Octane Booster Research: Best Products for Your Car

Octane Booster Research Paper
What you input to your car will results you as output. If you put in a good octane booster it will
make the internal combustion process flow smoother. You can find many octane booster test results
online. They will help you find the best octane booster for your car. A dedicated octane booster like
Octane Booster Case of 6 Quarts Torco will boost up your vehicle ratings. It reduces internal carbon
build–up. If you are using octane booster for racing purpose, then know the race gas octane rating.
The octane rating is a standard evaluation of the performance of an engine fuel. Many companies
offer best sale price and discount offers. Compare the product and buy them. Cleaning Potency:
Octane Booster Case of 6 Quarts Torco cleans and protects
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Reducing The Carbon Intensity Of Ict Services
Contents
1. Abstract 2
2. Introduction 3
3. Problem Statement 4
4. Approaches for reducing the carbon intensity of ICT service 5
4.1 Cloud Computing, Virtualisation and Consolidation 5
4.2 Thin Clients 6
4.3 Product Design 6
4.4 Power Management 6
4.5 Software and Deployment Optimization 6
a) Algorithm efficiency 6
b) Resource allocation 6
5. Approaches for recycling or reuse of out–dated products 8
6. Literature review on e–waste as a problem 9
7. Literature review on resolution of the problem 10
8. Recommendation for green ICT equipment's. 12
9. Conclusion 13
10. References 14
1. Abstract
The purpose of the report is create awareness and understanding of the Reduction of carbon content
and recycling of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) components and to highlight
the opportunities for timely action by researchers and practitioners in this field. Through examples
from a diversity of literature sources this paper defines the problems and the scope of ICT
environmental sustainability.
In order to save the organization a protocol must be used to provide a framework that estimate the
carbon content. The organization must prefer to outsource some of the equipment which produces
more carbon. Otherwise different infrastructure can be built to dump the out dated products. The
equipment can be reuse or sold at the lower rate instead of dumping. The advanced and best quality
of equipment's is used so that they work properly for long span of time.
Green

The Early Stages of Biodiesel
Biofuel is a fuel that contains energy from geologically recent carbon fixation, which is made by
living organisms. Carbon fixation, most commonly occurs in plants and microalgae. This fuel can be
converted into liquid, solid and gas form. Biofuel is consider healthy for the environment, clean
burning, meaning that the carbon dioxide released when burning it is balanced by the carbon dioxide
absorbed by the plants that are grown to produce it. Biofuel has many uses, one being for
transportation, this fuel is known as biodiesel. Biodiesel is made up of recycled cooking oil, soybean
oil, vegetable oils and other fats. Not all the oils and fats are used for fuel, there put through a
chemical process called trans esterification which splits the oils into two parts, alkyl esters and
glycerin. The esters are used for fuel but the glycerin is used for other things such as soaps and
make ups. Biodiesel can be easily used in any diesel engine without needing to do any
modifications. It typically produces sixty percent less carbon dioxide emission the petroleum
making it a lot more environmentally friendly, plus who doesn't enjoy the smell of french fries while
driving down the road.
The Early Stages of Biodiesel Although biodiesel may seem relatively new, with less than a decade
of commercial scale production across the United States, the concept of biodiesel is shockingly old.
The inventors' name was Rudolf Diesel; he envisioned vegetable oil becoming a fuel source for his
engine.

Advantage And Disadvantage Of Biodiesle
ABSTRACT
As renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel compression ignition engines, biodiesel instead of
diesel has been increasingly fuelled to study its effects on engines performance and emissions in the
recent years. But these study has been rarely review to favour the understanding and popularization
for biodiesel so far. From the previous study from other researcher, the effect of biodiesel on engine
performances and emission on the formation of soot in the different biodiesel blend is being cited
for the revision. But, on chapter 4 of this report there will the discussion on data and result for this
study.
The use of biodiesel lead to the substantial reduction in particulate matter (PM), hydrocarbon (HC)
and carbon dioxide (CO) emission accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in
fuel consumption and the increase in nitrogen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the commercialization of bioenergy, it has provided an effective way to fight against the
problem of petroleum scarce and the influence on environment. Today, fossil fuels take up 80% of
the primary energy consumed in the world, which 32% is consumed by the transport sector.
Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel of diesel, is describe as fatty acid methyl or ethyl esters from
vegetable oils or animals fats. It is renewable, biodegradable and oxygenated. Although many
researches pointed out that it might help to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, promote sustainable
rural development and improve income distribution, there still exist some resistances for using it.
The major cause is the lack of knowledge about the influence of biodiesel or diesel engines. Other
than that, the using of biodiesel doesn't giving the same amount of energy compared to original
diesel because biodiesel have more additives as compared to

Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards
Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards
Lionell C. Henderson
Northwood University
MBA 644: External Environment
Richard DeVos Graduate School of Management
Fall 2015 Evening – Cedar Hill, Texas
Professor James Latham
Acknowledge a Problem Exist
In 1973, the United States plummeted into a huge energy emergency, as a result of the Arab oil
embargo. From October 1973 to March 1974, the United States oil supply from members of the
Arab's Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries became cut off in revenge for the U.S.
military aid to Israel during the Arab–Israeli war. The ban led to an unprecedented fuel scarcity
nationwide, noticeable by extremely high fuel cost and lengthy rows of vehicles sitting at gas
stations. In 1975, Congress passed the Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards. Its motivation
is to lower energy use by improving the fuel savings of cars and light trucks, raise the opportunity to
create different fuel automobiles, and reduce greenhouse gas emissions by assisting to reduce
climate change and raise air standards.
Define the Problem
CAFÉ standards are averages that all automobile manufacturers must attain yearly, for the
production of their vehicles, as of 1978. The elevation of these standards forces auto manufacturers
to react by producing more fuel–efficient vehicles, which enhances the country's energy protection
and reduces refueling cost, thus retaining the consumers cash. This, in turn, lowers the greenhouse
gas discharge

Corn Prices
The Effect of U.S. Ethanol on Corn Prices
Introduction: There are over 96 million acres of corn planted in the U.S. every year, where the mid–
west dominates the country in production. Corn can be used for a variety of things that include;
energy ingredient in livestock feed, ethanol for biofuels, oils, sweeteners, alcohol, and food
substances such as starches.
Ethanol production in the U.S. has been on the rise for over the last 10 years. Production totals were
around 115,604 barrels (1,000 barrels) in 2006 and has more than doubled by 2014 reaching
341,419 barrels (1,000 barrels). A majority of the US ethanol is made from corn. In 2013 the U.S.
used 4.7 billion bushels of corn (40% of the harvest) to produce over 13 billion gallons of ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A comparison of results with the no–subsidy results and with actual prices and quantities shows
separate estimates of the impact on corn. The general pattern of corn prices would have been the
same as in the historical period without ethanol subsidies or without expansion of ethanol, rising
from 2005 to 2007 and then declining to 2009. Corn prices would have still risen dramatically in
2007, to $3.75 per bushel. Policy: "By 2011 most cars on U.S. roads could run on blends of up to
10% ethanol (E10), and manufacturers had begun producing vehicles designed for much higher
percentages. Flexible–fuel cars, trucks, and minivans use gasoline/ethanol blends ranging from pure
gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). By early 2013 there were around 11 million E85–capable
vehicles on U.S roads. In January 2011 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) granted a
waiver to allow up to 15% of ethanol blended with gasoline (E15) to be sold only for cars and light
pickup trucks with a model year of 2001 or later. The EPA waiver authorizes, but does not require
stations to offer

The Importance Of A Recent Declaration Of Australia
A recent declaration has been made in June of 2015, by the G&7 nation leaders in favour of
supporting the decarbonisation of the global economy by the end of the turning century. The leaders
of these top 7 industrial countries have put forward the common goal of working towards a zero–
carbon based global economy, which is said to eventually benefit the global society as a whole. The
question brought up in this situation is as stands, how will changing to a decarbonized economy
affect the way the world works and more specifically how it will affect the top fossil fuel producing
countries like Australia who rely heavily on these resources to build a strong economy for their
nation. Australia is one the largest fossil fuel suppliers, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was a 17–page communiqué, which was issued after the initial summit at Schloss Elmau
under the title of "Think Ahead, Act Together" (Connolly 2015). This was to confirm the G7 leaders
support towards the recommendations placed before them by the IPCC and the UNs' Climate
Change Panel to reduce the global greenhouse gas emissions by at least 40 to 70 percent by the year
2050 (given that 2010 was the starting year of the initiative) (Connolly 2015).
Decarbonising the economy will consist of reducing and further along completely removing the use
of carbon and the production of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuel based energy sources
(Jeffrey Sachs 2014). This minimizes the release of harmful greenhouse gas emissions into the
environmental biosphere. In the current time there has been three different pillars identified in the
deep decarbonisation scheme (Jotzo & Skarbek 2014). The first of the three being a shift into a
lower carbon based electricity production solution by using a mix of wind, solar, hydro and nuclear
energy predominantly with limited use placed on fossil fuels. The second consists of using
electricity produced from a low–carbon supply to power personal vehicles, buildings and select few
industrial processes. Finally energy efficiency can be maximized through the modification and
improvement of building designs to greatly reduce the need for external energy for basic
requirements such as cooling, heating

Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation For The Demand Of...
The increasing industrialization and modernisation of the world has resulted in a precipitous growth
for the demand of petroleum–based fuels (Agrawal, 2007). In 2014 in UK, a total of 54.2 million
tonnes of oil equivalent (mtoe) of energy was used in transportation which is nearly 40% of all of
the energy consumed (DECC, 2015, p. 8). "Progressive depletion of conventional fossil fuels with
increasing energy consumption and GHG emissions have led to a move towards alternative,
renewable, sustainable, efficient and cost–effective energy sources with lesser emissions" (Nigama,
P, S., & Singhb, A., 2011). In order to reduce carbon emissions from vehicles the UK parliament
enacted the Renewable Transport Fuels Obligation (RTFO) in 2007 (UK, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It was then amended four times in 2009, 2011, 2013 and recently in April 2015 (Department for
Transport, 2012). The RTFO's prime objective is to promote the mandatory standards for biofuel
sustainability in order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from road transport across the
UK. Under the RTFO, transport fuel suppliers in the UK must be able to show that an amount of
obligated percentages of the fuel they supply comes from renewable and sustainable sources. It also
requires the suppliers to report on the environmental performance of their biofuels (DfTa, 2015).
In addition, the diverse stakeholder engagement in RTFO was a key factor for its success. The low
Carbon Vehicle Partnership works as "an umbrella for a wide spectrum of associations and actors
who have in common the pursuance of a future with cleaner cars and fuels" (Sandoval, I. S., &
Popartan, L, 2014). It provides the environment for energy companies, government, experts,
scholars as well as consumer organizations to work together and promote market for biofuels. With
the consensus of all participants and the British government's support, the carbon and sustainability
reporting framework as well as methodology for calculating the carbon intensities of various
biofuels were designed (Chalmers, J., & Archer,G., 2011). The LowCVP helps to build shared
understanding and facilities the industries benefit public interest and

Biobutanol
Due to the inadequate properties of current fuels, it is vital for the development of alternate fuel, in
order to sustain the transportation infrastructure. The needs of the society are increasing due to
population growth and lifestyle factors. Petrol isn't sustainable as it isn't renewable and causes
damage to the environment. Biobutanol may be an ideal alternative due to its qualities of
renewability, lower pollutant emissions and easy adaptability.
Chemical Process
Butanol used to be produced via fermentation of biomasses (Acetone–Butanol–Ethanol) such as
corn, sugar beets and other feedstock. Clostridium acetobutylicum microbes are placed into the
sugars from the biomass. These then are converted into various alcohols including ethanol ... Show
Due to high fuel prices, the society wants to get as much mileage as possible. Hence the higher
mileage of biobutanol, will be apt for the current society. If the usage of fossil fuel was to continue,
then reserves will be depleted in 50 to 120 years. Without transportation, the whole community
infrastructure will be disrupted heavily. Thus, the urge to find new transportation fuel, has never
been so high. Almost all household has at least one car, as from 40% of the population having a car
in 1942, now 90% does. Also due to the vastly increasing population, more fuel is going to be
required to be sufficient for the society's energy needs. Petrol isn't a sustainable resource as it is
decreasing and isn't renewable. So by using biobutanol, the energy needs of the future society can be
maintained. As it is renewable, it will support the growing population and reduce the damage to the
environment, as it reduces the amount of Carbon dioxide in the

Strategy Smart Mart
Smartmart Schulich school of business | Making Strategic Decision for SmartMart | A Reflection on
Ethics–LX Simulation Exercise | | Binoy Das (211137007) | Winter–2011, Section–F | This
document is my personal reflection on the business simulation on ethics–lx, where I had to take
three strategic decision choices for specialty grocery retailer – SmartMart, with an aim to retain their
market leadership position as retail supplier of sustainable food products, while at the same time
being true to their mission statement of total stakeholder management. | Contents SmartMart
Simulation – The Main Content 3 Reflection on Decision Making 3 Changing Store Format 3
Adopting Bio–Fuel 4 Pursuing Organics 2.0 Standard 5 Conclusion 5 Bibliography 6 ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Becoming a niche player might be cost effective if fuel price goes above $140 a barrel, and it might
serve the communities around each store better, but looking at the best case estimate, where oil price
might only break that point for a short amount of time at best, this option seems to be more costly,
and might erode shareholder value considerably, while not adding that big a benefit to other
stakeholders. Plus having local producers supply to individual stores as opposed to procuring in
bulk from regional producers might actually drive up overall GHG emissions due to small but
frequent trucking. Therefore I decided to recommend maintaining status–quo, especially since all
the stakeholders are relatively well served in this model. The risk of eroding market share from
competition can be mitigated by extending their core competence – which is relationship
management with stakeholders. In the same way they have been able to reduce labor expenses by
empowering the employees, doing the same with producers can help them cut production costs. At
the same time, staying true to its values would further solidify SmartMart's brand image, helping
them to retain or even grow their loyal customer base. Adopting Bio–Fuel Bio–Fuel is still a
controversial topic, and as there are

The Effects of Burning Carbon Dioxide Essay
The Effects of Burning Carbon Dioxide
The main waste product of fuel we burn is carbon dioxide, which is thought to have been the main
factor in the gradual rise of global temperatures of the last hundred years. The rise is called 'Global
Warming'. The mechanism used to explain the rise in temperature is the greenhouse effect. Infrared
radiation is trapped by atmospheric gases. Sunlight easily passes these gases on it way into the
earth's atmosphere but on its way out the gases reflect the radiation back towards earth. Therefore as
these gases increases the amount of radiation kept in the atmosphere is increased. Caron dioxide is
one of the main green houses gases. Carbon dioxide is a waste product ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He suggests that rather than cutting carbon dioxide emissions, it would be more cost effective to
reduce the amount of sunlight entering the atmosphere by scattering the sun's rays. Fine metallic
nets deployed in the stratosphere should do the trick according to Mr. Teller. This would help slow
or even stop global warming.
Carbon Monoxide:
Carbon monoxide forms during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. It is extremely hazardous
as things such as gas central heating boilers which are badly maintained can leak the gas causing
carbon monoxide poisoning which would result in death. Carbon monoxide reacts irreversibly with
haemoglobin. In red blood cells haemoglobin normally reacts with oxygen to form oxyhaemoglobin,
which is then transported from our lungs to all our body cells. When carbon monoxide is breathed in
it combines with haemoglobin to form carboxyhaemoglobin where the oxygen is not released from
the haemoglobin therefore causing a lack of oxygen which can result in death.
The solutions to prevent carbon monoxide poisoning are to give the odorless gas a distinct smell so
that people can smell when there are gas leaks in their appliances. Another solution is to install
carbon monoxide detectors which act in the same way as fire alarms and give off a signal when they
detect carbon monoxide. There are other precautions which can be taken such as maintaining your

Germany 's Production And Consumption Of Biodiesel
In many international countries, Europe is the prime continent that is in lead in the production and
consumption of biodiesel. Because Europe is governed by the European Union, their policy was
rethought due to costs of food supply and carbon dioxide statistics. The "European Union proposed
a 5.75% cap on the fraction of fuel that is biofuel." ("Europe") The policy changed to "ensure
sustainable production and environmental responsibility, provide enhanced trade between EU
member states, and support research and innovation", ("Europe") which are some of the new parts
of the biofuel strategy. These policies are also looking into new taxation directives and biomass
plans. Today, Germany is the top leading country in the production of biodiesel, producing 2,859
millions of liters per year. Germany has made a huge commitment in trying to increase the use of
renewable energy, which Is why they are leading the production of biodiesel. Before this Germany
relied on oil 90% of the time, however now, "Germany government supports biofuel production and
environmental responsibility through the legislations." ("Europe") Germany supports renewable
energy directive started by the EU, and has also started tax incentives for biodiesels, as well as set
obligations for various regions in producing biomass. Since 2015, Germany's legislation "resulted in
a drastic improvement of climate performance of biodiesel production." (Beckman) "Mineral oil
sellers need to now reduce greenhouse gas

Passive And Eco Friendly Housing
Introduction
Passive and eco–friendly housing is becoming increasingly popular, and as more and more
structures arise, learning provides scope for innovation, further cost saving and optimization. The
rise of passive housing could have a possible impact on Global warming, an increasingly important
topic, as housing contributes vastly to the cause: in 2009 buildings accounted for 43% of all the
UK's carbon emissions (gov.uk). Therefore, the UK Government aimed to reduce the UK's
greenhouse gas emission by at least 80% by 2050. To meet this target this could be achieved by
moving to a more energy efficient, low–carbon economy. It would also help the UK become less
reliant on imported fossil fuels and less exposed to higher energy prices in the future. Undoubtedly,
some may have chosen to pursue a passive house as a way to protect the environment. Yet, at an
individual level, the marginal benefit to society of extra investment is often considered as small
compared to (in some cases) markedly increased costs. The important question, which will
ultimately determine if passive housing will become a valid option for masses, is whether the
additional spending is justified economically. The long term benefits of cost saving are visible
(Passpedia (2015) Are Passive Houses cost–effective?), yet the marginal returns are decreasing.
Therefore, Is the Passivhaus standard a cost effective way of achieving the UK CO2 emissions
reduction target for new housing in practice?". This research

Air Force Materials Report Jet Fuel
C3C Hayden Johnson
Chemistry 200
Lt. Col. Lincoln
4/27/16
T1/T2
Air Force Materials Report – Jet Fuel
Jet fuel history can be traced back to World War Two where the first jets stated being used. The
English and the Americans were the first nations interested in jet fuel in order to power their aircraft
during this war and they standards that were set were quickly adapted by others using this
uncommon, new fuel to power their aircraft. Jet fuel started as a mixture between regular gasoline
and kerosene and sometimes diesel. Soon after the idea sprouted, research blew up and new fuels
were being experimented with. There were many ideas for jet fuel but the idea that stuck is what we
are still using today.
Jet fuel in the modern day is a petroleum base fuel that is used in the higher demands deemed
necessary in aviation performance. In the nature of flying, jets carry a higher risk than automobiles.
Planes have the risk that if the aviation fuel fails, the plane will fall out of the air. This is why
aviation fuel is higher quality than regular gasoline that you and I are familiar with. If the fuel is of
bad quality in a car, it simply rolls over to the side of the road. The way that this fuel is enhanced is
through the use of additives. These additives can prevent the fuel turning into gel at cold
temperatures and also protect the fuel from instantaneously combusting at high temperatures. When
companies are making aviation fuel, there are two different types that

Cars And Truck Account For 20 % Of All U.s. Global Warming...
Cars and truck account for 20% of all U.S. global warming emissions, where more than 24 pounds
per gallon of carbon dioxide and other global warming gases come right out of the car's tailpipe
("Union of Concerned scientists"). This frightening statistic is part of the reason why the federal
government has put in place many policies and incentives such as the Clean Air Act, The National
Program for greenhouse gas emissions, Catalytic Converter Federal Laws, and incentives of
$12,000 in California to get people to upgrade to more fuel–efficient cars. With such programs and
incentives put in places, it is also important that car companies such as Toyota and Ford also take
action to further cut pollution rates. They have done so by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The pollutants that were controlled were carbon monoxide(CO), volatile organic compounds(VOC),
and oxides of nitrogen(NOx), where the NOx standard was 3.1 grams per mile (EPA). These three
pollutants can cause a wide variety of health issues, some of which include your brain not getting
enough oxygen, damage to the respiratory system, damage of lung function, cardiovascular
problems, and cancer ("Types of Air Pollution Caused by Cars"). Over the next couple decades' car
emission control became stricter and standards tightened and evolved to .07 grams per mile of NOx
in 2009 which is a 77% decrease from its previous standard of .3 in 1999. Alongside federal actions,
California has been leading the global fight against climate change.
California Governor Jerry Brown has a plan to put 1.5 million zero–emission cars on the state roads
in the next decade and has signed 11 bills related to global warming. Some of these efforts include
15,000 permits for clean–air cars to use car–pool lanes, requirements for counties to speed up
permits for residential solar–power installations, and rebates to lower income resident to buy more
fuel–efficient cars. He enacted a law that requires California power companies to get at least a third
of their electricity from renewable resources by 2020. One of the largest incentives that Jerry Brown
has put into place has been rebates for upgrading to more fuel–efficient cars, where the state of

renewable sources Essay examples
Will Restricting Carbon Emissions Damage the Economy?
Yes: Paul Cicio
No: Aaron Ezroj
Main/Major Talking Points (summarize):
Avoiding leakage of jobs and Emissions,' testimony before the House Committee on Energy and
Commerce
Capping the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the undustrial sector will drive investment and
jobs offshore and increase imports.
GHG rising 29%in residential areas
U.S. cannot grow economy without using more volume of products.
Congressional Justification for not capping.
Countries are willing to sacrfrifice manufacturing jobs in response to climate policy.
Economy widecap and trade ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Low–carbon technologies are worth 500 billion dollars annually at the least. Since current Cap and
trade programs are spreading fairly quickly to other countries and regions the market will grow
immensely.
The Low–carbon Technologies International Inc also known as the LCTI will be developing the 400
Metric Waste to Energy Facility, Iuka, Mississippi. It is an innovative gasification that will generate
the syngas from the waste streams and convert it into biodiesel, ethanol and other chemicals. This
Power plant facility will also, "recover waste–heat to make steam that will be used to make
electricity for on–site power consumption, limited peaking power, and black start capability." The
financing for this project comes from a third party investor with a guaranteed 100% financing on a
20 year lease. This is just one of many technologies being built within the next year.
I believe that we will see an impact sort of like that of the solar energy and wind power projects that
took place in the early 2000's. I always wondered why there were huge fans in the middle of the
desert in Palm Springs California. This wind farm is part of a solar group of companies that is worth
over 27 billion dollars by 2005. Low carbon technologies could make an even bigger impact by
2050 generating over 25 million jobs across America. This

Global Warming And Its Effects On The Environment
Energy choices
The environment plays an integral part of offering and sustaining livelihoods to billions of humans
around the globe. Without rain, food security is adversely threatened, meaning that humans' most
vital need could be affected. Recently, the issue of global warming has caught many nations'
attention as carbon emissions significantly cause it. Greenhouse gas emissions around the world
have been somehow unavoidable, but countries have sought methods to mitigate the inevitable
outcomes. While it often seems as though this task is too daunting to overcome, this paper asserts
that with the right approach, carbon emissions could be controlled thus reducing the destructive
impacts on the environment, which inevitably lead to dire ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The choice of fuel used by the individuals or the countries depends on regulations, awareness and
availability of substitutes (Miles & Kapos, 2008).
Fuel sources and consumption for US and India
Currently, India is ranked third in terms of carbon pollution, with vehicles accounting for the higher
percentage. By the same token, the US is also a major polluter of the same, only that the pollution
comes from various sources. For instance in the US, greenhouse emissions majorly come from six
sources: production of electricity, Industry, transport, commercial and residential, land use and
forestry, and agriculture. In 2013, electricity production accounted for 31% of gas emissions in the
US, transport was 27%, industry 21%, agriculture 9%, forestry 13% and commercial and residential
was 12% (EPA, 2015).
In terms of consumption, the two countries have had high levels with statistics showing the US to
have over 90 Quadrillion Btu since 2008. In 2008, the US recorded a 99.5 Quadrillion Btu
consumption; 94.4 the following year, a result that replicated in 2010. As for India within the same
period, 21.5 Quadrillion Btu was consumed in 2008 followed by 22.5, 23.4 and 23.9 in 2009, 2010,
and 2011 respectively (Showstack, 2015). Evidently, the two countries' level of consumption is
largely different despite India's high population.
As of 2011, the US was ranked third in the countries that emission emanating from agricultural
activities

What Does It Strike The Right Balance?
In my opinion I believe that CCAP does indeed strike the right balance. With any plan as extensive
as this one, there needs to be a certain degree of regulation. With the implementation and revision of
many new policies, I think it will create a new standard for businesses and residents to live by. One
example is the strengthening of climate change policies in the municipal land–use planning process
through consulting on and proposing amendments to the Municipal Act and the City of Toronto,
which requires electric vehicle charging in surface lots. Another, example is setting lower–carbon
standards for new buildings which will be accomplished through the update of the Building Code.
Its clear to see that the government needs to set regulations in order for any change to take place. In
other words, they are the initiators that set an example for society. These changes may not happen
overnight, but with each person following these standards, it will produce long–term sustainable
benefits, which can then spur on more people to invest in sustainability in their own lives. I think
this plan does a realistic job at initiating but also facilitating and improving where possible. For
example, things such as home garages with the proper voltage outlets for car charging or retrofitting
residential buildings are great ideas to make part of new practices. Soon these modifications will
become the new normal until something better is developed. New and existing businesses will be
more

Should The Uk Replace Nuclear Power? Essay
Nowadays, governments are facing two main problems about electricity: resources of fossil fuels are
running out and countries need to diminish their carbon emissions. Nuclear is seen as the most
common alternative. Nuclear currently supplies 19% of the UK's electricity and 11% in the world
(NIA,2015). In the UK, all but one of the current nuclear plants are due to close by 2023. Should the
UK replace their nuclear plants by a new generation of nuclear stations? Because of the accidents,
costs and problems of nuclear waste, some people are opposed to this possibility. Their solution
would be that Britain could achieve 85% of its power via renewable energy by 2030. This essay will
examine if nuclear power is the best alternative to fossil fuels while continuing to supply the rising
demand for electricity in the UK. It will be argued that there are advantages and disadvantages of
nuclear power and that other alternatives should be considered. Climate change is one of the main
issues of our current society. This problem is caused largely by human behaviour. Human activity
increases the emissions of CO2 which causes negative impacts on our environment such as
flooding, the increase of sea levels and precipitations. Burning fossil fuels emit a lot of carbons and
other gases. These gases intensify the greenhouse effect that keeps the earth warm and cause global
warming. (BBC, 2014). In 1997, UK agreed to the Kyoto treaty which is an agreement between
countries worldwide to

Pros and Cons of Nuclear Power in Usa
NUCLEAR POWER
GEOGRAPHY HOMEWORK
10/27/2012
DAISY SOWAH
FORM 5W
PROS AND CONS OF NUCLEAR POWER IN THE USA
Worldwide, there are 441 nuclear power plants that supply about 16 percent of the world's
electricity.
There are currently 104 operating U.S. nuclear power plants that produce over 20 percent of U.S.
electricity.
ADVANTAGES a) Nuclear power generation does emit relatively low amounts of carbon dioxide
(CO2). The emissions of green house gases and therefore the contribution of nuclear power plants to
global warming is therefore relatively little. . USA is currently responsible for a quarter of all carbon
dioxide emissions – an average of 40,000 pounds of carbon dioxide is released by each US citizen
every year – the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
history took place on March 28, 1979 at the Three Mile Island plant in Pennsylvania. A cooling
system failed, causing a partial meltdown, but a full meltdown was averted and there were no
fatalities. However, despite the positive outcome and despite the passage of more than 30 years, the
incident remains fresh in the minds of those who are old enough to remember it. 2. Nuclear Waste
Disposal – Again a massive problem as the spent Nuclear Rods of Nuclear Reactors are
prohibitively costly and difficult to dispose of. Spent nuclear fuel is initially very highly radioactive
and so must be handled with great care and forethought. (10'000 years according to United States
Environmental Protection Agency standards).There is no foolproof way to dispose nuclear waste
fuel after it is used in the Nuclear Reactors. The area around Nuclear Waste Sites can be dangerous
to humans for hundreds of year as complex nuclear elements have half lives running into many
years. The United States had accumulated more than 50,000 metric tons of spent nuclear fuel from
nuclear reactors. Permanent storage underground in U.S. had been proposed at the Yucca but that
project has now been effectively cancelled. There is presently no adequate safe long–term storage
for radioactive and chemical waste

The Marketing Environment Southwest Airlines
The Marketing Environment Southwest Airlines
Every industry from healthcare to manufacturing faces environmental challenges. Many thoughtful
companies respond through various marketing strategies. The airline industry, in particular, seen a
host of environmental factors since 2001 including air quality, climate change, emissions, and noise
regulations to name a few. Southwest airlines, in particular, have taken specific tactics to both blunt
and exploit these environmental factors. As a result, Southwest has a market strategy that allows
continuing as a major airline carrier in the United States.
Common air pollutants found in the atmosphere are particulate matter, ground–level ozone, carbon
monoxide, sulfur oxides (Southwest) and lead. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The company hit a milestone towards the improving of services in a way that is environmentally
friendly, and beneficial to the human being and other lives in and around airports. The core value of
strategies being, efficiency and climate change (Southwest).
In this effect, the airline adopted several approaches of dealing with pollutions resulting from
aviation practices, which aimed at reducing the environmental pollution, while ensuring the safety
of passengers and the environment at large. For instance, the airline embraced the development and
use of Sustainable Alternative Aviation Fuel (SAF) which resulted in an improvement in the
environment, conservation and emission reduction (FAA 6–8). Research shown the use of SAF will
reduce up to 80% overall carbon over full use. The tests carried out by over twenty airlines have
shown a technical compliance with the conventional jet fuel carbon offsetting where airlines
supposed to invest in the projects aimed at avoiding, reducing or removal of carbon emission in a
particular journey(Bilgen 893). This is achieved by either intergrading the program into web–sales
engines or to a third party offset provider (IATA). Tree planting, wind farms and hydroelectric
production area as well aimed at carbon offsetting. Air traffic management

Advances in Automobile Emission Control Techniques
3rd, December, 2005
Paper presentation on
ADVANCES IN AUTOMOBILE EMISSION CONTROL TECHNIQUES
by lakshmi & SriBharani Latha, B.Tech (MECH)
GRIET, Bachupally, Hyderabad.
Contents:
1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Types of emissions a) Tailpipe emissions b) Evaporative emissions 4.
Emission standards 5. Need to control emissions 6. Emission Testing Procedures 7. Emission
control techniques I. Tailpipe emission control techniques i) Increasing engine efficiency by
Electronic Ignition, Fuel injection... ii) Increasing vehicle efficiency iii) Increasing driving
efficiency iv) Cleaning up the emissions by Air Injection, Exhaust Gas Recirculation, Catalytic
Converter, Spark Optimizer II. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I. GAS TANK VENTING (OR) DIURNAL: Gasoline evaporates as the temperature rises during the
day, heating the fuel tank and venting the gasoline into the atmosphere.
,
II. RUNNING LOSSES: The escape of gasoline vapors from the engine and exhaust system when
the car is running results in running losses.
III. REFUELING LOSSES: These can cause a lot of HC vapor emission. The empty space inside a
vehicle's tank is filled with HC gases, and as the tank is filled, these gases are forced out into the
atmosphere.
IV. HOT SOAK: The engine remains hot for a period of time, after that car is turned off, and
gasoline evaporation continues when the car is parked.
In addition to these, automobile also generates several other sources of pollution which include:
Water Pollution from fluids that leak from cooling systems, engines and transmissions.
Hazardous waste from discarded fluids, tires, batteries and the like asbestos fibers from brake

linings and clutches.
EMISSION STANDARDS:
To limit the amount of pollutants that can be released into the atmosphere certain standards are
introduced "EMISSION STANDARDS". Many emission standards focus on regulating the amount
of material that can be released by the automobiles and the amount of smog forming material that
can be released.
Standards generally regulate the amount of carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, the sulfur, HC and
particulate matter (PM) that

The Impact Of Co2 Emission On The Environment Of The...
Abstract:
In the light of ever–increasing greenhouse gases, global energy use, the increasing cost of energy
services, concerns over energy supply security, climate change and local air pollution, this report
centers around the question of how CO2 emission can be reduced in long term. As transport system
plays a major role in the increased greenhouse gases, this report highlights the use of future vehicles
in the transport sector from an economic, technical and environmental point of view.
Through its multi–disciplinary approach the report provides a knowledge base concerning different
strategies made by government and recent advancements in automobile sector in order to reduce
carbon emission.
Contents:
1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
..............07 2.3.2 Hybrid vehicles ........................................................... ..............09 a. Plug–in (i.e.
parallel) hybrid electric vehicle.................... ..............09 b. Range–extended (i.e. series) hybrid
electric vehicles.......... ..............10 2.3.3 Pure battery electric vehicles
..............................................................11 2.3.4 Further development of internal–combustion engine
powertrain technologies .................................................................... ............12
3. Conclusions ..............................................................................13
4. References.................................................................................14
1. Introduction:
Low carbon fuel standards are rapidly becoming an part of the national debate over how to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions. Transport system plays a vital role in the increased greenhouse gases.
Increase in number of vehicles has increased the carbon emission rapidly. A pie chart gives you the
information about the total amount of CO2 emission by different sector in 2010. Electricity, heat
generation and transport system are the three major systems accounted for 63% of total CO2
emission during the year 2010 (I E A Statistics, 2012).
The potential for increased levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
cost of fossil fuels and high demand for non–renewable fossil fuels has brought attention to CO2
emission reduction strategies. Government has set some policy context and emissions standards for
the

Environmental Waste And Its Effects On Carbon Emissions
To get around the issue of these powerful companies being upset from the negative financial impact
from the move to zero carbon, a shift must be made in governmental policy. Perhaps the solution
may not be punishing companies for producing too much pollution, but rewarding companies for
producing much less. In this way, the market for carbon emissions will eventually disappear and
naturally profit–seeking companies will aim to pursue activities, hunt for new strategies, and invest
in infrastructure and equipment that result in lower carbon emissions. Beyond the simple reward
proposition, however, greener policies often result in higher long term profitability for companies
nonetheless. Environmental waste is often the best proxy for identifying and eliminating economic
waste, meaning that many companies are currently increasing their profitability while
simultaneously following a strategy in pursuance of zero carbon emissions. In fact, notoriously
profit–focused companies like Tesco and WalMart have announced their intentions to pursue
environmental action not out of moral motivation, but in clear quests for greater profitability. The
reason for their actions is the simple recognition that environmental and economic interests are often
closely aligned. Nearly 50 separate studies from the Economist Intelligence Unit, Goldman Sachs,
AT Kearney, Deloitte, MIT Sloan, Harvard and others show that companies that commit to
environmentally responsible goals, particularly

Diesel Fuel ( The Dominant Fuel )
Introduction:
Diesel (the dominant fuel) has grown in its demand in several countries. Yet, to counteract the
increased rate at which diesel is sold, we are forced to seek alternative ways to provide effective and
sustainable qualitative fuels. After researching alternative fuels based on the knowledge of how
diesel works in an engine, it was found that diesohols (blend of diesel and alcohol) were proven an
easy understudy to pure diesel. Without any major modification in an engine, diesohols have the
ability to power a car, for example, like in any normal circumstance (Chemical and Pharmaceutical
Sciences, 2015).
Diesel fuel is a mixture of alkane hydrocarbons (a compound containing hydrogen and carbon).
These hydrocarbons are saturated, essentially meaning the fuel has a low density – this is important
so that the vehicle using such fuel can operate efficiently (Energy Information Administration,
2013). Furthermore, alkanes are extremely combustible, ensuring sufficient burning of the diesel
(Nave, R.). After observing these characteristics of diesel, it became essential to prove that alcohols
too had properties similar to these (despite sources supporting the change from diesel to a
combination of diesel and alcohol). Alcohols do have equivalent hydrocarbons (Chemical Industry,
2015). The alcohol molecule too contains oxygen contributing greatly to the act of combustion
(Natural Resources and Environment Department). This property, together with its saturated nature

The Potential Of Carbon Capture And Sequestration
The potential of Carbon Capture and Sequestration (CCS) technology as a tool for large–scale GHG
emissions reductions and the role of intergovernmental organizations in crafting strategies for the
financing and implementation of CCS–inclusive facilities.
Taylor Blevin, Washington University in St. Louis
Despite much advancement in carbon capture and sequestration (CCS) technologies, only one large–
scale CCS facility is currently being operated worldwide, and only a few are being planned for the
future. The largest barriers to the implementation of CCS technology are the high costs associated
with it and the policies that affect the successful creation of these facilities. Many tools are available
to policy makers in order to aid in the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
CO2, the most largely emitted greenhouse gas (GHG), is formed during the combustion process of
hydrocarbon fuels. These include petroleum, natural gas, and, most significantly, coal (which makes
up 40% of electricity generation–related fossil fuel consumption). Fossil fuel combustion accounts
for approximately 84% of U.S. CO2 emissions (EPA), with 45% of these fossil–fuel combustion
sources coming from electricity generation. Of these fossil fuels, coal has the highest carbon
intensity, meaning that per unit mass of coal combusted, more CO2 is produced than for other fossil
fuels. Additionally, coal often contains toxic impurities, most notably sulfur and mercury, which can
be released as particles into the atmosphere along with CO2, NOx (a toxic, nitrogen–based gas that
results from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon in air), and CO (carbon monoxide, also
resulting from incomplete fuel combustion).
With the U.S. and other major emitters continuing to rely heavily on fossil fuels, it is clear that
technology that addresses this dependence will be needed in order to meet emissions reduction
targets. These technologies may include renewables (primarily wind and solar), increased energy
efficiency, hydroelectric power generation, or carbon capture and sequestration technologies (CCS).
While technological advances have continued and investment for both development and

A Brief Note On The And Its Effects On The Environment
CHAPTER–4
POLLUTION DUE TO EMISSIONS
IC engines generate undesirable emissions during the combustion process. The emissions exhausted
into the surroundings pollute the atmosphere and causes following problems.
Global warming
Acid rain
Smog
Odors
Respiratory and other health hazards.
The major causes of these emissions are non–stoichiometric combustion, dissociation of nitrogen,
and impurities in the fuel and air. The emissions of concern are unburnt hydro carbons (HC), oxides
of carbon (COX), oxides of nitrogen (NOX), oxides of sulphur (SOX) and solid carbon particulates.
It is the dream of engineers and scientists to develop engines and fuels such that very few quantity
of harmful emissions are generated, and these could be let into the surroundings without a major
impact on the environment. However with the present technology this is not possible, and after
treatment of the exhaust gases as well as in cylinder reduction of emissions is important.
4.1 AIR POLLUTION DUE TO IC ENGINES
Until the middle of the 20th century the number of IC engines in the world was so small that the
pollution they caused was tolerable. During that period the environment, with the help of sunlight,
stayed relatively clean. As world population grew, power plants, factories, and an ever–increasing
number of automobiles began to pollute the air to the extent that it is no longer acceptable. During
the late 1940s, air pollution as a problem was first recognized in the Los – Angeles basin

The Impact Of Co2 Emission On The Environment Of The...
Abstract:
In the light of ever–increasing greenhouse gases, global energy use, the increasing cost of energy
services, concerns over energy supply security, climate change and local air pollution, this report
centers around the question of how CO2 emission can be reduced in long term. As transport system
plays a major role in the increased greenhouse gases, this report highlights the use of future vehicles
in the transport sector from an economic, technical and environmental point of view.
Through its multi–disciplinary approach the report provides a knowledge base concerning different
strategies made by government and recent advancements in automobile sector in order to reduce
carbon emission.
Contents:
1. Introduction......................................................................................03
2. Key findings .......................................................................................04 2.1 Policy context
....................................................................................05 2.1.1 European transport and fuel
policy...........................................................05 2.1.2 Biofuel
compatibility.........................................................................05 2.1.3 Tail pipe CO2 related policies
..............................................................06 2.1.4 Sales of ultra–low carbon cars by 2020
.............................. ..............06 2.2 Future fuels
......................................................................................07
2.3 Future vehicles..............................................................................07

Biodiesel And Its Effects On Our Environment
Biodiesel is a fuel similar to diesel derived from a plant source, like corn, used vegetable oil, or
even algae. This biofuel is created from renewable resources to replace the low source of fossil fuels
that is unfortunately nonrenewable. Because of this situation society was basically coerced into
finding a substitute. While the price is getting higher due to recent events between the United States
(U.S. )and Third World Countries. Due to these situations society had to come up with a cheaper,
renewable source of fuel. Biodiesel is the key to releasing the chains of restraint that have been
placed upon citizens by those third world countries. Society can take that crop, oil, or pond scum to
make a biodiesel we can save our environment, and economy. As said before, it is the key to the
public 's restraint, as well as our future and fresh air. Biodiesel will also help with the noise
pollution because we will be using less of the oil well boom to get the crude oil. Another bonus
would be there would be less fracking which means less harmful chemical and natural gas getting
into people's water supply. Meaning there will be less flammable water coming out of a household
faucet. Because when they frack using water with a thickening agent of some kind to help create
pressure. that pressure is used to crack the shale rock that is holding the natural gas. When that gas
is released it contaminates nearby drinking water with the chemical used to make the thickening
agent. while

Low Carbon Regulations and Incentives: a Key Factor to...
Low Carbon Regulations and Incentives:
A Key Factor to Increase Low–carbon Vehicles sales
Carl
Abstract
The United Stated low carbon regulations and incentives are playing a significant role in promoting
the use of hybrid and electric vehicles. The low carbon regulation made more vehicle buyers
purchase hybrid or electric vehicles instead of the gas vehicles. The generalization of low–carbon
vehicles still has some challenges. The U.S. government probably needs to encourage the low–
carbon vehicle manufacturers which may address low–carbon vehicle battery and high cost
problem. Therefore, it is important for the generalization of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
from 2008 to 2012. As can be seen, there was a dramatic increase of the sales from 260,000 units in
2011 to 430,000 units in 2012. There was a 65% growth between these two years. This rapid growth
may be due to the low carbon regulations and government incentives. Although the low–carbon
incentives and low–carbon regulations probably have played a significant role in the growth of low
carbon sales, the low–carbon vehicles are still not common in the United States. So the United
States government should continue to strengthen them.
Although low–carbon regulations and incentives have accelerated the use of low carbon vehicles,
there are many challenges for the popularity of electric vehicles. The high prices of hybrid or
electric vehicles are still a problem so that customers likely are not willing to purchase them. The
high price probably is due to expensive cost which is impacted by an electric vehicle power.
According to Deaton (n.d.), the expensive cost of the battery is the most serious problem to reduce
the price of the electric vehicles. The battery manufacturer has to use expensive materials to produce
an electric car for low–carbon vehicles. If the vehicle manufacturer wants to improve the low–
carbon vehicles sales, the challenge of the low–carbon vehicle power is inevitable. The other thing
closely related to the battery is the charging station. An electric charging station is an important

Biodiesel As A Vehicle Fuel Source
Biodiesel as a vehicle fuel source is the way of the future for America, because it gives citizens
freedom. Biodiesel is a fuel similar to diesel derived from a plant source, like corn, used vegetable
oil, or even algae. This biofuel is created from renewable resources to replace the low source of
fossil fuels that is unfortunately nonrenewable. American society was basically coerced into finding
a substitute for depleting fossil fuel reserves. Rising conflict between the United States (U.S.) and
Third World Countries has caused the prices of crude oil to go up. Due to these situations society
had to come up with a cheaper, renewable source of fuel. Biodiesel is the key to releasing the chains
of restraint that have been placed upon citizens by those third world countries. Scientists can take
crops, oil, or pond scum to make a biodiesel that will help save the environment and economy.
Biodiesel fuel is the key to less price restrictions, as well as society 's future and fresh air. Biodiesel
will also help with the noise pollution because industries will be using less of the oil well boom to
extract the crude oil from the ground. Another bonus is that there would be less fracking meaning
less harmful chemicals and natural gas getting into people's water supply. This also means that there
would be less flammable water coming out of a household faucet. When companies frack, they use
water with a thickening agent of some kind to help create pressure for drilling. The pressure

Organic Derivatives Of Water And Carbon Dioxide
Background Information
Alcohols are a class of organic compounds characterised by one or more hydroxyl (–OH) groups
attached to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon chain. They can be considered as organic derivatives of
water and in which a hydrogen atom has been replaced by an alkyl group. Alcohols are a common
form of organic compound and most are colourless liquids or solids at room temperature
(Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2015).
Combustion is the process of burning fuels or in this case alcohol. It is the chemical process in
which the substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat. The original substance is called
the fuel and the source of oxygen is the oxidiser (Grc.nasa.gov, 2015)). Here the alcohol is the fuel
and the oxidiser is air that passes through. During combustion any hydrocarbon source and oxygen
yields carbon dioxide, water and energy. During this process the hydrocarbon oxidises into water
and carbon dioxide (Bbc.co.uk, 2015). The temperature of this substance is quite high because of the
heat transferred to exhaust during combustion. The combustion process can be controlled or stopped
by controlling the amount of fuel available, the amount of oxygen available and the source of heat
(Grc.nasa.gov, 2015). However, because plenty of air is needed for combustion, an insufficient
amount of air will result in incomplete or partial combustion. Hydrogen is still oxidised into water
but carbon monoxide forms instead of carbon dioxide in the form of solid

America 's First Energy Plan
In "Goodbye to the Climate," Robert N. Stavins, expresses his worry about President Trump's
"America First Energy Plan". This plan will have an effect on United States' climate change
programs, and remove the United States from the Paris agreement. This article will be used to
explain content from the public goods chapter. This discussion will cover climate change, define
what a public good is, the free rider problem, and tragedy of the commons and how it relates to this
article.
If President Trump follows through his "America Free Energy Plan" promise it will undo a majority
of President Obama's actions to reduce the United States greenhouse gas emissions. Thus having a
negative influence on the climate. Another problem that can occur is ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
A common problem with public goods is the free rider problem. The free rider problem occurs when
people want to use a public good, but do not want to pay for it. The reduction of greenhouse gasses
should be a global effort. The benefits are vague and provided in the future, there is little incentives
to reduce emission. If the Trump administration disregards America's pledge to reduce carbon
emission by 26 to 28 percent, the United States can save millions of dollars on climate policies but
increase the threat to the planet. This can lead to other countries not meeting their emission quota. If
a majority of the nations who signed the Paris agreement goes back on their promise, a market
failure will occur, producing an inefficient result. If too many countries become free riders, the cost
of the remaining countries will increase trying to reduce emission. This will then exceed the benefits
for the counties to fix the climate problem. Eventually leading to the climate problem being too
large for the few remaining countries to solve on their own.
Another problem with public goods is the tragedy of the commons. The tragedy of the commons
occurs when individual people or parties disregard the well–being of the society in pursuing
personal gains. When every country tries to gain the most benefits from abusing the climate, the
demand will rapidly consume the supply of the resource, due to the country not

Pestle Analysis
"Internal and External environmental audit" of the automobile industry in the UK using PESTEL
and SWOT frameworks.
Britain's automobile industry dates back to the late 19th century, when Daimler began
manufacturing cars. Today, the UK is a major automobile and automobile part manufacturing hub
and home to seven major car manufacturers. It produces a wide range of standard specification,
premium and specialist vehicles, including Formula One cars and sports vehicles.
An analysis of the industry using the PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological,
Environmental and Legal) framework is carried out below:
Political: The automotive industry has always received political support on account of several
factors such as employment ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The industry has made significant progress in innovations in fuel alternatives, fuel–efficient cars and
tyre pressure monitoring in a bid to conserve fuel. Manufacturers also arrange to recycle End of Life
vehicles (ELVs) which have been scrapped. Besides recycling of waste, this solves landfill
problems.
Legislation: The automobile industry is subject to national, international and EU regulations
concerning environmental issues discussed earlier, manufacturing and safety standards. From 2014,
cars manufactured in the UK must be equipped with Electronic Stability Control (ESC) mechanism
in order to control skidding. Another initiative which will also help to increase fuel efficiency and
prevent accidents, the Tyre Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) will serve to alert drivers to sub–
optimal tyre pressure. All car brands need to be SENTA approved – a uniform EU standard without
which vehicles can neither be sold nor registered. Manufacturers can also avail tax credits for
adopting and adhering with emission norms.
SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis
Strengths: The main strengths of the industry are an extended manufacturing base, availability of
skilled workers and membership of the EU. The absence of trade barriers between EU member
countries facilitates exports, a significant fact since customs duties account for as much as 20 per
cent of the vehicle cost. The country also has the technological expertise and infrastructure to make
a wide

Why A National Carbon Cap And Trade Program Is Missing?
Kun Lou Why a National Carbon Cap–and–Trade Program is Missing? Cap–and–trade is a system
designed to reduce emissions. Once a cap of certain emissions is set, companies are allowed to sell
their unused portion to ones who exceed the cap. The feature of cap–and–trade is that instead of
commanding companies how to reduce their emissions, it simply imposes a cap on emissions1. A
company makes it own decision on how to use it allowance. Companies are rewarded by selling the
left quota under the cap or they have to purchase extra allowance from the market. Though the term
'cap–and–trade ' is mostly referred to efforts in reducing carbon emission, the initial idea of trading
emissions was applied to SO2 emission control. During Regan administration from 1980 to 1988, 70
bills were written to address SO2 emission and acid rain control. However, such 'command–and–
control ' policy was too costly to operate. It was not until 1989 the government proposed emission
trading as a means of reducing SO2 emissions2. Cap–and–trade officially became part of Clean Air
Act 19903. The result from this very first cap–and–trade initiative was very encouraging–3 million
tons of acid rain emissions have been cut. With the recognition of climate change, cap–and–trade
was proposed to be a solution to dealing with carbon emission. The America 's

Alternative Fuels And Its Effects On Our Environment
The engine of today is largely dominated by the oil industry. Most of our energy consumption is
contributed to transportation and movement of goods. This creates a high demand for fuel as the
number of miles driven per person is projected to grow. Currently, 86% of vehicles run on fossil
fuels, which create heavy amounts of carbon dioxide gas which puts heavy strain on our
environment. It is up to large companies to research alternative methods of fuels and compare them
to our most dominant fuel. At the moment, proposed alternative fuels are biodiesel, electricity,
ethanol, and hydrogen fuel cells. If one of these proves to be a viable source, then we can move
toward development of engines that accept these fuels and deviate from standard fossil fuel
consumption.
Biodiesel:
Biodiesel is a renewable fuel derived from animal fats, vegetable oils, and recycled grease. It is
made from a blend of certain plants and animal fats, helping to burn a cleaner reduced emission
fuel. Biodiesel can replace diesel fuel and be used in diesel engines. The US currently produces
about 1.7 billion gallons of biodiesel; not enough to meet our use of 40 billion gallons. Biodiesel
was first developed in 1890 by Rudolph Diesel. Rudolph believed that "pure vegetable oils could
power early diesel engines" [5]. Despite his discovery, biodiesel development was forgotten as
cheaper alternative sources of fuel were presented. Diesel derived from petroleum was favored over
biodiesel for its

Discrete Math
Coal is a fossil fuel like oil and gas. Fossil fuels are all formed out of organic matter deposited,
decomposed and compressed, storing all the carbon involved under the earth's surface for millions
of years.
Some of the advantages of coal are – * Easily combustible, and burns at low temperatures, making
coal–fired boilers cheaper and simpler than many others * Widely and easily distributed all over the
world; * Comparatively inexpensive to buy on the open market due to large reserves and easy
accessibility * Good availability for much of the world (i.e. coal is found many more places than
other fossil fuels) * Most coal is rather simple to mine, making it by far the least expensive fossil
fuel to actually obtain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Coal slurry (a mix of rock and coal products left over after the mined coal has been treated for use
as a fuel) is a severe environmental problem around coal mines. The slurry itself is a semi–liquid,
and is generally stored in a pond or small lake near the mine exit. The slurry contains a whole host
of nasty chemicals, mostly benzene relatives and derivatives, and is categorized as low–level toxic
waste. Storing is a significant problem, as it has a tendency to leech into the local environment,
contaminating groundwater and nearby croplands. The major problem is that the volume of coal
slurry is quite high, relative to the amount of usable coal produced.
Improve answe
Nevada is shaping up as the battle ground for a decision on the future of electric generation in the
United States. But it's not nuclear power and Yucca Mountain being debated this time. Instead
Nevada is at the center of the debate over coal–fired power plants, which provide about half the
nation's electricity.
Are EPA coal emission standards strict enough?
Three new plants are proposed for the Silver State, and environmental groups say their effects
would be deadly to both the environment and to human health. They also say the tide is turning
against coal, as evidenced by the 59 coal plant plans canceled, abandoned, or put on hold last year –
despite a resurgence in coal plant proposals earlier this decade. They also point to Senate Majority
Leader Harry Reid's outspoken opposition to new coal

European Union ( Eu ) Action
2.2 European Union (EU) action
The EU was developing a particular system to mitigate CO2 and other GHG emissions. In 2005, the
EU establishes an effective system, which is EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) (European
Communities, 2013). The EU ETS considers as effective system to combat climate change and tool
to reduce CO2 and other GHG (European Communities, 2015).
The EU ETS has biggest and first main emissions trading in the world. This system includes 28
countries from the EU as well Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. This trading scheme puts price on
each ton of carbon emissions. As the CO2 emissions prices are high, thus encouraging to increase
investment with clean energy that reduce CO2 and GHG emissions. Beside, this system ... Show
The EU ETS cap allowance gives the owner of company to emit one tone of CO2 (each allowance
can used only one time). Moreover, cap gives EU companies chance to buy or receive emissions
allowance if they want to trade. In addition, from 2013, the cap will be making change by reduce
emission about 1.74% every year from power plants and installations. That means GHG emission in
2020 will be reduce around 21% compared to 2005 (European Communities, 2013).
2.3 local responses
In light to local response for UK to mitigate CO2 emission and other GHG, it has established
Climate Change Act on 26 November 2008. These act aims to several legislation that helps to
manage and address climate change (GOV.UK, 2013 a). Therefore, the act works to achieve aims as
the following: First, make certain economic way to reduce emissions and reduce about 80% of GHG
by 2050 compared to 1990 (HM Government, 2011 & GOV.UK, 2013 a). Second, providing clear
plan for industry to work effective in reduce emission by the act (GOV.UK, 2013 a).
Third, use EU ETS policy to provide large proportion to reducing emissions in the UK between the
2013 and 2020. Fourth, use 2050 Calculator by public and policy makers to choosing the
appropriate options to reduce emission and achieve the target of 2050 (GOV.UK, 2014). The 2050
Calculator is model that help policy–makers and public to choose the appropriate way for reducing
emissions

Aqua Silencer
ABSTRACT
Polluted air causes physical ill effect decides undesirable aesthetic and physiological effects. The
main pollutants contributed by automobiles, electric power generating stations, industrial and
domestic fuel consumption, refuse burning, industrial processing etc. are carbon monoxide (CO),
unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and Lead. An aqua silencer is an attempt
mainly dealing with control of emission and noise. The noise and smoke level is considerably less
than the conventional silencer, it is cheaper, no need of catalytic converter and easy to install.
Table of Contents ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
| Particulars | Page No. | 2.1 | Catalytic converter | 6 | 2.2 | Exhaust gas circulations | 8 | 2.3 |
Conventional muffler | 9 | 3.1 | Perforated tube | 17 | 3.2 | Reducer | 18 | 4.1 | Metal container | 19 |
4.2.1 | Tube without perforations | 20 | 4.2.2 | Cross sectional view of perforated tube with charcoal
layer | 20 | 4.2.3 | Perforated tube | 20 | 4.3 | Cross sectional view of reducer | 21 | 5.1 | Activated
charcoal | 22 | 5.2 | Magnified view of activate charcoal | 23 |
List of Tables
Table No. | Particulars | Page No. | 1.1 | | | 1.2 | | | 1.3 | | | 1.4 | | | 1.5 | | | 1.6 | | | 2.1 | | | 2.2 | | | 2.3 | | |
2.4 | | | 2.5 | | | 2.6 | | | 2.7 | | | 4.1 | | | 6.1 | | | 6.2 | | | 6.3 | | |
1.1 AIR Pollution
Air Pollution can be defined as addition to our environment of any material which will have
detorious effect on life and planet is called as air

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