The document discusses automatic synchronization of generators, including:
1) Synchronization involves matching the frequency, voltage, and phase angle between two AC power sources or systems before connecting them.
2) Synchronization is achieved through automatic synchronizers that monitor these parameters and send a close signal once matching conditions are met.
3) Typical synchronization schemes involve an automatic synchronizer relay, sync-check relay, and circuit breaker that are coordinated to safely connect the generators.
1. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Automatic
Synchronizing of
Generators
Automatic
Synchronizing of
Generators
Theory and ApplicationTheory and Application
2. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Synchronizing
An attempt to connect two
alternating currents (ac)
machines or systems with the
following restrictions:
– Frequency difference (∆F)
– Voltage difference (∆V)
– Phase angle difference (∆Ø)
3. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Typical Sine Wave
4. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Line or Source
Voltage
P =
ES EQ---------------------------------------------------------------
XS XQ
sin Φ
VA
VBVC
5. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Phase at 0º
P =
ES EQ---------------------------------------------------------------
XS XQ
sin 0º
VA
VBVC
VA
6. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Phase at 40º
P =
ES EQ---------------------------------------------------------------
XS XQ
sin 40º
VA
VBVC
VA
7. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Phase at 80º
P =
ES EQ---------------------------------------------------------------
XS XQ
sin 80º
VA
VBVC
VA
8. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Phase at 120º
P =
ES EQ---------------------------------------------------------------
XS XQ
sin 120º
VA
VBVC
VA
9. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Phase at 160º
P =
ES EQ---------------------------------------------------------------
XS XQ
sin 160º
VA
VBVC
VA
10. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Phase at 200º
P =
ES EQ---------------------------------------------------------------
XS XQ
sin 200º
VA
VBVC
VA
11. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Phase at 240º
P =
ES EQ---------------------------------------------------------------
XS XQ
sin 240º
VA
VBVC
VA
12. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Phase at 280º
P =
ES EQ---------------------------------------------------------------
XS XQ
sin 280º
VA
VBVC
VA
13. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Phase at 320º
P =
ES EQ---------------------------------------------------------------
XS XQ
sin 320º
VA
VBVC
VA
14. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Waveform Data
Synchronizing of 5-AT-Generator
15. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Waveform Data
Synchronizing of 6 Generator at Avon
16. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Typical Scheme
Synchronizing a Generator Breaker
25A = Auto Synchronizing Relay
25SC = Sync-Check Relay
52 = Generator Breaker
CC = Close Coil
17. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Schematic of a
Model System
Source: IEEE Technical Paper ABC-117-2
Torsional Mechanical System Generator
Excitation
Transmission Transformer
Large
System
Load
Coupling
Quill
Shaft
3,600 rpm5,100 rpm
Ia
Ib
Ic
18. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Synchronizing
Procedure
Steps:
1. Speed and voltage
matching
2. Phase angle matching
3. Send close command
19. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Typical Synchronizing
Scheme
Generator Synchronizing
CC
-DC
+DC
Sync. Selector
Automatic
Sync.
Auto
Synchronizer
(M-0193)
Synchronism Check
(M-0188)
52b
Breaker Close Coil
Manual Sync.
Control Switch
20. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Speed Matching
Results From Using Conventional
Pulse Frequency Modulation Matching Method
21. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Speed Matching
Using Proportional Pulse-Width
Modulation Method
TBP TBP
TBP
22. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Typical Synchronizing
Scheme
Operator-Assisted Automatic Synchronizing
CC
-DC
+DC
Sync Selector Switch
Auto
Synchronizer
Synch-Check
Relay
52b
Breaker Close Coil
Breaker Control Switch
(Operator)
Enable Sync
(M-0193)
(M-0188)
23. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Automatic
Synchronizing
• System Sync-Check Relaying
• There is a “static” angle across the
circuit breaker
• Used to close the circuit breaker on a
power system for:
– automatic reclosing after a fault
– supervises SCADA closing
– supervise manual closing
52
25
Bus
Line
VT
+DC
-DC
CC
25
52
24. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Syncrocloser®
Interconnections
25. B E C K W I T H E L E C T R I C
Synchronizing, Sync-Check
Relays and Generator
Control Features
Model No.
Device No.
Automatic Synchronizer
Generator Control
Sync-Check Relay
Phase Angle Limit
Time Limit
Voltage Verification
Voltage Difference (∆V)
Frequency Difference (∆F)
Dead Line/Bus Closing
19” Rack Mount
S1/FT-21 Style Case
Vertical Mount
GES Retrofit
GTL Retrofit
M-0193
25A
√
—
—
—
—
—
√
√
—
√
—
*
*
—
M-0194
15/16
—
√
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
√
—
*
—
*
M-0188
25
—
—
√
√
√
*
*
—
*
√
—
*
—
—
M-0388
25
—
—
√
√
√
*
—
—
*
—
√
—
—
—
M-0245†
25
—
—
√
√
—
√
—
—
—
√
—
*
—
—
M-0359
25
—
—
√
—
—
√
√
√
—
√
—
*
—
—
M-0390
25
—
—
√
√
√
√
—
√
—
—
√
—
—
—
√ Standard * Optional — Not Available
† High Speed Sync-Check relay verifies Phase Angle within one cycle