This document discusses various types of equipment that can be used to recover waste heat, including recuperators, regenerators, heat wheels, heat pipes, economizers, shell and tube heat exchangers, plate heat exchangers, and run around coil exchangers. It provides details on the design and operation of each type of equipment and examples of common industrial applications where they are used, such as recovering heat from boiler flue gases, furnaces, dryers, and other processes to improve energy efficiency.
Waste heat recovery involves capturing heat from hot exhaust gases or streams and reusing it for other industrial processes. There are various types of equipment for waste heat recovery including recuperators, regenerators, heat wheels, heat pipes, economizers, plate heat exchangers, run around coil exchangers, waste heat boilers, and heat pumps. The quality and quantity of recoverable waste heat depends on factors like temperature, flow rate, and temperature difference. Recovering waste heat can provide significant fuel savings and monetary benefits through reduced energy costs.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
This document provides information on waste heat recovery from industrial processes. It begins with an introduction that defines waste heat and its potential value. The training agenda is then outlined, covering waste heat types, assessment, and performance evaluation. Various types of commercial waste heat recovery equipment are described, including recuperators, regenerators, heat wheels, heat pipes, economizers, plate heat exchangers, and heat pumps. An example calculation is provided for estimating heat and cost savings from recovering waste heat from hot water. In closing, the document thanks attendees and provides information on its source and references.
This document discusses boiler efficiency and the factors that affect it. It provides two methods for calculating efficiency - the indirect or loss method, and the direct method. The indirect method calculates efficiency by determining the percentage losses due to factors like flue gas, hydrogen in fuel, moisture, etc. The direct method calculates efficiency as the ratio of useful steam output to heat input. The document also lists ways to improve boiler efficiency, such as oxygen trim systems, flue gas temperature control, and proper water treatment and blowdown control.
Thermax Limited provides consulting services for efficient steam systems, including piping design, equipment selection, and design of condensate recovery and waste heat recovery systems. They offer utilities audits to analyze steam, compressed air, cooling, and power systems with the goal of optimizing costs. Their expertise includes selection and sizing of equipment such as pressure reducing stations, traps, and insulation. High-pressure condensate recovery systems can provide fuel savings of 15-20% by recovering heat from flash steam and condensate.
Hello,
I am trying to explain about Steam Generator (Boiler) in this session, due to length of said presentation, I am deciding to divide it in three parts.
Part 1 cover the “Introduction & Types of Steam Generator”
Part 2 cover about the “Parts of Steam Generator and Its Accessories & Auxiliaries” and
Part 3 cover the “Efficiency & Performance”
The document describes the Rankine cycle, which is a vapor power cycle that can be practically implemented. It discusses the ideal Rankine cycle process of:
1. Isentropic compression in a pump
2. Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3. Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4. Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
It also discusses deviations from the ideal cycle, such as non-ideal pump and turbine efficiencies. Methods to increase cycle efficiency include lowering the condenser pressure, increasing steam superheating, and raising the boiler pressure. Advanced cycles like reheat and regeneration are also mentioned to further improve performance.
This document is a project report on the thermodynamic analysis of a vapor cascade refrigeration system using R-12 and R-404A as alternative refrigerants. It was submitted by six students and guided by their professor Santanu Banerjee at Birbhum Institute of Engineering and Technology. The report includes an introduction to refrigeration systems, literature review on vapor cascade systems, mathematical formulation of the proposed model, results and discussion of simulations, and conclusions and scope for future work.
Waste heat recovery involves capturing heat from hot exhaust gases or streams and reusing it for other industrial processes. There are various types of equipment for waste heat recovery including recuperators, regenerators, heat wheels, heat pipes, economizers, plate heat exchangers, run around coil exchangers, waste heat boilers, and heat pumps. The quality and quantity of recoverable waste heat depends on factors like temperature, flow rate, and temperature difference. Recovering waste heat can provide significant fuel savings and monetary benefits through reduced energy costs.
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Syllabus:
Availability and Irreversibility
Availability Function
Second Law Efficiencies
Work Potential Associated with Internal Energy
Waste Heat Recovery
Heat Losses – Quality vs. Quantity
Principle of Heat Recovery Units
Classification of WHRS on Temperature Range Bases
Commercial Viable Waste Heat Recovery Devices
Benefits of Waste Heat Recovery
Development of a Waste Heat Recovery System
Commercial Waste Heat Recovery Devices
West Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB)
Recuperators- Regenerative, Ceramic, Regenerative Heat Exchanger
Thermal wheel/ Heat Wheel
Heat Pipe
Economiser
Feed Water
Heat Pump
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger
Plate Heat Exchanger
Run-around coil
Direct Contact Heat Exchanger
Advantages and Limitations of WHRD’s
This document provides information on waste heat recovery from industrial processes. It begins with an introduction that defines waste heat and its potential value. The training agenda is then outlined, covering waste heat types, assessment, and performance evaluation. Various types of commercial waste heat recovery equipment are described, including recuperators, regenerators, heat wheels, heat pipes, economizers, plate heat exchangers, and heat pumps. An example calculation is provided for estimating heat and cost savings from recovering waste heat from hot water. In closing, the document thanks attendees and provides information on its source and references.
This document discusses boiler efficiency and the factors that affect it. It provides two methods for calculating efficiency - the indirect or loss method, and the direct method. The indirect method calculates efficiency by determining the percentage losses due to factors like flue gas, hydrogen in fuel, moisture, etc. The direct method calculates efficiency as the ratio of useful steam output to heat input. The document also lists ways to improve boiler efficiency, such as oxygen trim systems, flue gas temperature control, and proper water treatment and blowdown control.
Thermax Limited provides consulting services for efficient steam systems, including piping design, equipment selection, and design of condensate recovery and waste heat recovery systems. They offer utilities audits to analyze steam, compressed air, cooling, and power systems with the goal of optimizing costs. Their expertise includes selection and sizing of equipment such as pressure reducing stations, traps, and insulation. High-pressure condensate recovery systems can provide fuel savings of 15-20% by recovering heat from flash steam and condensate.
Hello,
I am trying to explain about Steam Generator (Boiler) in this session, due to length of said presentation, I am deciding to divide it in three parts.
Part 1 cover the “Introduction & Types of Steam Generator”
Part 2 cover about the “Parts of Steam Generator and Its Accessories & Auxiliaries” and
Part 3 cover the “Efficiency & Performance”
The document describes the Rankine cycle, which is a vapor power cycle that can be practically implemented. It discusses the ideal Rankine cycle process of:
1. Isentropic compression in a pump
2. Constant pressure heat addition in a boiler
3. Isentropic expansion in a turbine
4. Constant pressure heat rejection in a condenser
It also discusses deviations from the ideal cycle, such as non-ideal pump and turbine efficiencies. Methods to increase cycle efficiency include lowering the condenser pressure, increasing steam superheating, and raising the boiler pressure. Advanced cycles like reheat and regeneration are also mentioned to further improve performance.
This document is a project report on the thermodynamic analysis of a vapor cascade refrigeration system using R-12 and R-404A as alternative refrigerants. It was submitted by six students and guided by their professor Santanu Banerjee at Birbhum Institute of Engineering and Technology. The report includes an introduction to refrigeration systems, literature review on vapor cascade systems, mathematical formulation of the proposed model, results and discussion of simulations, and conclusions and scope for future work.
The document provides information on assessing the energy performance of boilers through testing. It discusses how boiler efficiency and evaporation ratio can decrease over time due to various factors like poor combustion, fouling, and deteriorating fuel/water quality. The purpose of performance testing is to determine the actual efficiency and compare it to design values in order to identify areas for improvement. Both direct and indirect testing methods are described as well as the necessary measurements, instruments, standards, and considerations involved in conducting the tests. Formulas are also provided for calculating efficiency using the indirect method by establishing heat losses from the boiler.
Waste Heat Recovery Power Plant - WHRPP Kalina Based Cycle.Muhammad Awais
This document summarizes a proposed waste heat recovery plant project at DG Cement's Khairpur site in Chakwal, Pakistan. The project involves installing a Kalina cycle-based waste heat recovery system with three heat recovery vapor generators (HRVGs) totaling 83 tonnes per hour and one 8.6 MW vapor turbo generator. The HRVGs will be installed at the preheater and air quenched cooler ends of the cement kiln. The project is expected to generate 61,301 MWh/year of electricity, displacing grid imports and reducing annual CO2 emissions by 28,542 tonnes. It will contribute to sustainable development through environmental, social and economic benefits.
The document discusses Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs). HRSGs recover heat from gas turbine exhaust to produce steam. They operate in either combined cycle mode, where steam drives a turbine, or cogeneration mode where steam is used for industrial processes. HRSGs contain evaporator, economizer, and superheater sections to produce steam. They can also include reheaters, deaerators, and preheaters. HRSGs come in natural circulation, forced circulation, or once-through designs and can be unfired, fired, supplementary fired, or exhaust fired depending on heat input. HRSGs vary in operation pressure as either single or multi-pressure. Post-combustion emission controls like
This lecture provided an overview of combustion in boilers including general boiler designs, applications of different boiler configurations, types of fuels used and related combustion systems, burner designs, and emission control methods. Key topics covered included heat balances and transfers, excess air calculations, sizing of combustion chambers, gas, liquid, and solid fuel burning systems, and techniques for reducing emissions like NOx, CO2, and particulate matter.
1) A boiler produces steam by heating water with a fuel source like coal, gas or oil. The steam is used to generate power via steam turbines or for industrial processes and building heating.
2) A typical thermal power plant has a coal handling plant to feed coal into the boiler furnace. Other key components include a pulverizing plant to grind coal, a draft system to circulate air, superheaters and reheaters to further heat steam, steam turbines to convert steam energy to mechanical energy, and a condenser to condense steam back into water.
3) Auxiliary components include an ash handling plant to remove ash residue from combustion, cooling towers or ponds to cool condenser water for reuse
An economiser is a device that increases the temperature of feed water using waste heat from flue gases leaving the boiler. It consists of vertical cast iron or steel pipes through which feed water flows and is heated by hot flue gases passing over the pipes. This preheats the feed water, reducing fuel consumption and increasing boiler efficiency. However, economisers also cause a pressure drop in flue gases. An air preheater similarly uses waste heat to preheat combustion air entering the furnace, improving combustion and efficiency but requiring forced draught.
Improve plant heat rate with feedwater heater controlHossam Zein
This document discusses improving thermal efficiency in power plants by optimizing feedwater heater performance and control. It contains the following key points:
1. Small deviations in heat rate can have large impacts on annual fuel costs, so precise control of feedwater heater levels is important for efficiency. Poor level control leads to heat losses.
2. Feedwater heaters use extraction steam to preheat feedwater and improve boiler efficiency. Accurate level control ensures optimal heat transfer. Instrument errors can degrade performance.
3. Two case studies show how unreliable level controls increased annual fuel costs by $243,000 in one plant and led to excessive heater bypasses in another. Updating controls provided paybacks of 1
Feedwater heaters are used in thermal power plants to pre-heat feedwater and improve cycle efficiency. They extract steam from various turbine stages and use it to heat incoming feedwater in stages. This reduces the amount of heat needed in the boiler and lowers the condenser pressure, improving efficiency. Feedwater heaters come in low-pressure and high-pressure varieties and utilize extracted steam in shell-and-tube or open heat exchangers. Their performance impacts the overall plant heat rate and emissions. Maintaining optimal temperatures and addressing issues like fouling or leaks is important for efficiency.
The writeup details the Heat Balance of BHEL 210 MW Turbine Cycle. The Input and Output steam condition of Turbines, Extractions, Deaerator, LP Heaters, Condensers etc have been computed as per the specifications of the turbine manufacturer
introduction to thermal powerplant,type of thermal powerplant,captive powerplant,rankin cycle,co-generation powerplant,subcritical powerplant,supercritical powerplant,theory of operation,working principle,parts of powerplant,boiler,turbine,etc
The document discusses the history and scientific development of cooling tower design theory. It begins by explaining how Merkel developed the first scientific theory for evaluating cooling tower performance in 1925. It then provides definitions of key cooling tower concepts like approach, range, and heat transfer methods. The document goes on to describe parameters like tower characteristics, fan power requirements, and water loss factors. It also summarizes Merkel's assumptions and the development of generalized supply equations from manufacturer curves.
The document discusses traditional pulverized fuel firing systems and circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) boilers. It provides details on the principles and types of CFBC boilers, as well as their advantages over traditional systems, including greater fuel flexibility, lower emissions, and easier desulfurization. CFBC boilers allow for in-furnace reduction of NOx and SOx through low-temperature combustion and the addition of limestone, providing an inherently more environmentally friendly combustion system compared to pulverized fuel firing.
This document discusses methods to improve the efficiency of a Rankine cycle steam power plant. It describes lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam to high temperatures using reheat, increasing the boiler pressure, implementing an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with open feedwater heaters, using closed feedwater heaters, and utilizing cogeneration to make use of waste heat. The key methods discussed are lowering condenser pressure, superheating steam, increasing boiler pressure, and implementing regenerative feedwater heating to improve the average heat addition and cycle efficiency.
A full package presentation about Hydrogen Production Unit including an overview about steam reformers, combustion reaction, moods of heat transfer, draft systems, reactors, chemicals used in HPU, and types of compressors. Moreover, it describes the process description, process variables, and opens the way for some possible improvements which can be implemented to develop the unit performance.
Feedwater heaters are used in steam power plants to pre-heat water delivered to boilers. They work by using extracted steam from turbine stages to gradually heat feedwater up to saturation temperature. This improves efficiency by reducing costs and preventing thermal shock to boiler metal. Feedwater heaters come in open and closed designs, with open designs mixing extracted steam directly into feedwater and closed using heat exchangers. Their use recovers some energy from steam and optimizes the balance between extracted steam and turbine power output.
1. Supercritical boilers operate above the critical pressure of water (221 bar), where there is no distinction between water and steam.
2. Operating above the critical pressure provides benefits like higher cycle efficiency, lower fuel consumption and emissions, and improved load change flexibility compared to subcritical boilers.
3. The key difference between subcritical and supercritical boilers is that supercritical boilers are drumless, with evaporation occurring in a single pass and flow induced by the feed pump rather than natural circulation.
This document discusses waste heat recovery systems (WHRS) that can be installed on ships to capture waste heat from main engine exhaust to generate electricity. It describes three main WHRS options: a power turbine generator (PTG) unit, a steam turbine generator (STG) unit, and a combined steam turbine and power turbine generator (ST-PT) unit. The PTG uses a turbine to capture energy from the exhaust gas bypass, while the STG and ST-PT systems use a boiler and steam turbine. Capturing waste heat can generate 3-11% of a ship's electricity and significantly reduce fuel costs and emissions. Selecting the best WHRS depends on electrical load, running profile, and available space on the
The document discusses points related to sub critical and super critical boiler design, including boiler design parameters, chemical treatment systems, operation, feedwater systems, boiler control, and startup curves. It provides explanations of sub critical and super critical boiler technologies, comparing drum type sub critical boilers to drumless super critical boilers. Key differences in operation and response to load changes are highlighted.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the performance of an air-cooled condenser for low pressure steam condensation. Key findings include:
- Mass flow rate of condensed steam decreases with decreases in steam pressure and temperature difference.
- While capacity is sometimes limited by ambient conditions, air-cooled condensers are still preferable to traditional steam surface condensers due to water availability and environmental issues.
- Previous studies have examined the effects of ambient conditions like temperature and wind velocity on the performance of air-cooled condensers. Fins and changes to tube geometry have been used to improve performance.
The document discusses a waste heat recovery system for sinter coolers in steel plants. Sinter coolers produce large amounts of exhaust heat during the steel production process. The proposed system recovers sensible heat from the exhaust gases of sinter machines and coolers through heat recovery hoods. The captured heat is used to generate steam in a heat recovery boiler, which then generates electricity through a turbine and generator. Recovering waste heat in this way improves energy efficiency, reduces carbon emissions, and can help meet increasing global energy demands.
The document provides information on assessing the energy performance of boilers through testing. It discusses how boiler efficiency and evaporation ratio can decrease over time due to various factors like poor combustion, fouling, and deteriorating fuel/water quality. The purpose of performance testing is to determine the actual efficiency and compare it to design values in order to identify areas for improvement. Both direct and indirect testing methods are described as well as the necessary measurements, instruments, standards, and considerations involved in conducting the tests. Formulas are also provided for calculating efficiency using the indirect method by establishing heat losses from the boiler.
Waste Heat Recovery Power Plant - WHRPP Kalina Based Cycle.Muhammad Awais
This document summarizes a proposed waste heat recovery plant project at DG Cement's Khairpur site in Chakwal, Pakistan. The project involves installing a Kalina cycle-based waste heat recovery system with three heat recovery vapor generators (HRVGs) totaling 83 tonnes per hour and one 8.6 MW vapor turbo generator. The HRVGs will be installed at the preheater and air quenched cooler ends of the cement kiln. The project is expected to generate 61,301 MWh/year of electricity, displacing grid imports and reducing annual CO2 emissions by 28,542 tonnes. It will contribute to sustainable development through environmental, social and economic benefits.
The document discusses Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs). HRSGs recover heat from gas turbine exhaust to produce steam. They operate in either combined cycle mode, where steam drives a turbine, or cogeneration mode where steam is used for industrial processes. HRSGs contain evaporator, economizer, and superheater sections to produce steam. They can also include reheaters, deaerators, and preheaters. HRSGs come in natural circulation, forced circulation, or once-through designs and can be unfired, fired, supplementary fired, or exhaust fired depending on heat input. HRSGs vary in operation pressure as either single or multi-pressure. Post-combustion emission controls like
This lecture provided an overview of combustion in boilers including general boiler designs, applications of different boiler configurations, types of fuels used and related combustion systems, burner designs, and emission control methods. Key topics covered included heat balances and transfers, excess air calculations, sizing of combustion chambers, gas, liquid, and solid fuel burning systems, and techniques for reducing emissions like NOx, CO2, and particulate matter.
1) A boiler produces steam by heating water with a fuel source like coal, gas or oil. The steam is used to generate power via steam turbines or for industrial processes and building heating.
2) A typical thermal power plant has a coal handling plant to feed coal into the boiler furnace. Other key components include a pulverizing plant to grind coal, a draft system to circulate air, superheaters and reheaters to further heat steam, steam turbines to convert steam energy to mechanical energy, and a condenser to condense steam back into water.
3) Auxiliary components include an ash handling plant to remove ash residue from combustion, cooling towers or ponds to cool condenser water for reuse
An economiser is a device that increases the temperature of feed water using waste heat from flue gases leaving the boiler. It consists of vertical cast iron or steel pipes through which feed water flows and is heated by hot flue gases passing over the pipes. This preheats the feed water, reducing fuel consumption and increasing boiler efficiency. However, economisers also cause a pressure drop in flue gases. An air preheater similarly uses waste heat to preheat combustion air entering the furnace, improving combustion and efficiency but requiring forced draught.
Improve plant heat rate with feedwater heater controlHossam Zein
This document discusses improving thermal efficiency in power plants by optimizing feedwater heater performance and control. It contains the following key points:
1. Small deviations in heat rate can have large impacts on annual fuel costs, so precise control of feedwater heater levels is important for efficiency. Poor level control leads to heat losses.
2. Feedwater heaters use extraction steam to preheat feedwater and improve boiler efficiency. Accurate level control ensures optimal heat transfer. Instrument errors can degrade performance.
3. Two case studies show how unreliable level controls increased annual fuel costs by $243,000 in one plant and led to excessive heater bypasses in another. Updating controls provided paybacks of 1
Feedwater heaters are used in thermal power plants to pre-heat feedwater and improve cycle efficiency. They extract steam from various turbine stages and use it to heat incoming feedwater in stages. This reduces the amount of heat needed in the boiler and lowers the condenser pressure, improving efficiency. Feedwater heaters come in low-pressure and high-pressure varieties and utilize extracted steam in shell-and-tube or open heat exchangers. Their performance impacts the overall plant heat rate and emissions. Maintaining optimal temperatures and addressing issues like fouling or leaks is important for efficiency.
The writeup details the Heat Balance of BHEL 210 MW Turbine Cycle. The Input and Output steam condition of Turbines, Extractions, Deaerator, LP Heaters, Condensers etc have been computed as per the specifications of the turbine manufacturer
introduction to thermal powerplant,type of thermal powerplant,captive powerplant,rankin cycle,co-generation powerplant,subcritical powerplant,supercritical powerplant,theory of operation,working principle,parts of powerplant,boiler,turbine,etc
The document discusses the history and scientific development of cooling tower design theory. It begins by explaining how Merkel developed the first scientific theory for evaluating cooling tower performance in 1925. It then provides definitions of key cooling tower concepts like approach, range, and heat transfer methods. The document goes on to describe parameters like tower characteristics, fan power requirements, and water loss factors. It also summarizes Merkel's assumptions and the development of generalized supply equations from manufacturer curves.
The document discusses traditional pulverized fuel firing systems and circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC) boilers. It provides details on the principles and types of CFBC boilers, as well as their advantages over traditional systems, including greater fuel flexibility, lower emissions, and easier desulfurization. CFBC boilers allow for in-furnace reduction of NOx and SOx through low-temperature combustion and the addition of limestone, providing an inherently more environmentally friendly combustion system compared to pulverized fuel firing.
This document discusses methods to improve the efficiency of a Rankine cycle steam power plant. It describes lowering the condenser pressure, superheating steam to high temperatures using reheat, increasing the boiler pressure, implementing an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with open feedwater heaters, using closed feedwater heaters, and utilizing cogeneration to make use of waste heat. The key methods discussed are lowering condenser pressure, superheating steam, increasing boiler pressure, and implementing regenerative feedwater heating to improve the average heat addition and cycle efficiency.
A full package presentation about Hydrogen Production Unit including an overview about steam reformers, combustion reaction, moods of heat transfer, draft systems, reactors, chemicals used in HPU, and types of compressors. Moreover, it describes the process description, process variables, and opens the way for some possible improvements which can be implemented to develop the unit performance.
Feedwater heaters are used in steam power plants to pre-heat water delivered to boilers. They work by using extracted steam from turbine stages to gradually heat feedwater up to saturation temperature. This improves efficiency by reducing costs and preventing thermal shock to boiler metal. Feedwater heaters come in open and closed designs, with open designs mixing extracted steam directly into feedwater and closed using heat exchangers. Their use recovers some energy from steam and optimizes the balance between extracted steam and turbine power output.
1. Supercritical boilers operate above the critical pressure of water (221 bar), where there is no distinction between water and steam.
2. Operating above the critical pressure provides benefits like higher cycle efficiency, lower fuel consumption and emissions, and improved load change flexibility compared to subcritical boilers.
3. The key difference between subcritical and supercritical boilers is that supercritical boilers are drumless, with evaporation occurring in a single pass and flow induced by the feed pump rather than natural circulation.
This document discusses waste heat recovery systems (WHRS) that can be installed on ships to capture waste heat from main engine exhaust to generate electricity. It describes three main WHRS options: a power turbine generator (PTG) unit, a steam turbine generator (STG) unit, and a combined steam turbine and power turbine generator (ST-PT) unit. The PTG uses a turbine to capture energy from the exhaust gas bypass, while the STG and ST-PT systems use a boiler and steam turbine. Capturing waste heat can generate 3-11% of a ship's electricity and significantly reduce fuel costs and emissions. Selecting the best WHRS depends on electrical load, running profile, and available space on the
The document discusses points related to sub critical and super critical boiler design, including boiler design parameters, chemical treatment systems, operation, feedwater systems, boiler control, and startup curves. It provides explanations of sub critical and super critical boiler technologies, comparing drum type sub critical boilers to drumless super critical boilers. Key differences in operation and response to load changes are highlighted.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the performance of an air-cooled condenser for low pressure steam condensation. Key findings include:
- Mass flow rate of condensed steam decreases with decreases in steam pressure and temperature difference.
- While capacity is sometimes limited by ambient conditions, air-cooled condensers are still preferable to traditional steam surface condensers due to water availability and environmental issues.
- Previous studies have examined the effects of ambient conditions like temperature and wind velocity on the performance of air-cooled condensers. Fins and changes to tube geometry have been used to improve performance.
The document discusses a waste heat recovery system for sinter coolers in steel plants. Sinter coolers produce large amounts of exhaust heat during the steel production process. The proposed system recovers sensible heat from the exhaust gases of sinter machines and coolers through heat recovery hoods. The captured heat is used to generate steam in a heat recovery boiler, which then generates electricity through a turbine and generator. Recovering waste heat in this way improves energy efficiency, reduces carbon emissions, and can help meet increasing global energy demands.
This document describes an experimental setup for a solar vapor absorption cooling system using a flat plate collector. The system consists of two main circuits: 1) A solar water heating system circuit that uses a flat plate collector to heat water which is then used in the generator. 2) A vapor absorption refrigeration circuit consisting of a generator, absorber, evaporator, condenser and solution heat exchanger, using an ammonia-water working fluid. Experimental results showed a temperature drop of 7-8°C in the evaporator and a coefficient of performance of 0.75-0.79 for the solar powered vapor absorption system, lower than the maximum theoretical COP of 3.11 but demonstrating the potential to produce refrigeration from solar energy
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This document discusses investigating improvements to boiler efficiency through adding an additional bank of tubes to the economizer for supercritical steam power cycles. It begins by introducing economizers and how they recover heat from flue gases to preheat feedwater, improving boiler efficiency by 2-4% typically. The study aims to add another bank of tubes to existing economizers in NTPC units to further control pollutants and increase feedwater temperature for both subcritical and supercritical conditions. Heat transfer calculations are performed assuming the additional bank and comparisons are made between existing and modified unit efficiencies. Overall pros and cons of adding the extra bank of tubes in the economizer are examined.
Fabrication, Designing & Performance Analysis of Solar Parabolic TroughIJERA Editor
A parabolic trough solar collector uses a parabolic cylinder to reflect and concentrate sun radiations towards a receiver tube located at the focus line of the parabolic cylinder. The receiver absorbs the incoming radiations and transforms them into thermal energy, the latter being transported and collected by a fluid medium circulating within the receiver tube.This method of concentrated solar collection has the advantage of high efficiency and low cost, and can be used either for thermal energy collection, for generating electricity or for both, This paper focused on the fabrication and designing of solar parabolic trough, The designing of trough is depend upon the following parameters : Aperture of the concentrator , Inner diameter of absorber tube, Outer diameter of absorber tube, Inner diameter of glass tube, Outer diameter of glass tube, Length of parabolic trough, Concentration ratio, Collector aperture area, Specular reflectivity of concentrator, Glass cover transitivity for solar radiation, Absorber tube emissivity/emissivity, Intercept factor, Emissivity of absorber tube surface and Emissivity of glass. The performance analysis will be based on the Experimental data collection and calculations with reference to: Thermal performance calculations, Overall loss coefficient and heat correlations. Heat transfer coefficient on the inside surface of the absorber tube and Heat transfer coefficient between the absorber tube and the Cover.
This document provides an overview of waste heat recovery technologies and opportunities as well as trends in the HVAC industry. It discusses technologies used for waste heat recovery such as heat exchangers and power generation methods. Temperature ranges and sources of waste heat are classified. Challenges and barriers to waste heat recovery are outlined. Promising firms developing waste heat recovery technologies are described, including their solutions and value propositions. Trends in the HVAC industry and technologies involved are also briefly discussed.
Heat pipes are passive heat transfer devices that can transport heat over long distances with very little temperature difference between the heat source and heat sink. They work by evaporating a working fluid in an evaporator section and condensing it in a condenser section, using capillary action to return the condensed fluid. Heat pipes were first developed in the 1960s and have since found applications in electronics cooling, spacecraft thermal control, and industrial heat recovery systems. This document provides an introduction and overview of heat pipes, their operating principles, types, applications, and the status of heat pipe manufacturing in India.
The document discusses a tube-in-tube helical heat exchanger analysis using ANSYS CFD. It varies the curvature ratio from 8 to 25 and inlet velocity from 1 to 2 m/s to analyze parameters like Nusselt number, friction factor, and pressure drop. Graphs of these parameters versus Reynolds number are created and discussed to determine optimal heat exchanger performance. The analysis aims to improve heat transfer characteristics of coiled heat exchangers, which provide enhanced and compact heat transfer due to secondary flow effects from pipe curvature.
Recuperators are heat exchangers that transfer heat from one fluid stream to another without mixing the fluids. They are commonly used to recover waste heat from exhaust gases to preheat intake air in applications like gas turbines, furnaces, and ventilation systems. This increases efficiency by reducing the amount of fuel or additional heat needed. Recuperators transfer heat through a solid barrier separating the fluid streams and come in designs like plate, tube, or rotary. They provide efficiency gains over alternatives but require maintenance to address deposits on heat transfer surfaces over time.
This document summarizes a review paper on the performance of air-cooled condensers under various atmospheric conditions. It discusses how the performance of air-cooled condensers degrades under high ambient temperatures and windy conditions due to reduced heat rejection. Various techniques are explored to improve performance, such as using a hybrid dry/wet dephlegmator at high temperatures, shading from solar radiation, installing wind walls, increasing fan speed, and cleaning fins. Changing the tube geometry from circular to flat tubes inclined at an angle can also enhance heat transfer rates.
1) The document discusses heat transfer analysis methods to optimize the water cooling scheme for combustion devices used in torpedo propulsion systems.
2) It describes the components of the combustion chamber including the inner and outer walls that form the coolant passageway. Heat transfer is highest in the nozzle throat region.
3) Methods for calculating heat transfer rates, temperatures, velocities and other parameters on both the gas and coolant sides are presented using equations from heat transfer theory. The analysis can be used to optimize the cooling system design.
Heat Transfer Analysis to Optimize The Water Cooling Scheme For Combustion De...IJERA Editor
Thermal Propulsion system is one kind of propulsion system which is used to drive torpedo. The present study focuses mainly on design of combustion device known to be thrust chamber or thrust cylinder. The chamber and nozzle wall and the injector face plate must be made of metals selected for high strength at elevated temperature coupled with good thermal conductivity, resistance to high temperature oxidation. chemical inertness on the coolant on the coolant side, and suitability for the fabrication method to be employed. In the case of certain monopropellants, the metal must not catalyze the decomposition. Although aluminum and copper alloys have been used successfully for combustion chambers and nozzles, stainless steels and carbon steels are in widest use today.A cooling jacket permits the circulation of a coolant, which, in the case of flight engines is usually one of the propellants. Water is the only coolant recommended. The cooling jacket consists of an inner and outer wall. The combustion chamber forms the inner wall and another concentric but larger cylinder provides the outer wall. The space between the walls serves as the coolant passage. The nozzle throat region usually has the highest heat transfer intensity and is, therefore, the most difficult to cool.
Waste heat recovery provides opportunities to improve energy efficiency in industrial processes. Capturing lost heat from exhaust gases, furnaces, and other equipment can provide an emission-free substitute for fuels and electricity. Existing technologies like recuperators and regenerators can often recover 10-50% of lost heat. Lower temperature waste heat below 400°F can also be recovered and used for space heating, hot water, or low temperature industrial processes. Challenges include the low temperature differences available, corrosion from flue gas condensation, and finding suitable end uses for the recovered heat. Advanced materials and designs are exploring ways to further improve waste heat recovery across a wide range of industrial applications.
Air Cooled condensers were first introduced in US
power industry in early 1970’s, but only during last 10-15
years number of installations greatly increased largely due to
growing attention being paid to environmental safety. Also,
growing demand for water for both domestic and industrial
use has brought an increased interest in use of Air Cooled
condensers. This is a review paper which studies the
performance of Air-cooled condenser under various operating
conditions it is found that there is degradation in performance
of air cooled condenser under high ambient temperatures and
windy conditions. The heat rejection rate of ACC also depends
on surface condition of fins and thus its performance is
reduced due to external fouling of finned tubes due to weather
conditions and by internal fouling from condensate (Ammonia
corrosion). A Hybrid (dry/wet) dephlegmator achieves major
enhancement in performance when ambient temperatures are
high. Also shading of condensers is done for air-conditioning
units to mitigate the adverse effect of high ambient
temperatures due to solar radiation. Now a day’s wind walls
are used to reduce the effect of high wind velocity .second
option is to increase the fan speed Fin cleaning plays an
important role in heat rejection. External cleaning improves
air side heat transfer coefficient. In order to improve the
performance of an ACC Flat tubes inclined at some angle to
horizontal can also be used in place of conventional circular
horizontal tubes so that an improvement in heat transfer rate
occurs.
This document provides standards and specifications for the process design of furnaces. It covers topics such as design conditions, thermal design, tube sizes and arrangements, burners and fuels, instrumentation, and guarantees. The document is intended to outline minimum requirements for furnace design that are supplementary to individual furnace data sheets. It references other standards from organizations like API and provides definitions for furnace design terminology.
Enhancing Energy Efficiency of Thermochemical Vacuum-Processes and SystemsALD Vacuum Systems Inc.
The energy optimization of thermoprocessing equipment is of great ecological and economical importance. Thermoprocessing equipment consumes up to 40% of the energy used in industrial applications in Germany. Therefore it is necessary to increase the energy efficiency of thermoprocessing equipment in order to meet the EU’s targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In order to exploit the potential for energy savings, it is essential to analyze and optimize processes and plants as well as operating methods of electrically heated vacuum plants used in large scale production.
Design of superheater for 210 MW thermal powerplant finalKundan Chakraborty
The document describes a project report submitted by four students for their Bachelor of Technology degree. The report details the design of a superheater for a 210 MW thermal power plant. It includes sections on the layout and components of the power plant such as the boiler, superheater, and turbine. The document also provides information on different types of superheaters and the advantages of using superheaters. The majority of the report focuses on measuring heat transfer coefficients and metal temperatures in the superheater and using this data to design the superheater for the power plant.
This document discusses the design of a heat exchanger to raise the temperature of air from 25°C to 400°C using combustion gas at 1800°C. It includes the problem statement, assumptions, relevant equations, and calculations to determine the required tube length. The key steps are: (1) determining mass flow rates and properties of air and combustion gas, (2) calculating heat transfer coefficients on the tube and shell sides, and (3) using effectiveness-NTU method to calculate the required tube length based on the heat transfer rates and coefficients. The goal is to evaluate if the heat exchanger dimensions provide high efficiency and could be applied to real systems.
IRJET- A Review on Thermal Analysis and Optimization of Heat Exchanger Design...IRJET Journal
This document discusses heat exchangers and their optimization for co-generation units. It begins with an abstract discussing heat exchangers and their uses. It then discusses key factors that influence heat exchanger efficiency such as temperature differential, flow rate, and installation configuration. Common heat exchanger materials are also discussed. The document then focuses on co-generation and discusses past studies on optimizing heat exchangers for co-generation units through variables like number of tubes, tube diameter, and inlet velocity. The present work aims to obtain the best heat exchanger design for co-generation units by comparing efficiency under different parameters.
Connect Conference 2022: Passive House - Economic and Environmental Solution...TE Studio
Passive House: The Economic and Environmental Solution for Sustainable Real Estate. Lecture by Tim Eian of TE Studio Passive House Design in November 2022 in Minneapolis.
- The Built Environment
- Let's imagine the perfect building
- The Passive House standard
- Why Passive House targets
- Clean Energy Plans?!
- How does Passive House compare and fit in?
- The business case for Passive House real estate
- Tools to quantify the value of Passive House
- What can I do?
- Resources
Storytelling For The Web: Integrate Storytelling in your Design ProcessChiara Aliotta
In this slides I explain how I have used storytelling techniques to elevate websites and brands and create memorable user experiences. You can discover practical tips as I showcase the elements of good storytelling and its applied to some examples of diverse brands/projects..
Technoblade The Legacy of a Minecraft Legend.Techno Merch
Technoblade, born Alex on June 1, 1999, was a legendary Minecraft YouTuber known for his sharp wit and exceptional PvP skills. Starting his channel in 2013, he gained nearly 11 million subscribers. His private battle with metastatic sarcoma ended in June 2022, but his enduring legacy continues to inspire millions.
Revolutionizing the Digital Landscape: Web Development Companies in Indiaamrsoftec1
Discover unparalleled creativity and technical prowess with India's leading web development companies. From custom solutions to e-commerce platforms, harness the expertise of skilled developers at competitive prices. Transform your digital presence, enhance the user experience, and propel your business to new heights with innovative solutions tailored to your needs, all from the heart of India's tech industry.
Decormart Studio is widely recognized as one of the best interior designers in Bangalore, known for their exceptional design expertise and ability to create stunning, functional spaces. With a strong focus on client preferences and timely project delivery, Decormart Studio has built a solid reputation for their innovative and personalized approach to interior design.
Practical eLearning Makeovers for EveryoneBianca Woods
Welcome to Practical eLearning Makeovers for Everyone. In this presentation, we’ll take a look at a bunch of easy-to-use visual design tips and tricks. And we’ll do this by using them to spruce up some eLearning screens that are in dire need of a new look.
Explore the essential graphic design tools and software that can elevate your creative projects. Discover industry favorites and innovative solutions for stunning design results.
ARENA - Young adults in the workplace (Knight Moves).pdfKnight Moves
Presentations of Bavo Raeymaekers (Project lead youth unemployment at the City of Antwerp), Suzan Martens (Service designer at Knight Moves) and Adriaan De Keersmaeker (Community manager at Talk to C)
during the 'Arena • Young adults in the workplace' conference hosted by Knight Moves.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE CAPCUT BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
CapCut is an easy-to-use video editing app perfect for beginners. To start, download and open CapCut on your phone. Tap "New Project" and select the videos or photos you want to edit. You can trim clips by dragging the edges, add text by tapping "Text," and include music by selecting "Audio." Enhance your video with filters and effects from the "Effects" menu. When you're happy with your video, tap the export button to save and share it. CapCut makes video editing simple and fun for everyone!
Visual Style and Aesthetics: Basics of Visual Design
Visual Design for Enterprise Applications
Range of Visual Styles.
Mobile Interfaces:
Challenges and Opportunities of Mobile Design
Approach to Mobile Design
Patterns
PDF SubmissionDigital Marketing Institute in NoidaPoojaSaini954651
https://www.safalta.com/online-digital-marketing/advance-digital-marketing-training-in-noidaTop Digital Marketing Institute in Noida: Boost Your Career Fast
[3:29 am, 30/05/2024] +91 83818 43552: Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida also provides advanced classes for individuals seeking to develop their expertise and skills in this field. These classes, led by industry experts with vast experience, focus on specific aspects of digital marketing such as advanced SEO strategies, sophisticated content creation techniques, and data-driven analytics.