Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 1 ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 9 Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography Stephanie Rincon Professor Terri Klosek FP6525 | Psychology of the Victim December 26,2018 Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography Introduction The problem looked into by the paper includes domestic violence victimization. Domestic violence victimization is a serious offense that has for a long time disturbed families, individuals, and the social sectors (Van der Kolk, 2017). Since it touches on family, the most affected individuals comprise of women and children who undergo physical and mental abuse. Most of the known perpetrators of the crime include men who assault their partners. Domestic violence victimization focuses on individuals who are embroiled in a conflict involving a romantic relationship (Anderberg, Rainer, Wadsworth, & Wilson, 2015). Despite having the above factor as a general definition of domestic violence, one has to know that there are several features of domestic violence which are still being discovered while others remain unknown. The discussion looks into women and children as victims who are affected by the crime. It also looks at possible countermeasures to use in dealing with the problem. Presenting Domestic Violence Victimization and Population (Women and Children) The presentation occurs through the discussion of the following literature work: Van der Kolk, B. (2017). Developmental Trauma Disorder: Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma histories. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 401-408. More than 85% of domestic violence victims are women (Van der Kolk, 2017). Those affected falls between the ages of 24 and 25 years. The population of victims includes intimate partners, people sharing a residence, and married couples. Domestic violence victimization affects individuals from diverse ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicities, and sexual orientation. The connection for domestic violence victimization revolves around the magnitude of trauma it creates on the victims. Victims undergo psychological disturbance since they suffer from the shock that affects them for many years unless they receive the needed attention. Domestic violence victimization occurs on a physical level. It comprises of different abuses that may lead to injury, harm, and damage upon women. Sometimes women fall victims of aggravated physical abuses via deadly weapons used on them to injure them. García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A., Koziol-McLain, J., Colombini, M., & Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems response to violence against women. The Lancet, 385(9977),, 1567-1579. It is important to note that domestic violence occurs on emotional and psy.

1. Running head: ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED
BIBLIOGRAPHY 1
ASSIGNMENT 3-ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
9
Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography
Stephanie Rincon
Professor Terri
Klosek
FP6525 | Psychology of the Victim
December 26,2018
Assignment 3-Annotated Bibliography
Introduction
The problem looked into by the paper includes domestic
violence victimization. Domestic violence victimization is a
serious offense that has for a long time disturbed families,
individuals, and the social sectors (Van der Kolk, 2017). Since
it touches on family, the most affected individuals comprise of
women and children who undergo physical and mental abuse.
Most of the known perpetrators of the crime include men who
assault their partners. Domestic violence victimization focuses
on individuals who are embroiled in a conflict involving a
romantic relationship (Anderberg, Rainer, Wadsworth, &
Wilson, 2015). Despite having the above factor as a general
definition of domestic violence, one has to know that there are
several features of domestic violence which are still being

2. discovered while others remain unknown. The discussion looks
into women and children as victims who are affected by the
crime. It also looks at possible countermeasures to use in
dealing with the problem.
Presenting Domestic Violence Victimization and Population
(Women and Children)
The presentation occurs through the discussion of the following
literature work:
Van der Kolk, B. (2017). Developmental Trauma Disorder:
Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma
histories. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 401-408.
More than 85% of domestic violence victims are women (Van
der Kolk, 2017). Those affected falls between the ages of 24
and 25 years. The population of victims includes intimate
partners, people sharing a residence, and married couples.
Domestic violence victimization affects individuals from
diverse ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, ethnicities, and
sexual orientation. The connection for domestic violence
victimization revolves around the magnitude of trauma it
creates on the victims. Victims undergo psychological
disturbance since they suffer from the shock that affects them
for many years unless they receive the needed attention.
Domestic violence victimization occurs on a physical level. It
comprises of different abuses that may lead to injury, harm, and
damage upon women. Sometimes women fall victims of
aggravated physical abuses via deadly weapons used on them to
injure them.
García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A., Koziol-McLain,
J., Colombini, M., & Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems
response to violence against women. The Lancet, 385(9977),,
1567-1579.

3. It is important to note that domestic violence occurs on
emotional and psychological levels. Threats cause adverse
effects, and many countries define and state them as being
unlawful. The main focus of the issue surrounding domestic
violence victimization is on the behavior of the recipient.
Threats have an extortive nature which results into either rape,
murder, or verbal/psychological abuse. Domestic violence
victimization involves adverse speech and expressions which
demean, damage and insult an individual (García-Moreno, et al.,
2015). In the United States, one per every three women has
lifetime violence victimization by their intimate partners. The
mental health sector uses AAS and HITS as short screening
instruments for the identification of intimate partner violence
victimization. The instruments provide a possibility of dealing
with domestic violence victimization in any given surrounding.
It provides the possibility of counseling in the reduction
victimization among intimate partners.
Edwards, K., Sylaska, K., & Neal, A. (2015). Intimate partner
violence among sexual minority populations: A critical review
of the literature and agenda for future research. Psychology of
Violence, 5(2), 112.
Domestic violence victimization also affects same-sex
marriages. Despite undergoing pressure from their surroundings,
lesbians and a gay couple also experience battering from their
partners. The feminist theories look at the trauma behind the
issue. Despite the theory being significant in explaining
domestic violence victimization, it becomes difficult to provide
conclusive evidence on the rate of trauma caused by the
situation. Gay/bisexual males are also known to experience
domestic violence (Edwards, Sylaska, & Neal, 2015). However,
limited studies have been made to the group, which means that
it becomes hard to formulate countermeasures to deal with the
issue affecting them. The theory fails to explain the difference
between battered women and battered men due to their

4. differences in responding to violence. Women tend to be
sensitive and may require more counseling compared to men in
dealing with trauma.
Reina, A., Lohman, B., & Maldonado, M. (2014). “He said
they’d deport me” factors influencing domestic violence help-
seeking practices among Latina immigrants. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence, 29(4), 593-615.
Congress has always worked to ensure that it protects people
against effects of domestic violence victimizations. The country
propagates discrimination against individuals who are evicted
from subsidized and public housing due to their victimization. It
is a common occurrence in different parts of the country. Some
citizens have undergone punishment by zero tolerance for crime
policies despite them being victims of domestic violence
victimization (Reina, Lohman, & Maldonado, 2014). They are
punished for the mistakes and damages of their abusers. Women
receive double victimization through the punishment they
receive from the law enforcement department. The situation has
seen unfair treatment of victims of domestic violence. Despite
the above, the government is trying its best to ensure that it is
on the forefront in fighting the vice from the society.
Modi, M., Palmer, S., & Armstrong, A. (2014). The role of
Violence Against Women Act in addressing intimate partner
violence: a public health issue. Journal of Women's Health,
23(3), 253-259.
Domestic violence does not exist as a single event. It becomes
severe with time. Most batterers lack violent traits in their
relationships with friends and loved ones. They live in denial
with their acts and the severity of domestic violence. Such
individuals when confronted due to their abusive behavior, they
may defend themselves by claiming that they are traumatized by
their partners (Modi, Palmer, & Armstrong, 2014). The situation

5. influences them to revenge by traumatizing them. Some of the
batterers lack the capacity in controlling their actions and may
require the ability to control their anger and actions. They may
end up stressed and dissatisfied with their partners, and the
situation leads to continuous abuse.
Khalifeh, H., Moran, P., Borschmann, R., Dean, K., Hart, C.,
Hogg, J., & Howard, L. (2015). Domestic and sexual violence
against patients with severe mental illness. Psychological
medicine, 45(4), 875-886.
There are several factors that lead to the development of abuse
at any point in life. Some perpetrators of domestic violence
victimization have a psychology of wanting to control their
victims. They may come from an abusive family background.
Some possess a feeling of inadequacy and suffer from stress.
Some people choose to do so due to what they see being done in
their social environments (Khalifeh, et al., 2015). Drugs such as
alcohol and heroin do not cause domestic violence. Mental
instability may server as significant factor that leads to
domestic violence victimization. Their acts lead to the
endangerment of their victims and dismissal from work due to
poor performance.
Walby, S., Towers, J., & Francis, B. (2015). Is violent crime
increasing or decreasing? A new methodology to measure repeat
attacks making visible the significance of gender and domestic
relations. British Journal of Criminology, 56(6), 1203-1234.
Despite many connections to substance abuse and anxiety,
abusive behavior has its origin from social contexts and many
other factors (Walby, Towers, & Francis, 2015). Domestic
violence consists of injuries that have an adverse impact on
health. It may lead to lifelong disabilities. Damages caused by
domestic violence victimization may cause individuals to have
poor relationships with those they love. It cause continuous

6. conflicts and may sometime break marriages and intimate
relationships. It is important to note that as much as counselors
may assist in dealing with trauma caused by domestic violence
victimization, the situation becomes difficult because of
individuals failing to appreciate the needed outcomes.
Ellsberg, M., Arango, D., Morton, M., Gennari, F., Kiplesund,
S., Contreras, M., & Watts, C. (2015). Prevention of violence
against women and girls: what does the evidence say? The
Lancet, 385(9977), 1555-1566.
There are possible strategies to deal with the issue of domestic
violence in society. It is important to note the immense work
undertaken by counselors and psychologists in dealing with
traumatized victims of domestic violence victimization. Victims
need support from the society around them (Ellsberg, et al.,
2015). They need advice and therapy regarding how to handle
their partners who are continuous perpetrators of the vice. The
situation means that they can deal with rehabilitation and at the
same time focus on changing their lives positively.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the modern society should always be in
preparation to deal with the issue of domestic violence
victimization. It is the role of every stakeholders to ensure that
there is reduction in the number of victimized individuals.
References
Anderberg, D., Rainer, H., Wadsworth, J., & Wilson, T. (2015).
Unemployment and domestic violence: Theory and evidence.
The Economic Journal, 126(597), 1947-1979.
Cattaneo, L., & Goodman, L. (2015). What is empowerment
anyway? A model for domestic violence practice, research, and

7. evaluation. Psychology of Violence, 5(1), 84.
Edwards, K., Sylaska, K., & Neal, A. (2015). Intimate partner
violence among sexual minority populations: A critical review
of the literature and agenda for future research. Psychology of
Violence, 5(2), 112.
Ellsberg, M., Arango, D., Morton, M., Gennari, F., Kiplesund,
S., Contreras, M., & Watts, C. (2015). Prevention of violence
against women and girls: what does the evidence say? The
Lancet, 385(9977), 1555-1566.
García-Moreno, C., Hegarty, K., d'Oliveira, A., Koziol-McLain,
J., Colombini, M., & Feder, G. (2015). The health-systems
response to violence against women. The Lancet, 385(9977),,
1567-1579.
Khalifeh, H., Moran, P., Borschmann, R., Dean, K., Hart, C.,
Hogg, J., & Howard, L. (2015). Domestic and sexual violence
against patients with severe mental illness. Psychological
medicine, 45(4), 875-886.
Modi, M., Palmer, S., & Armstrong, A. (2014). The role of
Violence Against Women Act in addressing intimate partner
violence: a public health issue. Journal of Women's Health,
23(3), 253-259.
Reina, A., Lohman, B., & Maldonado, M. (2014). “He said
they’d deport me” factors influencing domestic violence help-
seeking practices among Latina immigrants. Journal of
Interpersonal Violence, 29(4), 593-615.
Van der Kolk, B. (2017). Developmental Trauma Disorder:
Toward a rational diagnosis for children with complex trauma
histories. Psychiatric annals, 35(5), 401-408.

8. Walby, S., Towers, J., & Francis, B. (2015). Is violent crime
increasing or decreasing? A new methodology to measure repeat
attacks making visible the significance of gender and domestic
relations. British Journal of Criminology, 56(6), 1203-1234.
Running head: ELECTED AND APPOINTED LEADERSHIP
1
ELECTED AND APPOINTED LEADERSHIP
5
Elected and Appointed Enforcement Officers
Kimberly Lewis
LEA 439 Politics & Law Enforcement
Instructor: Luther Lamar
01/07/2019
Elected and Appointed Law Enforcement Officers
Numbers of states have both elected and appointed leaders.
Those who are elected by the citizens and placed in the office
are known as elected leaders, whereas those who are given jobs
by the elected leaders are termed as appointed leaders
(Meany‐Walen et al., 2013). This report will discuss the
following issues; the difference between appointed and elected
leaders, how the type of government is different when it comes
to influence, and issues that have to be tackled by the leadership
for the period of the labor-management negotiation process.
An employee of the government is any person who serves as a
public official. Even though there is no specific definition of
the word public officer or public official, although it is said that
any person who exercises an important influence to the laws of
the public is a public officer. This comprises of officers who

9. enforce or administer the laws of the public, whether the person
is appointed or elected by the public. The techniques used to
elect officers of the public can significantly have effects on the
policy objectives they trail, their environment and the kind of
demands they face. In most cases, officials who are elected are
more likely than officials who are appointed to trail policies
that are related to the supposed penchant of the electorate.
Officials who are elected are more in errand of strategies that
are considered to support numbers than officials who are
appointed; their metropolis are connected with higher voter
numbers, and that their metropolis have lesser voter wash out
rates (Ackers, & Wilkinson, 2003). When an official
membership varies from the membership of the electorate there
are lower numbers, but this outcome attained for appointed
officials only. The outcome supports the idea that officials that
are elected are more likely to convey altitudes and create
outcomes that replicate their direct experience to the strategy
penchant of voters, dissimilarity to the more snubbed position
of officials who are appointed.
Labor management affairs have, all through history been
illustrated by power politics. Usually, the objective of
management has always been getting profit after service and
manufacturing of goods, but the objective of labor has always
been to advance working conditions, benefits, wages and hours.
So as to make debates fruitful, there are some targets the two
sides look at. Although matters like pension benefits, budget
cuts, health care, recruitment as well as civilization and
privatization affect every person in the departments since others
seem significant at the times of meetings.
Leaders who are elected take labor affairs in terms of rights.
Meaning, the management has the mandate to manage and
workers have the right to quit if they are not satisfied with the

10. administration. The administration has the supreme mandate to
manage and any diminution in this mandate not only detracts
from the administrator's capacity to administer, but also
decreases the capability of the department to guard property and
life.
The principle of the Americans that brushed away the remnants
of the government by an influential group also freed pay
employees of possessions credentials for appointment, and of
court controls on their freedom of association. The alike self-
governing actions that shaped the methods and ideas of coming
up with a state as the government by the public and the
government for the public also lead to the growth of trade
unionism as means where staff independence and involvement
in the management of places of work may be attained.
Amalgamation in monetary pressure and with deteriorating
relationship spins have often widely extended their actions
politically, increasing the amount of money to be used during
campaigns and arranging their associates more efficiently for
political activities. Reorganizations in the presidential and
congress process of nomination have formed new paths for the
detection of political authority that a number of amalgamation
have enthusiastically trailed.
In fact, there is no standardized labor policy in the United
States, but rather a hodgepodge of policies, inclusive but
reliable. For instance, there is the consistency of handling
among the federal level and even in the states, airline and
railway employers and workers who are under the Railway
Labor Act have duties and rights dissimilar from that of
employers and workers who are under the National Labor
Relations act (Ackers, & Wilkinson, 2003).

11. Hodgepodges of policies have developed not only bearing in
mind enactment of labor laws in the comeback of public views
pressure as well as authority applied by different demands
crowd. In different stages of labor history of the American,
dissimilar features of labor policy have turned into the subject
of public worry and hence it has achieved congress concern
(National Labor Relations Board, 2008). For instance, in the
thirties supporting communal bargaining through defending
labor rights to arrange was very significant. This is for the
reason that the public appeared to the intensification of the
situations of planned labor will lead to increase in employment,
wages and income, and background for revival from misery.
Labor unions and workforce trends matters are also forcing for
a reconsideration of traditional police administration practice.
The current law enforcement civilian and officer’s workers are
well-informed and sophisticated than the past. Definitely, the
standard of training and education have gone higher,
generational dissimilarity is forming new confronts, and unions
of police are affirming themselves in fresh ways.
References
Ackers, P. & Wilkinson. (2003) Understanding Work and
Employment:Industrial relations in transition. Oxford
University Press.
National Labor Relations Board, official website, available at
http://www.nlrb.gov, date accessed August 25, 2008
Meany‐Walen, K. K., Carnes‐Holt, K., Minton, B., Casey, A.,
Purswell, K., & Pronchenko‐Jain, Y. (2013). An exploration of
counselors' professional leadership development. Journal of
Counseling & Development, 91(2), 206-215.