History of Anatomy Milestones

1. Introduction to Anatomy
&
Medical Terminology
Dr Mathew Joseph MBBS, MD(AIIMS), BCC(Palliative Medicine)
Assistant Professor
Department of Anatomy
Al Azhar Medical College & Super Speciality Hospital
Thodupuzha

2. Contents
1. Definition
2. Need to study anatomy.
3. Subdivisions of anatomy
4. History of anatomy
5. Anatomical Terminology

3. Anatomy
• The branch of science which deals with the
structural organization of living being.
• Ana - (Apart) : Tome To cut (Greek)
• Dissecare (Latin): To cut apart

4. Why do doctors study Anatomy?
• Symptoms and Signs
• Localize Pain, Lumps
• Withdrawing blood, injections
• Medical procedures
• Correction Surgeries

5. Subdivisions of Anatomy
• Cadaveric Anatomy
• Living Anatomy
• Developmental Anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy
• Surface Anatomy
• Radiographic Anatomy
• Applied Anatomy
• Experimental Anatomy
• Genetics
• Comparitive Anatomy
• Physical Anthropology

6. Cadaveric Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Macroscopic Anatomy

9. GROSS ANATOMY
 REGIONAL ANATOMY
- Head and neck
- Brain
-Thorax
- Abdomen
- Upper Limb
- Lower limb
 SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
- Integumentary system
- Skeletal system
- Muscular system
- Nervous system
- Cardiovascular system
- Lymphatic system
- Endocrine system
- Digestive system, Respiratory system,
Urogenital system

10. Cross Sectional Anatomy

11. Living Anatomy
Inspection Palpation
Percussion Auscultation

12. Otoscope Brochoscope
Endoscope Opthalmoscope

13. Developmental Anatomy
• Embryology

14. Microscopic Anatomy
• Histology

15. Surface Anatomy

16. Radiographic Imaging Anatomy
X-ray
CT
MRI
USG

17. Applied Anatomy

18. Genetics

19. Comparitive Anatomy

20. Physical Anthropometry

22. No science is complete without the knowledge
of its HISTORY.

23. HISTORY OF ANATOMY
“The past is not dead history, it is living
material out of which man builds for the
future”.
Rene Dubos (1901-1982)

24. Beginning Of Civilization
• Art of Killing
• Not the Art of Healing

25. 2700 – 2600 BC
• “Neiching” China
• Earliest Book on Anatomy.

26. 1700 – 1600 BC
• “Mummification” Egypt
• Removal of putrifiable organs.
• Lost glory :Alexandrian school burned

27. 1000 BC
• India
• Susrutha, Charaka, Dhanvanthari
• Surgery Practices

28. Hippocrates
• 460-377 BC
• Greek physician
• Father of Medicine
• Founder of Anatomy.
• Guidelines, Scalpel,
Dead bodies from war.
•Four Humours: PD,PH,PL

29. Aristotle
• 384 – 322 BC
• Term “Anatomy”,
• Accounted Embryology,
• Named arteries and veins.
• Heart – Centre of emotions,
intelligence.

30. Herophilus
• 325 – 300 BC
• Father of anatomy.
• Dissected criminals
• Brain – Intelligence centre.
• Defined parts of Brain
and Spinal cord.
•On Anatomy and On the Eyes

31. Birth of Christ
• BC AD

32. Galen of Pergamum
• 130 – 210 AD
• Prince of physicians
• Dissected monkeys and
animals.
• Importance of spinal cord
and nervous system.
• Never thought of Pulmonary
circulation.
• Blood flows through pores of heart.

33. 13th - 14th Century
• Pop Boniface
• Prohibition

34. Leonardo da Vinci
• 1452 – 1519
• Italian “AllRounder”

35. Anderas Vesalius
• 1514 – 1654
• Discarded previous theories.
• De humani corporis fabrica
• Father of Modern Anatomy
• ‘Reformer of Anatomy’
• Sylvius, Fallipius, Eustachius

36. William Harvey
• “De Motu Cordis”
• On the motion of Heart and
Blood
• Systemic Circulation.
• Physiological (functional )
orientation to anatomy.

37. Illegal Trade
• 1750 – 1832: Body Snachers
• Burke and Hare murders.
• Robert Knox.

38. Warburton Anatomy Act 1832
• Act of Parliament of the UK.
• Gave free licence to doctors, teachers of anatomy and
medical students to dissect donated bodies and
unclaimed bodies.
• It was enacted in response to public revulsion at the
illegal trade in corpses.

39. Gregor Johann Medel
• Father of Genetics
• Mendelian Laws.

40. Charles Darwin
• Theory of Evolution.
• Survival of the fittest.
• Common ancestor.

41. William Von Roentgen
• X- rays
• Nobel prize Physics 1901.

42. Watson & Crick
• DNA
• Double Helix.

43. Har Gobind Khorana
• Indian molecular
biologist.
• First artificial gene in lab.
• Nobel prize – Medicine
1968

44. • 11 Nobel prize
• Genetics
• Human Genome Project 1990
• 2003 : Map of human gene.

45. Gray’s Anatomy
• Henry Gray & Henry Vandyke Carter
• St George's Hospital Medical School in London
• First publication:” Anatomy, Descriptive and Surgical”
1858

46. Daniel John Cunningham
• Scottish Anatomist. 1850-1909
• Cunningham's Text-book of Anatomy and Cunningham's
Manual of Practical Anatomy

47. Embalming
• Art and Science to preserve human body with the help of
certain chemicals (Formaldehyde,glycerin, etc).

48. Anatomical Terminology
Καλώς ήρθατε στη γλώσσα της ανατομίας.
(Kalós írthate sti glóssa tis anatomías)

49. Sub-Divisions of Body
• Head and Neck
• Brain
• Upper Limb
• Thorax
• Abdomen & Pelvis
• Lower Limb

50. Anatomical Position
•Standing up right
•Looking straight towards
horizon
•Upper limbs hanging by the
side of body
•Palms facing forwards
•Lower limbs are parallel
with toes pointing forwards

51. Anatomical Position

52. Anatomical
Position
Vs
Fundamental
Position

53. Cardinal Planes
1.Sagital Plane
2. Coronal Plane
3. Transverse Plane

54. 1. Mid sagittal -Median:
vertical plane dividing
body into right & left
equal halves.
2. Sagittal: vertical plane
which is parallel to
sagittal plane.

55. 3.Coronal -Frontal Plane:
vertical plane which is at
right angles to median
plane dividing body into
anterior & posterior
parts.
4.Transverse plane: at right
angles to sagittal /
coronal plane dividing
body into an upper &
lower parts.

60. Anatomical Terms &
Common Terms

63. Body Cavities

66. Movements

67. Posture

68. Posture

69. Terms of position
• Anterior=Ventral
• Intermediate=Middle
• Posterior=Dorsal

70. Terms of position
•Superior
•Inferior
•Lateral
•Intermediate
•Medial
•Median

71. Terms of Limb
• Proximal
• Distal
• Radial
• Ulnar
• Tibial
• Fibular
• Preaxialborder
• Postaxial border

72. Terms of position
• Hand -Posterior
surface -Dorsum
• Hand -Anterior
surface -Palmar
surface

73. Terms of position
• Superior surface -
Dorsum of Foot
• Inferior Surface -
Plantar Surface

74. Self Assesment

75. 1. Which surgeon of ancient India is also called as
“Father of Surgery” ?
A. Charak
B. Sushruta
C. Atreya
D. Dhanvantri

76. 2. Name the famous Greek Physician who is
also called as the “Father Of Medicine”
A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Hippocrates
D. Herophilus

77. 3. Who is often referred to as the “Father Of
Modern Anatomy”
A. Leonardo Da Vinci
B. Andreas Vesalius
C. William Harvey
D. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

78. 4. Identify the Movements

79. 5. Identify the Movements

80. 6. Identify the Movements

81. 7.Identify the position.

82. Thank You