8. … Trên đời, phàm 10 điều đã có 7, 8 điều bất như ý.
Thế nên, nếu gặp điều bất như ý, ấy là chuyện bình
thường;
còn nếu gặp điều như ý, ấy mới là chuyện bất thường …
Kim Dung,
Thần điêu đại hiệp
9. 9
Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner
(1783 - 1841)
Morphine was discovered (1805) by Adam Sertürner;
an obscure, uneducated, 22-year-old pharmacist's assistant
18. 18
•A member of a large group of chemicals that are made by plants and have
nitrogen in them. Some alkaloids have been shown to work against cancer.
www.stjude.org/glossary
•heterogeneous group of alkaline, organic, compounds containing nitrogen and
usually oxygen; generally colorless and bitter-tasting; especially found in seed
plants.
www.n101.com/HealthNotes/HNs/Herb/Herb_Terms.htm
•A large, varied group of complex nitrogen-containing compounds, usually
alkaline, that react with acids to form soluble salts, many of which have
physiological effects on humans. Includes nicotine, cocaine, caffeine, etc.
www.planetbotanic.ca/glossary.htm
•Any of a class of organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen,
and usually oxygen, that are often derived from plants. The name means
alkalilike, but some alkaloids do not exhibit alkaline properties. Many alkaloids,
though poisons, have physiological effects that render them valuable as
medicines. ...
www.findhealer.com/glossary/A.php3
19. 19
•A naturally occuring organic compound containing nitrogen that acts as a base.
Many alkaloids are physiologically active and can be used in small quantities as
medicines, but if taken in larger doses they can be extremely poisonous. An
example is caffeine.
www.ch.ic.ac.uk/vchemlib/mol/glossary/
•a base, which contains nitrogen; many of the active substances in plants and
alkaloids, for example, morphine, cocaine, mescaline, etc.
library.thinkquest.org/C0115926/glosary.htm
•A class of organic compounds that contain nitrogen, isolated from plants.
xenon.che.ilstu.edu/genchemhelphomepage/glossary/a.html
•organic substances occurring naturally, which are basic, forming salts with acids.
The basic group is usually an amino function.
www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Chemistry/Organicchemistry/Common/C
ommon.htm
•Alkaline substances found in certain plants, such as berberine and hydrastine
from golden seal.
www.enzy.com/glossary/searchresults.asp
20. 20
•Nitrogenous organic bases found in plants having specific physiological function.
144.16.93.203/energy/monograph1/Glossary.html
•A group of plant derived substances with toxic properties, eg. pyrethrum.
www.pestmanagement.co.uk/lib/glossary/glossary_a.shtml
•natural bases containing nitrogen found in plants
wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn
•An alkaloid is a nitrogenous organic molecule that has a pharmacological effect
on humans and other animals. The name derives from the word alkaline;
originally, the term was used to describe any nitrogen-containing base (an amine
in modern terms). ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaloid
43. 43
• Là nhóm lớn & quan trọng nhất (alkaloid chính thức)
• Sinh nguyên : từ các acid amin (khác pseudo-alkaloid)
• Có N / nhân dị vòng (khác proto-alkaloid)
• Được chia thành nhiều nhóm tùy nhân căn bản
(pyrol, indol, tropan, quinolin, isoquinolin…)
(true alkaloids)
44. 44
3A.1. alkaloid pyrrol và pyrrolidin
N
H
N
H
pyrrolidin
pyrrol hygrin
N
Me
N
Me
O
cuscohygrin
N
Me
O
3A.2. alkaloid pyrrolizidin
N N
CH2OH
HO
pyrrolizidin retronecin
45. 45
3A.3. alkaloid tropan
N
N OH N OH
O
tropan
tropanol (tropin) scopanol (scopin)
ecgonin
N
COOMe
OOC Ph
N OH
COOH
cocain
N OOC CH
CH2OH
Ph
scopolamin
hyoscyamin
O N OOC CH
CH2OH
Ph
(benzoyl)
46. 46
3A.4. alkaloid pyridin và piperidin
N
N
H
pyridin
piperidin
N
N
nicotin
N
H
O
isopelletierin
N
Me
COOMe
arecolin
N
Me
O
O
lobelin
47. 47
3A.5. alkaloid indol, indolin (1)
N
H
N
H
N
H
NH2
COOH
indol
indolin
trytophan
N
H
NH
COOH
Me
abrin
N
H
NH2
HO
serotonin
N
H
Me
N
Me
gramin
kiểu indol alkylamin
48. 48
3A.5. alkaloid indol và indolin (2)
kiểu eseran
N
Me
O
Me
N
N
Me
Me
N
Me
H
N
H
eserin
kiểu β-carbolin harmin
N
H
N
Me
N
H
N
49. 49
3A.5. alkaloid indol và indolin (3)
H
N
H
N
Me
N
H
N
COOH
ergolin acid lysergic
MeO
MeO
O
N
O
N
O
N
O
N
strychnin brucin
kiểu ergolin :
kiểu strychnan :
50. 50
3A.5. alkaloid indol và indolin (4)
MeO N
H
OOC OMe
OMe
OMe
N
OMe
OMe
O
yohimbin
reserpin
MeO N
H
N
O
OMe
OMe
O
ajmalicin
kiểu yohimban
N
H
N
OH
OMe
O
55. 55
3A.9. alkaloid iso-quinolein (3)
kiểu aporphin
N R
MeO
MeO
N Me N Me
O
O
aporphin nuciferin / Sen roemerin / Bình vôi
HO
N
O
HO
Me
HO
N
O
Me
MeO
morphin codein
kiểu morphinan
56. 56
3A.9. alkaloid iso-quinolein (4)
kiểu protoberberin
N
N
O
O
MeO
MeO
N
MeO
MeO
MeO
MeO
berberin
palmatin
N
MeO
MeO
MeO
MeO
rotundin
(tetrahydro palmatin)
57. 57
3A.9. alkaloid iso-quinolein (5)
kiểu emetin
Et
CH2
H N
N
OMe
MeO
OMe
MeO
Ngoài ra còn các kiểu
- bisbenzyl iQ, phtalid iQ,
- protopin, benzophenanthridin . . .