Hey! i am an architecture student. This presentation i made was for a college submission. Hope it works out for you. All the best. And don't forget to like it...!!!
Roman architecture was influenced by the cultures they conquered, including the practical functionalism of early Italian cultures, the urban planning of the Etruscans, and the art, philosophy and literature of the Greeks. Roman architecture is characterized by monumentality, technical advances, and integration of beauty with practicality. Buildings were constructed with various vaulting techniques and durable materials like stone, concrete and brick. Roman cities had defined urban plans centered around forums and crossed by main roads, and included infrastructure like aqueducts, bridges and harbors. Major building types included temples, basilicas, baths, theatres, amphitheatres and circuses.
Roman architecture was influenced by earlier Italian, Etruscan, and Greek cultures. It was practical and utilitarian, emphasizing public works, monumentality, and technical advances to showcase Roman power. Some key characteristics included an emphasis on interior space, combining beauty with utility, and integrating buildings into the urban landscape. Common building materials included stone, concrete, and brick in various construction techniques. Roman towns were planned around cardo and decumanus streets, with forums and infrastructure like aqueducts and roads supporting communities across the empire. Architectural styles included temples, basilicas, baths, theaters, amphitheaters, and domestic structures ranging from insulae to villas.
Roman architecture was heavily influenced by earlier Etruscan and Greek styles, but the Romans also innovated, particularly with the use of concrete and arched structures like aqueducts. They developed standardized city plans with gridded streets and public forums. Important building types included basilicas, which served civic and religious functions, and temples which often had colonnaded porches and cellas. The Pantheon featured the innovative use of a dome structure. Aqueducts brought water into cities using arches to support elevated stone channels.
The document summarizes Roman architecture from the Republican period through the Late Empire. During the Early and High Empire periods (27 BCE - 192 CE), Roman architecture advanced with developments like concrete construction, which allowed grand vaulted spaces and domes. Iconic buildings from this era included the Pantheon with its record-breaking concrete dome, as well as amphitheaters like the Colosseum in Rome. Aqueduct engineering also flourished as the Romans built bridges and channels to carry water over long distances. Monumental arches like the Arch of Titus commemorated imperial accomplishments.
Ancient Greek architecture had a profound influence on Western architecture. The Greeks excelled in fields like art, music, and architecture for hundreds of years between 900 BCE to 600 CE. Their architecture is distinguished by its formal structures and ornamentation. The most common building was the temple, built with the classical orders of Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian columns. Other structures included theaters, gates, and civic buildings. Greek architectural designs and orders like the column and pediment were widely adopted by later cultures like the Romans and still influence architecture today.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Roman architecture. It discusses how the Romans borrowed from Greek architecture but improved construction techniques like arches and vaults. It provides details on common building types, materials, and tools used. Important Roman architectural innovations are outlined, such as concrete construction, different wall techniques, and wide use of arches, vaults, and domes. Engineering feats like aqueducts and roads are also summarized. Major public structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon are highlighted as iconic examples of Roman architectural achievements.
The document provides details about Roman architecture based on a lecture about the topic. It discusses Roman influences from Greek architecture as well as innovations the Romans developed. A key example discussed is the Colosseum, described as the largest amphitheater in the world. The Colosseum could accommodate 50,000 spectators and featured an arena and multiple levels of seating. It was constructed out of stone, concrete, and bricks to impressive sizes that demonstrated Roman engineering capabilities.
Theory of Architecture 2 class
Report by: Michelle S. Estrada & Caren V.Cuevas
Central Colleges of the Philippines
College of Architecture
2nd Semester S.Y. 2015-16
December 2015
Roman architecture was influenced by the cultures they conquered, including the practical functionalism of early Italian cultures, the urban planning of the Etruscans, and the art, philosophy and literature of the Greeks. Roman architecture is characterized by monumentality, technical advances, and integration of beauty with practicality. Buildings were constructed with various vaulting techniques and durable materials like stone, concrete and brick. Roman cities had defined urban plans centered around forums and crossed by main roads, and included infrastructure like aqueducts, bridges and harbors. Major building types included temples, basilicas, baths, theatres, amphitheatres and circuses.
Roman architecture was influenced by earlier Italian, Etruscan, and Greek cultures. It was practical and utilitarian, emphasizing public works, monumentality, and technical advances to showcase Roman power. Some key characteristics included an emphasis on interior space, combining beauty with utility, and integrating buildings into the urban landscape. Common building materials included stone, concrete, and brick in various construction techniques. Roman towns were planned around cardo and decumanus streets, with forums and infrastructure like aqueducts and roads supporting communities across the empire. Architectural styles included temples, basilicas, baths, theaters, amphitheaters, and domestic structures ranging from insulae to villas.
Roman architecture was heavily influenced by earlier Etruscan and Greek styles, but the Romans also innovated, particularly with the use of concrete and arched structures like aqueducts. They developed standardized city plans with gridded streets and public forums. Important building types included basilicas, which served civic and religious functions, and temples which often had colonnaded porches and cellas. The Pantheon featured the innovative use of a dome structure. Aqueducts brought water into cities using arches to support elevated stone channels.
The document summarizes Roman architecture from the Republican period through the Late Empire. During the Early and High Empire periods (27 BCE - 192 CE), Roman architecture advanced with developments like concrete construction, which allowed grand vaulted spaces and domes. Iconic buildings from this era included the Pantheon with its record-breaking concrete dome, as well as amphitheaters like the Colosseum in Rome. Aqueduct engineering also flourished as the Romans built bridges and channels to carry water over long distances. Monumental arches like the Arch of Titus commemorated imperial accomplishments.
Ancient Greek architecture had a profound influence on Western architecture. The Greeks excelled in fields like art, music, and architecture for hundreds of years between 900 BCE to 600 CE. Their architecture is distinguished by its formal structures and ornamentation. The most common building was the temple, built with the classical orders of Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian columns. Other structures included theaters, gates, and civic buildings. Greek architectural designs and orders like the column and pediment were widely adopted by later cultures like the Romans and still influence architecture today.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Roman architecture. It discusses how the Romans borrowed from Greek architecture but improved construction techniques like arches and vaults. It provides details on common building types, materials, and tools used. Important Roman architectural innovations are outlined, such as concrete construction, different wall techniques, and wide use of arches, vaults, and domes. Engineering feats like aqueducts and roads are also summarized. Major public structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon are highlighted as iconic examples of Roman architectural achievements.
The document provides details about Roman architecture based on a lecture about the topic. It discusses Roman influences from Greek architecture as well as innovations the Romans developed. A key example discussed is the Colosseum, described as the largest amphitheater in the world. The Colosseum could accommodate 50,000 spectators and featured an arena and multiple levels of seating. It was constructed out of stone, concrete, and bricks to impressive sizes that demonstrated Roman engineering capabilities.
Theory of Architecture 2 class
Report by: Michelle S. Estrada & Caren V.Cuevas
Central Colleges of the Philippines
College of Architecture
2nd Semester S.Y. 2015-16
December 2015
The ancient Romans borrowed from Greek and Etruscan architecture, improving construction techniques like arches and vaults. They used various building materials and tools to construct monumental structures like the Colosseum and public baths. Roman architectural styles included columns, arches, domes, and elaborate wall construction methods. Major buildings showcased these styles, some of which are still standing today.
The Roman Pantheon was built in 118-125 CE and brought Roman concrete vaulted architecture to its highest level of refinement. The circular building has a traditional temple façade but behind is a drum-shaped interior topped by a hemispherical dome, the largest ever built in antiquity. The interior space is vast and spectacular, with a coffered dome and central oculus flooding light. The Pantheon exemplified differences between Greek and Roman architecture, with Romans emphasizing grand interior spaces using vaults and concrete rather than Greek stone construction and exterior harmony.
The document provides an overview of Greek architecture from the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. It describes the three classical orders of architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - and their characteristic elements. It also discusses various building types including temples, public buildings, and the importance of proportion and optics in Greek architectural design.
This document provides an overview of Gothic architecture through a lecture on the subject. It discusses key characteristics of Gothic architecture like skeletal stone structures, the importance of light and visual arts, and cathedrals serving as images of heaven. Techniques introduced in Gothic architecture are explained, such as rib vaulting, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, and elaborate carvings. Specific examples of Gothic cathedrals are examined in detail, including Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris and its various architectural features.
Roman architecture was heavily influenced by the Etruscans and Greeks. The Romans perfected wide-span construction using concrete and innovative arch designs. Their most iconic structures included temples, aqueducts, amphitheaters like the Colosseum, and public baths. Roman architecture emphasized durable construction on a grand scale to impress and serve large populations in expanding cities and across their empire.
The document provides information about Roman architecture and some key structures from ancient Rome. It discusses the typical layout of Roman cities, with two main streets intersecting at the central forum. It then focuses on the famous Pantheon building, describing its dome structure and how it was one of the most preserved and influential buildings from ancient Rome. The summary concludes by noting that the Pantheon's dome structure was an engineering marvel for its time.
The Agora was the central public space in ancient Greek city-states, surrounded by buildings where citizens would gather for commerce, worship, and government. A key architectural feature of the Agora was the Stoa, a colonnade that provided shade. The Greeks also built temples on the Acropolis and in the Agora, following standard architectural styles like the Doric order with thick columns. Over time, Greek architects refined temple designs to achieve ideal proportions, as seen in the Parthenon whose precise mathematical ratios created the illusion of perfection.
The document provides information on various architectural orders used in classical Greek and Roman buildings. It describes the key characteristics of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders including fluting, columns, capitals, and entablatures. It provides examples of temples, theaters, and other structures from ancient Greece and Rome that demonstrate these orders such as the Parthenon, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and the Pantheon.
Early Greek architecture originated from wood construction but transitioned to stone by the 6th century BC while retaining wooden design elements. The three classical orders of Greek architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - are defined by their column capitals and other distinguishing features. Greek temples generally followed set forms and served as homes for the community's gods, with outdoor ceremonies, and included a naos, pronaos, columns, entablature, and pediment. The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis was the pinnacle of classical Greek architecture, known for its refined proportions and sculptural details. Greek architectural forms had a lasting influence adopted by later cultures like the Romans and remain integral to architecture worldwide.
Greek architecture flourished between the 9th century BCE and 6th century CE. It was influenced by Greece's geography, geology, climate, and polytheistic religion. The Greeks are credited with developing the three classical orders of architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Greek architecture is best known for its temples, which featured rectangular plans and orders consisting of a base, shaft, and capital that represented the human form. Common temple structures included the pronaos, cella, and opisthodomos.
The architecture of ancient Greece is the architecture produced by the Greek-speaking people (Hellenic people) whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD.
The document provides details on various aspects of Roman architecture and engineering. It describes how the Romans built extensive road networks, aqueducts, and lighthouses. It then focuses on construction techniques like concrete and brick masonry that were widely used. Specific structures discussed include the Colosseum, Baths of Caracalla, Pantheon, and temples. The Pantheon had a magnificent dome structure and its oculus provided natural lighting, exemplifying advanced Roman engineering skills. Overall, the document outlines the Romans' architectural achievements and influential building designs and materials.
The document provides information about the Parthenon temple in Athens, Greece. It describes the Parthenon as a Doric temple built in the 5th century BC as a temple to worship the goddess Athena. The architects intended for the brilliant white marble structure to express Athens' grandeur. Though damaged over time by warfare and explosions, reconstruction efforts are ongoing to preserve what remains of the once magnificent Parthenon.
Roman architecture built upon Greek precedents, using innovative construction techniques. The Romans pioneered the use of vaults and arches made from concrete and brick, allowing them to construct massive public structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon. They standardized architectural styles, with buildings often featuring arches, columns, and domes. Iconic Roman structures demonstrated the empire's dominance through grand scale and innovative engineering.
Romanesque architecture originated in medieval Europe between 1000-1200 AD. It is characterized by semi-circular arches and thick stone walls with few openings. Churches during this period had massive piers, groin vaults, and large towers to support their weight. Examples include Monreale Cathedral in Sicily with its two projecting towers and elaborate interior, Pisa Cathedral known for its leaning tower and columns cut from single stones, and Durham Cathedral in England notable for its pointed ribbed vaults and tall central tower.
Egyptian architecture was heavily influenced by geographical, geological, climatic, historical, social, and religious factors. The Nile river provided resources and trade routes, and abundant stone like limestone was used for construction. Egypt's hot climate led to simple designs with massive unbroken walls. Egyptian architectural styles included temples, pyramids, mastabas, and rock-cut tombs. Columns resembled bundles of plant stems and capitals took forms like lotus buds. Temples had imposing gateways and courtyards, while pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs. Hieroglyphics, columns, obelisks, and symbols like the scarab beetle and lotus plant decorated Egyptian
Early Christian architecture was influenced by existing Roman architectural styles and building traditions. Churches were commonly built in the basilica form with a central nave flanked by aisles and an apse at one end. They utilized materials from demolished Roman structures and incorporated classical columns and other features. Geographic, climatic, religious, social and historical factors all impacted architectural variations across regions as Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire.
Roman architecture evolved from Etruscan and Greek influences, developing new techniques like the arch, vault and concrete that allowed for larger structures. Some key examples include the Pont du Gard aqueduct, the Colosseum which could seat 50,000, and the Pantheon's monumental dome. Public architecture and facilities like baths and forums reinforced imperial power and provided entertainment for citizens.
Gothic architecture originated in France in the 12th century and is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, and elaborate sculptures. Gothic cathedrals like Notre Dame in Paris had tall structures made possible by innovations like pointed arches, rib vaulting, and flying buttresses that helped support the walls. Other features include stained glass windows that let in light, and gargoyles and ornamentation that served practical and symbolic purposes. Gothic architecture profoundly influenced church building across Europe in the Middle Ages.
The Romans borrowed heavily from the Etruscans and Greeks in developing their architecture. They used elements like columns, arches, concrete, and domes. However, the Romans also innovated by developing new architectural forms to meet their functional needs. Some of their most significant structures included aqueducts to transport water, amphitheaters and the Colosseum for entertainment, the Pantheon and basilicas for worship, and an extensive road network for transportation. Roman architectural innovations like the arch, concrete construction, and domes allowed them to build on a massive scale.
The document discusses key aspects of Roman architecture such as concrete, vaults, arches, columns, temples, basilicas, aqueducts, and roads. It emphasizes how the Romans advanced the use of concrete and vaults/arches to create larger and stronger structures like the Colosseum, Circus Maximus, and Pantheon. The Pantheon in particular showcased the Roman mastery of the concrete dome, which remains one of the largest masonry domes ever constructed. Other structures discussed include aqueducts, which transported water into Rome via a system of channels and castella, and roads that connected the far reaches of the Roman Empire.
The ancient Romans borrowed from Greek and Etruscan architecture, improving construction techniques like arches and vaults. They used various building materials and tools to construct monumental structures like the Colosseum and public baths. Roman architectural styles included columns, arches, domes, and elaborate wall construction methods. Major buildings showcased these styles, some of which are still standing today.
The Roman Pantheon was built in 118-125 CE and brought Roman concrete vaulted architecture to its highest level of refinement. The circular building has a traditional temple façade but behind is a drum-shaped interior topped by a hemispherical dome, the largest ever built in antiquity. The interior space is vast and spectacular, with a coffered dome and central oculus flooding light. The Pantheon exemplified differences between Greek and Roman architecture, with Romans emphasizing grand interior spaces using vaults and concrete rather than Greek stone construction and exterior harmony.
The document provides an overview of Greek architecture from the Archaic, Classical, and Hellenistic periods. It describes the three classical orders of architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - and their characteristic elements. It also discusses various building types including temples, public buildings, and the importance of proportion and optics in Greek architectural design.
This document provides an overview of Gothic architecture through a lecture on the subject. It discusses key characteristics of Gothic architecture like skeletal stone structures, the importance of light and visual arts, and cathedrals serving as images of heaven. Techniques introduced in Gothic architecture are explained, such as rib vaulting, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, and elaborate carvings. Specific examples of Gothic cathedrals are examined in detail, including Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris and its various architectural features.
Roman architecture was heavily influenced by the Etruscans and Greeks. The Romans perfected wide-span construction using concrete and innovative arch designs. Their most iconic structures included temples, aqueducts, amphitheaters like the Colosseum, and public baths. Roman architecture emphasized durable construction on a grand scale to impress and serve large populations in expanding cities and across their empire.
The document provides information about Roman architecture and some key structures from ancient Rome. It discusses the typical layout of Roman cities, with two main streets intersecting at the central forum. It then focuses on the famous Pantheon building, describing its dome structure and how it was one of the most preserved and influential buildings from ancient Rome. The summary concludes by noting that the Pantheon's dome structure was an engineering marvel for its time.
The Agora was the central public space in ancient Greek city-states, surrounded by buildings where citizens would gather for commerce, worship, and government. A key architectural feature of the Agora was the Stoa, a colonnade that provided shade. The Greeks also built temples on the Acropolis and in the Agora, following standard architectural styles like the Doric order with thick columns. Over time, Greek architects refined temple designs to achieve ideal proportions, as seen in the Parthenon whose precise mathematical ratios created the illusion of perfection.
The document provides information on various architectural orders used in classical Greek and Roman buildings. It describes the key characteristics of the Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian orders including fluting, columns, capitals, and entablatures. It provides examples of temples, theaters, and other structures from ancient Greece and Rome that demonstrate these orders such as the Parthenon, Temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and the Pantheon.
Early Greek architecture originated from wood construction but transitioned to stone by the 6th century BC while retaining wooden design elements. The three classical orders of Greek architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian - are defined by their column capitals and other distinguishing features. Greek temples generally followed set forms and served as homes for the community's gods, with outdoor ceremonies, and included a naos, pronaos, columns, entablature, and pediment. The Parthenon on the Athenian Acropolis was the pinnacle of classical Greek architecture, known for its refined proportions and sculptural details. Greek architectural forms had a lasting influence adopted by later cultures like the Romans and remain integral to architecture worldwide.
Greek architecture flourished between the 9th century BCE and 6th century CE. It was influenced by Greece's geography, geology, climate, and polytheistic religion. The Greeks are credited with developing the three classical orders of architecture - Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. Greek architecture is best known for its temples, which featured rectangular plans and orders consisting of a base, shaft, and capital that represented the human form. Common temple structures included the pronaos, cella, and opisthodomos.
The architecture of ancient Greece is the architecture produced by the Greek-speaking people (Hellenic people) whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD.
The document provides details on various aspects of Roman architecture and engineering. It describes how the Romans built extensive road networks, aqueducts, and lighthouses. It then focuses on construction techniques like concrete and brick masonry that were widely used. Specific structures discussed include the Colosseum, Baths of Caracalla, Pantheon, and temples. The Pantheon had a magnificent dome structure and its oculus provided natural lighting, exemplifying advanced Roman engineering skills. Overall, the document outlines the Romans' architectural achievements and influential building designs and materials.
The document provides information about the Parthenon temple in Athens, Greece. It describes the Parthenon as a Doric temple built in the 5th century BC as a temple to worship the goddess Athena. The architects intended for the brilliant white marble structure to express Athens' grandeur. Though damaged over time by warfare and explosions, reconstruction efforts are ongoing to preserve what remains of the once magnificent Parthenon.
Roman architecture built upon Greek precedents, using innovative construction techniques. The Romans pioneered the use of vaults and arches made from concrete and brick, allowing them to construct massive public structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon. They standardized architectural styles, with buildings often featuring arches, columns, and domes. Iconic Roman structures demonstrated the empire's dominance through grand scale and innovative engineering.
Romanesque architecture originated in medieval Europe between 1000-1200 AD. It is characterized by semi-circular arches and thick stone walls with few openings. Churches during this period had massive piers, groin vaults, and large towers to support their weight. Examples include Monreale Cathedral in Sicily with its two projecting towers and elaborate interior, Pisa Cathedral known for its leaning tower and columns cut from single stones, and Durham Cathedral in England notable for its pointed ribbed vaults and tall central tower.
Egyptian architecture was heavily influenced by geographical, geological, climatic, historical, social, and religious factors. The Nile river provided resources and trade routes, and abundant stone like limestone was used for construction. Egypt's hot climate led to simple designs with massive unbroken walls. Egyptian architectural styles included temples, pyramids, mastabas, and rock-cut tombs. Columns resembled bundles of plant stems and capitals took forms like lotus buds. Temples had imposing gateways and courtyards, while pyramids served as tombs for pharaohs. Hieroglyphics, columns, obelisks, and symbols like the scarab beetle and lotus plant decorated Egyptian
Early Christian architecture was influenced by existing Roman architectural styles and building traditions. Churches were commonly built in the basilica form with a central nave flanked by aisles and an apse at one end. They utilized materials from demolished Roman structures and incorporated classical columns and other features. Geographic, climatic, religious, social and historical factors all impacted architectural variations across regions as Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire.
Roman architecture evolved from Etruscan and Greek influences, developing new techniques like the arch, vault and concrete that allowed for larger structures. Some key examples include the Pont du Gard aqueduct, the Colosseum which could seat 50,000, and the Pantheon's monumental dome. Public architecture and facilities like baths and forums reinforced imperial power and provided entertainment for citizens.
Gothic architecture originated in France in the 12th century and is characterized by pointed arches, ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses, stained glass windows, and elaborate sculptures. Gothic cathedrals like Notre Dame in Paris had tall structures made possible by innovations like pointed arches, rib vaulting, and flying buttresses that helped support the walls. Other features include stained glass windows that let in light, and gargoyles and ornamentation that served practical and symbolic purposes. Gothic architecture profoundly influenced church building across Europe in the Middle Ages.
The Romans borrowed heavily from the Etruscans and Greeks in developing their architecture. They used elements like columns, arches, concrete, and domes. However, the Romans also innovated by developing new architectural forms to meet their functional needs. Some of their most significant structures included aqueducts to transport water, amphitheaters and the Colosseum for entertainment, the Pantheon and basilicas for worship, and an extensive road network for transportation. Roman architectural innovations like the arch, concrete construction, and domes allowed them to build on a massive scale.
The document discusses key aspects of Roman architecture such as concrete, vaults, arches, columns, temples, basilicas, aqueducts, and roads. It emphasizes how the Romans advanced the use of concrete and vaults/arches to create larger and stronger structures like the Colosseum, Circus Maximus, and Pantheon. The Pantheon in particular showcased the Roman mastery of the concrete dome, which remains one of the largest masonry domes ever constructed. Other structures discussed include aqueducts, which transported water into Rome via a system of channels and castella, and roads that connected the far reaches of the Roman Empire.
The document discusses key aspects of Roman architecture such as concrete, vaults, arches, columns, temples, basilicas, aqueducts, and roads. It emphasizes how the Romans advanced the use of concrete and vaults/arches to create larger and stronger structures like the Colosseum, Circus Maximus, and Pantheon. The Pantheon in particular showcased the Roman mastery of the concrete dome, which remains one of the largest masonry domes ever constructed. Other structures discussed include temples, basilicas, aqueducts, and the advanced road network that expanded the Roman Empire.
Amphitheatres were outdoor arenas where people watched sporting events and plays involving slaves, prisoners, or animals. They were shaped with semicircular seating around a central space and built into hillsides with low back walls. Arches were developed in Ancient Greece and refined by Romans, allowing them to span spaces by distributing compressive stresses rather than tensile stresses. Romans widely used arches above ground in structures like aqueducts, which carried water through arched lines joined together to supply bathhouses and towns.
The Romans adopted Greek architectural styles for their own purposes, creating new styles through a combination of influences. They absorbed ideas from the Greeks and Etruscans, applying architectural innovations like vaults and arches to build grand public structures like aqueducts, baths, and the Colosseum. Religious and political needs drove the design of buildings like the Pantheon, while practical innovations in housing and sanitation improved urban living standards. Roman architecture left a lasting legacy seen today in arches, domes and other neoclassical features.
The Romans borrowed from Greek and Etruscan architecture but innovated in several ways. They added the Tuscan and Composite orders. They pioneered the use of concrete which allowed massive structures like aqueducts, baths, and amphitheaters to be built. Domes, arches, and plumbing systems were developed. Their innovative road network spanned the empire and is still used as a model today.
The Ancient Romans adopted aspects of Greek architecture and developed new styles using techniques like arches and improved concrete and brick-making. They built many aqueducts, bridges, and public buildings like baths and temples that showed the peak of Roman architectural achievements. Key Roman architectural developments included the use of the arch, concrete, domes, columns, and marble in large projects like aqueducts and baths that are still standing today and influenced later Western architecture.
The document summarizes key aspects of ancient Roman architecture. It discusses how the Romans adopted and improved upon Greek architectural styles, most notably employing the arch. It also describes important Roman architectural structures like aqueducts and bridges built using arches and concrete. Additionally, it mentions significant Roman developments in housing, public hygiene through structures like baths, underfloor heating, and indoor plumbing.
The Roman Empire had a significant influence on architecture across Europe and the Mediterranean. They adopted architectural styles from the Greeks and Etruscans but also developed many innovations. The Romans were skilled builders known for complex construction utilizing stone, brick, concrete and marble. They constructed grand structures such as aqueducts, bridges, and amphitheaters that demonstrated the capabilities of the Roman arch and vault. The most iconic buildings were forums, temples, baths and the magnificent Colosseum which endured as a symbol of Roman engineering prowess.
The document discusses various aspects of Roman architecture and art during the early Roman Empire under Augustus. It describes architectural features like aqueducts, arches, temples, theaters, and amphitheaters that were constructed throughout the Roman world. Specific examples are given of architectural works like the Pont du Gard aqueduct, various triumphal arches, and temples in Vienne and Nimes. Funerary monuments are also summarized, like the Arch of the Sergii in Pula. The document emphasizes how Roman architectural styles and forms were spread widely during this period to symbolize Roman power and influence.
The document discusses the origins and rise of Rome. It explains that Latins founded Rome around 1000 BC along the Tiber River, attracting other ethnic groups like the Etruscans and Phoenicians. These groups contributed skills and architectural styles to Rome. The Roman Republic was established in 509 BC and was governed by patricians and plebeians. The document then discusses key aspects of Roman architecture, infrastructure, and city planning including their use of arches, concrete, aqueducts, roads, ports, and religious temples. It provides details on specific structures like the Maison Carrée temple.
The document discusses several key aspects of ancient Roman architecture. It describes how the Romans borrowed from Greek and Etruscan styles but improved architectural elements like arches and vaults. Some of their major achievements included innovative uses of concrete, arches, domes, and aqueducts to construct large buildings and engineering works. Examples provided include the Colosseum, Pantheon, aqueducts, and road networks that demonstrated the Romans' skill in civil engineering projects.
The Romans advanced architecture by adopting techniques from Greeks and innovating uses of materials like concrete and brick. They constructed grand public structures like the Colosseum and Pantheon using vaults and arches supported by stone, concrete, or wood. Roman architectural orders and designs for buildings like aqueducts, bridges, and forums had a lasting influence on Western architecture.
The document provides an overview of Roman architecture and design from 117 AD to the 4th century AD. It discusses the Roman Empire and use of Latin as the dominant language. It then covers various aspects of Roman architecture such as building typology (e.g. basilicas, theaters), materials used (e.g. concrete, tiles), orders (Tuscan, Composite), structures (e.g. aqueducts, forums), and interior designs (e.g. mosaics, wall paintings). The document concludes with descriptions of important sites like the Colosseum in Rome.
The passage discusses several key aspects of Roman technology and infrastructure that contributed to the Pax Romana being considered a golden age. It describes Roman architectural structures like the Pantheon and Colosseum, as well as their advanced water infrastructure including aqueducts that supplied cities from long distances and public plumbing/sewer systems that kept cities clean. Roman roads also allowed for easier travel, trade, and tax collection across their vast empire.
Roman buildings developed from Greek and Etruscan precedents and were found across the Roman Empire. Distinctive public building types included amphitheaters, baths, theaters, and basilicas which served urban culture. Houses ranged from apartments to palaces and villas. Roman engineering created dramatic interior spaces through arched vaults and domes, and used durable concrete. Cities followed an orthogonal grid plan with civic buildings like forums and temples.
Roman Architecture.pdf Roman Architecture.pdfzeinatamerr2005
Ancient Rome began as villages along the Tiber River in Italy that united around 750 BC to form the city of Rome. Romans were able to develop civilization due to the region's good climate and geography, with the Tiber River providing resources and the hills offering natural defenses. Roman architects and engineers developed concrete, arches, and vaults to construct grand structures like the Pantheon, aqueducts, and amphitheaters that demonstrated Rome's power and improved citizens' lives. The forum served as the civic, religious, and economic center of Roman cities.
The document traces the historical development of architecture from early human settlements to the 21st century. It discusses the evolution from cave dwellings to the first permanent structures in places like Jericho around 8000 BC. Major early civilizations that influenced architecture are mentioned, including Mesopotamia with its ziggurats and mud bricks, Ancient Egypt with pyramids and temples, Ancient Greece which refined architectural elements like columns, and Ancient Rome which developed arches, vaults, and concrete construction. Subsequent styles discussed include Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, 19th century Eclecticism, Modernism, Post-Modernism, and contemporary architecture.
The document traces the historical development of architecture from early human settlements to the 21st century. It discusses the evolution from cave dwellings to the first permanent structures in places like Jericho around 8000 BC. Major early civilizations that influenced architecture are mentioned, including Mesopotamia with its ziggurats and mud bricks, Ancient Egypt with pyramids and temples, Ancient Greece which refined architectural elements like columns, and Ancient Rome which developed arches, vaults, and large domes using concrete. Subsequent styles through history are also summarized such as Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque, and Modernism. The document concludes that contemporary architecture in the 21st century incorporates multiple global styles.
Roman Architecture in history of old architecture .pptxzeinatamerr2005
Ancient Rome began as villages along the Tiber River in Italy that united around 750 BC to form the city of Rome. Romans used the surrounding hills and mountains for defense and were able to grow a variety of crops due to the good climate. They developed advanced architectural techniques like arches, vaults and concrete that allowed them to construct monumental public buildings and infrastructure like aqueducts, bridges, forums, basilicas, baths, theaters and amphitheaters.
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The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Leveraging Generative AI to Drive Nonprofit InnovationTechSoup
In this webinar, participants learned how to utilize Generative AI to streamline operations and elevate member engagement. Amazon Web Service experts provided a customer specific use cases and dived into low/no-code tools that are quick and easy to deploy through Amazon Web Service (AWS.)
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
3. ORIGINS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
As with sculpture, the Romans
borrowed heavily from two
cultures that they conquered –
the Etruscans and the Greeks.
The Romans were indebted to
their Etruscan neighbors and
forefathers who supplied them
with a wealth of knowledge
essential for future architectural
solutions, such as hydraulics and in
the construction of arches.
MODEL OF AN ETRUSCAN TEMPLE
Later they absorbed Greek and
Phoenician influence, apparent
in many aspects closely related to
architecture
A ROMAN TEMPLE, FORTUNA VIRILIS
4. ORIGINS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Elements of Roman architecture show very significant
Greek influence.
However, Roman functional needs sometimes differed,
resulting in interesting innovations.
The Romans were less attached to “ideal” forms and
extended Greek ideas to make them more functional
ROMAN PHILOSOPHY
"We believe that lightning is caused by clouds colliding,
whereas they believe that clouds collide in order to create
lightning. Since they attribute everything to gods, they are
led to believe not that events have a meaning because
they have happened, but that they happen in order to
express a meaning."
7. Something new under the sun …
Roman ARCHitecture
Arches – strength
through compression
8. ORIGINS OF ROMAN ARCHITECTURE
Romans needed
interior space for
worship, whereas
the Greeks
worshipped outside.
Their solution was to
extend the walls
outward, creating
engaged
columns, while
maintaining the
same basic shape.
THE MAISON CAREE @
NIMES
9. ROMAN INNOVATIONS
1. COLUMNS
To the original Greek orders, the
Romans added two.
TUSCAN
SIMPLIFIED DORIC HAVING UNFLUTED COLUMN
AND A PLAIN BASE, CAPITAL AND SHAFT HAVING
NO DECORATION OTHER THAN MOLDINGS
COMPOSITE
IT COMBINED ELEMENTS OF BOTH THE
IONIC AND CORINTHIAN ORDERS.
CORINTHIAN ORDER IS MODIFIED BY
SUPERIMPOSING FOUR DIAGONALLY SET IONIC
VOULTS ON A BELL OF CORINTHIAN ACANTHUS
LEAVES.
10. 2. CONCRETE
K
K
This allowed not only bases, but also walls to be
constructed of mainly concrete or concrete and
rubble.
K
Facings could be made of more expensive stone
or inexpensive brick.
K
USE OF BRICK ON OUTER
FACING AND FILLING OF
CONCRETE RUBBLE
The discovery of slow-drying concrete, made
with pozzolana sand created a revolution in
architectural design.
The result was strong structures that could be
formed in any desirable shape
DOME OF THE
PANTHEON
11. 3. ARCH & VAULT
The Romans first adopted the arch from the Greeks, and
implemented it in their own building.
An arch is a very strong shape as no single spot holds all the
weight and is still used in architecture today.
The Romans used arches to support the things they built.
They built victory arches, buildings and aqueducts.
12. Barrel or
“Tunnel” Vault
K
A vault having semicircular cross-section
K
Windows can be placed at any point.
K
These vaults require buttressing to
counter-act the downward thrust of
weight.
13. Groin vault
K
Also called a cross vault.
K
A compound vault formed by by the
perpendicular intersection of two vaults
forming arched diagonal arrises called
groins.
K
Needs less buttressing.
BASILICA NOVA
14. Multi Groin Vaults
K A series of groin vaults can have open
lateral arches that form Clerestories.
K Windows that allow light into the
interior of churches.
K These concrete windows
were fireproof
15. 4. dome
K A dome is a vaulted
structure having a
circular plan and usually
the form of a portion of a
sphere, so constructed as
to exert an equal thrust
in all directions
K Romans used domes to
span and cover very
large open spaces.
K They used it in many
public buildings like
basilicas, the pantheon
etc.
16. CYLINDRICAL DOME
K With the dome, the
Romans could surpass
earlier cultures by
their ability to span
space.
K Light enters through
the oculus on top.
17. Roman buildings
Massive Building
– THE TEMPLE OF FORTUNA
PRIMIGENIA
The Temple of
Fortuna Primigenia
was a massive
structure, made
possible by concrete
construction.
18. Roman buildings
Massive Building
Roman baths were
the recreation centers
of Roman cities,
incorporating pools,
exercise facilities and
even libraries.
They could serve
hundreds or
thousands at a time.
– BATHS OF CARACALLA
19. Roman buildings
Public entertainment – THE ROMAN COLOSSEUM
Brings together the violence and
the achievements of Roman society
Home of gladiatorial
contests…man vs. man, man vs.
animal, animal vs. animal
Seating designed for comfort with
an expandable covering over the
top
Plumbing which could wash away
the blood or create an „inland sea‟
on which to have mock sea battles
20. The Colosseum- a blend of Greek and
Roman architecture
The arches are
supported by central
columns.
The columns on the
first floor are Doric.
The columns on the
second floor are Ionic.
The columns on the
third floor are
Corinthian.
21. plan
Section
A special fact about the Coliseum
is that it was originally built with a
huge removable canopy to protect
the spectators from the elements.
22.
23. Roman buildings
Public entertainment – AMPHITHEATRE AT NIMES
SEATS ABOUT 20,000
Theatres and arenas were built to hold
multiple thousands of people and were
engineered so as to allow quick and
effective entry and exit.
24. Roman buildings
WORSHIP – THE PANTHEON
The temple to the
Roman gods built
in 126 AD was
called
The Pantheon.
28. The magnificent interior space of the Pantheon
was achieved by:
Employing a dome over a drum.
Coffering the dome to reduce weight.
Placing an occulus to allow light to enter
29. later used as
church
Tuscan order of columns
(with corinthian capitals)
Missing pedimental
sculpture
(would have been like
Parthenon)
30.
31. Roman buildings
Public water supply – THE AQUEDUCTS
There wasn‟t enough water in the
city of Rome.
The Romans brought water in
from the surrounding countryside.
The water was brought in by
tubes called aqueducts.
Cities themselves were plumbed,
providing private water for the
rich and for baths and communal
supplies for poorer
neighbourhoods.
PONT DU GARD, FRANCE
PIPES AND
PLUMBING
32. Where did the water go?
The water was transported in concrete
tunnels.
The water flowed in a tube on the top of the
aqueduct called a water channel.
The arches supported the water channel.
The water flowed through a
rectangular channel.
The channel was lined with concrete.
The Romans invented concrete.
33. Roman buildings
PUBLIC BUILDINGS – THE BASILICA
Basilica were first built to house
audience facilities for government
officials.
When Christianity became the state
religion, this kind of building was
adapted to Christian worship.
A large nave is flanked by side aisles
behind a row of supporting piers.
An Apse draws attention in the direction
of the altar.
34. Roman innovation
Transport system – THE ROADS
The need to move
legions and trade
goods in all weather
led to the
development of the
best roads in the
world (to the 19th
century).