2 Fifth Edition COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY John Moritsugu Pacific Lutheran University Elizabeth Vera Loyola University Chicago Frank Y. Wong Emory University Karen Grover Duffy State University of New York, Geneseo 3 First published 2014, 2010, 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc. Published 2016 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2003 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on appropriate page within text. ISBN: 9780205255627 (pbk) Cover Designer: Karen Noferi Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Duffy, Karen Grover. Community psychology.—Fifth edition / John Moritsugu, Pacific Lutheran University, Elizabeth Vera, Loyola University Chicago, Frank Y. Wong, Emory University, Karen Grover Duffy, State University of New York, Geneseo. pages cm Revision of: Community psychology / John Moritsugu, Frank Y. Wong, Karen Grover Duffy.—4th ed.—Boston : Allyn & Bacon, ©2010. ISBN-13: 978-0-205-25562-7 ISBN-10: 0-205-25562-0 1. Community psychology. I. Moritsugu, John. II. Vera, Elizabeth, 1967– III. Wong, Frank Y., 1958– IV. Title. RA790.55.D84 2013 362.2—dc23 2013008404 4 Part I Chapter 1 Chapter 2 CONTENTS Introductory Concepts INTRODUCTION: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND Historical Background Social Movements Swampscott What Is Community Psychology? Fundamental Principles A Respect for Diversity The Importance of Context and Environment Empowerment The Ecological Perspective/Multiple Levels of Intervention ▶ CASE IN POINT 1.1 Clinical Psychology, Community Psychology: What’s the Difference? Other Central Concepts Prevention Rather than Therapy ▶ CASE IN POINT 1.2 Does Primary Prevention Work? Social Justice Emphasis on Strengths and Competencies Social Change and Action Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives ▶ CASE IN POINT 1.3 Social Psychology, Community Psychology, and Homelessness ▶ CASE IN POINT 1.4 The Importance of Place A Psychological Sense of Community Training in Community Psychology Plan of the Text Summary SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHODS 5 Chapter 3 The Essence of Scientific Research Why Do Scientific Research? What Is Scientific Research? The Fidelity of Scientific Research ▶ CASE IN POINT 2.1 A Theory.

1. 2
Fifth Edition
COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY
John Moritsugu
Pacific Lutheran University
Elizabeth Vera
Loyola University Chicago
Frank Y. Wong
Emory University
Karen Grover Duffy
State University of New York, Geneseo
3

2. First published 2014, 2010, 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY, 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an
informa business
Copyright © 2014, 2010, 2003 Taylor & Francis. All rights
reserved
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in
writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and
reproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear
on appropriate page within text.
ISBN: 9780205255627 (pbk)
Cover Designer: Karen Noferi
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Duffy, Karen Grover.

3. Community psychology.—Fifth edition / John Moritsugu,
Pacific Lutheran University, Elizabeth Vera, Loyola
University Chicago, Frank Y. Wong, Emory University, Karen
Grover Duffy, State University of New York, Geneseo.
pages cm
Revision of: Community psychology / John Moritsugu, Frank Y.
Wong, Karen Grover Duffy.—4th ed.—Boston :
Allyn & Bacon, ©2010.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-25562-7
ISBN-10: 0-205-25562-0
1. Community psychology. I. Moritsugu, John. II. Vera,
Elizabeth, 1967– III. Wong, Frank Y., 1958– IV. Title.
RA790.55.D84 2013
362.2—dc23
2013008404
4
Part I
Chapter 1
Chapter 2
CONTENTS
Introductory Concepts
INTRODUCTION: HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

4. Historical Background
Social Movements
Swampscott
What Is Community Psychology?
Fundamental Principles
A Respect for Diversity
The Importance of Context and Environment
Empowerment
The Ecological Perspective/Multiple Levels of Intervention
▶ CASE IN POINT 1.1 Clinical Psychology, Community
Psychology: What’s the
Difference?
Other Central Concepts
Prevention Rather than Therapy
▶ CASE IN POINT 1.2 Does Primary Prevention Work?
Social Justice
Emphasis on Strengths and Competencies
Social Change and Action Research
Interdisciplinary Perspectives

5. ▶ CASE IN POINT 1.3 Social Psychology, Community
Psychology, and Homelessness
▶ CASE IN POINT 1.4 The Importance of Place
A Psychological Sense of Community
Training in Community Psychology
Plan of the Text
Summary
SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH METHODS
5
Chapter 3
The Essence of Scientific Research
Why Do Scientific Research?
What Is Scientific Research?
The Fidelity of Scientific Research
▶ CASE IN POINT 2.1 A Theory of Substance Abuse and
HIV/STDs that Incorporates the
Principles of Community Psychology
Traditional Scientific Research Methods
Population and Sampling

6. Correlational Research
■ BOX 2.1 Research across Time
Experimental Research
Quasi-experimental Research
Alternative Research Methods Used in Community Psychology
Ethnography
▶ CASE IN POINT 2.2 Case Study of a Consumer-Run Agency
Geographic Information Systems
Epidemiology
Needs Assessment and Program Evaluation
▶ CASE IN POINT 2.3 Needs Assessment of a Hmong
Community
Participatory Action Research
Cautions and Considerations Regarding Community Research
The Politics of Science and the Science of Politics
Ethics: Cultural Relativism or Universal Human Rights?
The Continuum of Research: The Value of Multiple Measures
▶ CASE IN POINT 2.4 HIV Intervention Testing and the Use of
Placebos

7. The Importance of Cultural Sensitivity
Community Researchers as Consultants
Summary
STRESS AND RESILIENCE
The Stress Model and the Definition of Community Psychology
Stress
6
Part II
Chapter 4
Stressor Events
Stress as a Process
Stress Reaction
▶ CASE IN POINT 3.1 Contemporary Racism
Coping
Social Support
▶ CASE IN POINT 3.2 Mexican American College Student
Acculturation Stress, Social
Support, and Coping

8. Resilience
At-Risk to Resilient
The Kauai Longitudinal Studies
A Useful Model
The Fourth Wave
Summary
Social Change and Intervention
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL CHANGE
Reasons for Social Change
Diverse Populations
Social Justice: A Moral Imperative for Social Change
The Perception of Declining or Scarce Resources
▶ CASE IN POINT 4.1 Funding Dilemmas for Nonprofit
Organizations
Accountability
Knowledge-Based and Technological Change
Community Conflict
Dissatisfaction with Traditional Services
Desire for Diversity of

9. Solution
s
▶ CASE IN POINT 4.2 Community Conflict: Adversity Turns
to Opportunity
Types of Social Change
Spontaneous or Unplanned Social Change
Planned Social Change
7
Chapter 5
▶ CASE IN POINT 4.3 Working with an Indigenous People
Experiencing Change
Issues Related to Planned Change

10. Difficulties Bringing About Change
Summary
COMMUNITY INTERVENTION STRATEGIES
Creating Planned Change
Citizen Participation
▶ CASE IN POINT 5.1 The Community Development Society
Community Participation and Prevention
Who Participates?
Advantages and Disadvantages of Citizen Participation
Networking/Collaboration
▶ CASE IN POINT 5.2 Online Networks for Ethnic Minority
Issues
Issues Related to Networks

11. Advantages and Disadvantages of Networks
Consultation
Issues Related to Consultants
Advantages and Disadvantages of Consultants
Community Education and Information Dissemination
Information Dissemination
Community Education
Issues Related to Information Dissemination
Issues Related to Community Education
▶ CASE IN POINT 5.3 The Choices Program
Public Policy
▶ CASE IN POINT 5.4 Rape Crisis Centers: A National
Examination

12. Issues Related to the Use of Public Policy
Advantages and Disadvantages of Public Policy Changes
A Skill Set for Practice
Summary
8
Part III
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Community Psychology Applied to Various Settings
THE MENTAL HEALTH SYSTEM
Epidemiological Estimates of Mental Illness

13. Models of Mental Health and Mental Disorder
The Medical Model
The Psychoanalytic Model
The Behavioral Model: The Social-Learning Approach
The Humanistic Model
▶ CASE IN POINT 6.1 Mental Health Care Professionals
The Evolution of the Mental Health System
Brief History of Mental Health Care
▶ CASE IN POINT 6.2 Rosenhan’s Classic Study of Hospital
Patients’ Stigmatization
Deinstitutionalization
The Social Context to Deinstitutionalization
Early Alternatives to Institutionalization

14. Measuring “Success” of Deinstitutionalized Persons
Beyond Deinstitutionalization
“Model” Programs for Individuals with Mental Disorders
Intensive Case Management
Wraparound
▶ CASE IN POINT 6.3 Wraparound Milwaukee
Early Childhood Experiences and Prevention
The Battle Continues: Where Do We Go from Here?
Summary
SOCIAL AND HUMAN SERVICES IN THE COMMUNITY
Historical Notes about Social Welfare in Western Society
▶ CASE IN POINT 7.1 Poverty in America
▶ CASE IN POINT 7.2 The Grameen Bank

15. Specific Social Issues and Social Services
Child Maltreatment
9
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Intimate Partner Violence
Teen Pregnancy
The Elderly
Homelessness
▶ CASE IN POINT 7.3 How Do Cultures Differ on the Issue of
Homelessness?
Summary

16. SCHOOLS, CHILDREN, AND THE COMMUNITY
The Early Childhood Environment
Child Care
Enrichment Education and Early Intervention
Self-Care Children
The Public Schools
Desegregation, Ethnicity, and Prejudice in the Schools
The Schools and Adolescents
▶ CASE IN POINT 8.1 Dual-Language Immersion Programs
▶ CASE IN POINT 8.2 Children of Divorce
Summary
LAW, CRIME, AND THE COMMUNITY

17. The Traditional Justice System
Introduction
Crime and Criminals
▶ CASE IN POINT 9.1 Neighborhood Youth Services
Jails and Prisons
Victims and Fear of Being Victimized
Enforcement Agencies
Addressing Justice System Issues
Primary Prevention
▶ CASE IN POINT 9.2 Working with At-Risk Youth
Secondary Prevention
▶ CASE IN POINT 9.3 Huikahi: The Restorative Circle
10

18. Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Summary
THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
The American Healthcare System
National Health Indicators
Observations on the System
Community Psychology and the Healthcare System
Prevention over Remediation
Shifting Focus from Individuals to Groups, Neighborhoods, and
Systems
Building Systems

19. Increasing Accessibility
▶ CASE IN POINT 10.1 Teen Pregnancy Prevention
Social Support and Health
Summary
COMMUNITY HEALTH AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE
Tobacco
Extent of the Problem
Antitobacco Efforts
Community-Based Approaches
Alcohol
Extent of the Problem
Alcohol Safety Laws

20. A Community Psychology Approach
Illicit Drugs
Extent of the Problem
Possible