million women who reside in
California, and most of them have at least experienced domestic
violence at some point in their life. The results of domestic
violence against women in California is said to be very much
higher than even the nationwide average of 1 women in 4 who
indicated that they had experienced intimate partner violence
(California Partnership to End Domestic Violence, 2017). Many
women who reported violence against them were the non-white
as compared to the white women in California. Many young
women that are between 18 to 29 years reported the highest rate
of intimate partner violence. Women with a higher income also
recorded the lowest rate of violence as compared to those who
earned a lower income.
References
California Partnership to End Domestic Violence. (2017). Home
Page. Retrieved from www.cpedv.org/
The National Academic Press. (2014). 3 Causes and
Consequences of Violence Against Women. Retrieved from
https://www.nap.edu/read/5127/chapter/5
World Health Organization (WHO) (2016). Global and regional
estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health
effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual
violence [PDF Document]. Retrieved from
http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:6eFlSz
StSQ4J:apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/85239/1/97892415646
25_eng.pdf+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&client=firefox-b
Young Women’s Christian Association. (2014). Fact sheet
violence against women [PDF Document]. Retrieved from
http://www.ywca.org/atf/cf/%7B3b450fa5-108b-4d2e-b3d0-
c31487243e6a%7D/FACT_VIOLENCE.PDF

16. Assignment 2: RA: Criminal Behavior in Your Community
In Modules 1 and 2, you selected a type of criminal behavior
that is of particular interest to you. Use the FBI’s UCR program
to further investigate this behavior.
Using the information you have gathered in Modules 1 and 2,
prepare a 4 page paper responding to the following using APA
style:
Describe the typical perpetrator of this crime with regards to
gender, race, age, and socioeconomic status. Compare and
contrast the criminal and civil legal systems regarding penalties,
burden of persuasion, and key players.
Using the information noted in step 1, explain the causes of this
criminal behavior. Justify your answers by integrating at least
one historical and two different contemporary psychological
theories with your explanation.
Compare and contrast criminal and civil legal systems in
general regarding penalties, burden of persuasion and key
players.
Please include a minimum of five scholarly peer-reviewed
resources in your research.