History of anatomy

1. HISTORY OF ANATOMY
By-
Prof. A K Srivastava
H.O.D Anatomy

2. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS
• Classification Scheme
– Kingdom: Animalia
– Phylum: Chordata
– Subphylum: Vertebrata
– Class: Mammalia
– Order: Primate
– Family: Hominidae
– Genus: Homo
– Species: Sapiens
• Scientific Binominal: Homo sapiens

3. KINGDOM
• 6 Recognized Kingdoms
– Eubacteria
– Archaebacteria
– Protista
– Fungi
– Plantae
– Animalia

4. PHYLA of the Animal Kingdom
• Range
– from Simple (Phylum Protozoa)
– to complex (Phylum Chordata)
• Phylogeny = the study of Phyla
• Ontogeny = the study of individual development
• Embryology = the study of prenatal development

5. 5
Phylum: Chordata
• Characteristics
– Dorsal hollow Nerve
Cord
– Notochord
– Pharyngeal Pouches

6. 6
Dorsal hollow Nerve Cord
• dorsal to the Notochord
• Develops into Brain and
Spinal Cord of adults

7. Notochord
• Flexible rod of tissue
• Mid-dorsal
• Position later occupied by
the vertebral column
• In adult, only remnants
are inside intervertebral
discs

8. Pharyngeal
Pouches
• Envaginations of
pharyngeal walls
• Gill slits in fish
• In human adults,
become:
– Eustachian tube
– Middle ear cavity
– Tympanic membrane

9. Subphylum: Vertebrata
• Characteristics
– Animals with
backbones
– Endoskeleton
– Closed circulatory
system
– Paired kidneys
– Complete digestive
system
– Sexes typically
separate

10. Subphylum: Vertebrata contd….
• Characteristics
– Bilateral Symmetry
• An animal can be sectioned
into right and left haves;
one the mirror image of the
other
– Segmentation
– Tube-within-a-tube body
plan
– Body Cavities

11. Body Cavities: Dorsal
• Cranial Cavity
– Houses the Brain
• Vertebral Canal
– Houses the
Spinal Cord

12. Body Cavities: Ventral
(Lateral View)
• Thoracic Cavity
• Abdominopelvic
Cavity (contains the
“viscera”)
– Abdominal Cavity
– Pelvic Cavity
• Lined by serous
membranes

13. Body Cavities: Thoracic
(Anterior View)
• Mediastinum: a
potential space that
contains the heart,
great vessels, trachea,
esophagus, etc
• Plural Cavities:
contain the lungs
• Pericardial Cavity:
contains the heart

14. Serous Cavities
• Ventral Body Cavity
• Lined by a serous membrane, or Serosa
– Parietal serosa: forms outer wall of cavity
– Visceral serosa: covers the visceral organs
• Serous fluid
– Secreted by the membranes
– Is slick; reduces friction

15. Serous Pericardium
• Around the Heart
• Parietal Pericardium
• Visceral Pericardium
• Pericardial Cavity
– Filled with serous
fluid

16. The Pleural Cavities
• Around the Lungs
• Parietal Pleura:
– lines walls of thoracic
cavity
• Visceral Pleura:
– covers each lung

17. The Peritoneal Cavity
• within abdomino-
pelvic cavity
• Parietal Peritoneum
• Visceral Peritoneum
• Some organs are
retroperitoneal

18. Abdominal Divisions
• Quadrants: 4
– Right Upper Quadrant
– Right Lower Quadrant
– Left Upper Quadrant
– Left Lower Quadrant

19. Other Cavities
• Oral cavity
• Nasal cavity
• Orbital cavities
• Middle ear cavities
• Synovial cavities

20. Classes
• Osteichthyes
• Amphibia
• Reptilia
• Aves
• Mammalia

21. Class Mammalia
• Characteristics
– Hair
– Mammary glands
– Differentiation of teeth
– Muscular diaphragm
– Endotherms
– Four-chambered heart with systemic and pulmonary
circuits
– Red blood cells without nuclei
– Complex nervous system
– Internal fertilization

22. Order Primates
• Five digits
• Nails
• Usually an opposable
thumb
• Cerebrum

23. Genus Homo
• Steep facial angle
• Prominent nose
• Prominent chin
• Less prominent
supraorbital ridges

24. Species Sapiens
• Largest Cerebrum
• Increasing Brain Size
• Increasing Skeletal size
• Increasing tool use
• Decreasing tooth size
• Decreasing Skeletal robustness

25. HISTORYOF ANATOMY
“The past is not dead history, it is living
material out of which man builds for the
future”.
Rene Dubos (1901-1982)

26. GRECIANPERIOD
HIPPOCRATES(460-377BC)
 Greek physician
 Father of Medicine
 His name is memorialized in the
Hippocratic oath
 Humoral theory :
Four body humors –
-
blood .
-phlegum -
-yellow bile -
-black bile
 Attributed diseases to natural
causes .
 His work was imperical as no

27. GRECIANPERIOD
ARISTOTLE(384-322BC)
 Greek philosopher, zoologist,
renowned teacher, writer.
 wrote the first ever account
of embryology –
-heart development
-named aorta
-differentiated .
arteries and veins
 Erroneous views – eg. Heart
not brain was the seat of
intelligence

28. GRECIANPERIOD
HEROPHILUS (about
325BC)
 Great teacher of anatomy in
Alexandria
 performed -vivi-sections
(dissections of living humans)
- -dissections of human
cadavers
 regarded brain as seat of
intelligence
 described cerebrum,
cerebellum , fourth ventricle
 first to identify nerves as
sensory or motor.
 He is credited with the
discovery of ovum

29. ROMAN PERIOD
CLAUDIUS GALEN(AD132-201)
 best physician since Hippocrates-
Prince of Physicians .
 most influential writer on medical
subjects
 theorized on many medical
subjects like anatomy ,
physiology , pathology ,
symptomatology and treatment
 identified veins and arteries
containing blood
 For 1500 years his writings were
unquestionable .
 He studied the functions of
kidneys & spinal cord.

30. Middle ages (Medieval Period)
• After the fall of Roman empire.
• Anatomy became stagnant in Christian Europe.
• Flourished in islamic world.
• The Arabs had Galen in high regards.
• Hunayn ibn Ishaq translated 129 of Galen works into
Arebic
• The Canon of Medicine was very influential through
islamic world and was most authoritative book on
Anatomy

31. RENAISSANCEPERIOD
Period characterised by rebirth of science
 lasted from 14th century through 16th century
It was a transitional period from the
middle . ages (referred to as Dark ages) to
the modern ages . of science.
Canon remained the most important text book on
Anatomy
Series of authors dissected cadavers

32. RENAISSANCEPERIOD
LEONARDO DA VINCI (AD1452 –
1519)
 great Italian genius
 Painter, sculptor, architect,
musician, anatomist engineer
 observed dissections on
cadavers
 Anatomical sketches (500
diagrams )published in 1898.
 Originator of cross sectional
anatomy
 First to describe moderator
band of Right ventricle.

33. SIXTEENTH CENTURY
VESALIUS(1514- 1654)
 Born in brussels
 Professor of anatomy at the
University of Padua in Italy
 His work De humani corporis
fabrica written in 7 volumes
 revolutionised the teaching of
anatomy
 Challenged hundreds of Galen’s
erroneous concepts
 chose not to have his name
attached to the parts of body
he desribed.
 Father of Modern Anatomy

34. SEVENTEENTHand EIGHTEENTHCENTURY
WILLIAM HARVEY(1578-1657)
 English anatomist
 Conducted experiments ‘ on the motion of heart and
blood in animals ‘
 Suggested continuous circulation of blood with in
vessels
 Demonstrated that blood circulates and does not flow
back and forth through the same vessels
 Credited for providing physiological (functional)
orientation to anatomy.

35. SEVENTEENTH andEIGHTEENTH CENTURY
ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK
( 1578-1657)
 Improved the microscope
 His many contributions
include-
-development of
techniques for examining
tissues
- description of blood cells,
spermatozoa and skeletal
muscle

36. MALPIGHII(1628-1634)
 Italian anatomist
 ‘ Father of Histology’
 His name is associated with malpighian corpuscles of the
kidney and malpighian bodies of spleen.
SEVENTEENTH and EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

37. SEVENTEENTH andEIGHTEENTH CENTURY
JOHN HUNTER (1728-1793)
 Surgeon
 Versatile scientist
 developed Hunterian
museums in London and
Glasgow
 His name associated with
Hunter’s canal (adductor
canal)

38. SEVENTEENTH andEIGHTEENTH CENTURY
WILHELM KONARD VON ROENTGEN (1845-1923)
 First used X-rays to detect bone fractures and assess
extent of Tuberculosis
GREGORY JOHANN MENDEL (1822- 1844)
 performed experiments on plant’s hybridization
 ‘Father of Genetics’
De GRAF : described ovaries
SPALLAN ZANI : showed sperm and ovum
FRANCIS GLISSON :described liver, gall bladder, stomach,
intestine
THOMAS WILLIS : published summary of nervous system

39. NINETEENTH CENTURY
 ROBERT HOOKE -Coined the term ‘cell’
 JEAN BAPTISTE LAMARCK – observed gel like substance
with in the cell
 SCHLEIDEN and SCHWANN - put forth the cell theory
 RUDOLF VIRCHOW – worked on a book titled ‘cell pathology’
 JOHANNES MULLER – applied physics , chemistry and
psychology to the study of human body
 Noted anatomists of this century –
- Astley Cooper
- Georges cuvier
- Meckel
- Henry Gray in 1858 published Gray’sAnatomy;Descriptive
and surgical. At the age of 34 he published second edition

40. TWENTIETH CENTURY
IMAGING ANATOMY
- Ultrasound
- CT Scan
- MRI
- PET

41. History of Anatomy in India
• Anatomy in ancient India
The post- upanishadic period from 800 B.C
to 1000 A.D. may be considered the “ golden
age of Indian Medicine”.
Ayurveda, the science of life
Ayur=longlife;veda=science
Two great proponent of this science -Susruta
&Charaka .
Susrata lived two centuries before Christ &was a
Contemporary to Charak’s guru Atreya

42. - first written evidence of Ayurveda is in the-Sanskirit
writing of
Charak samhita and
Susruta Samhita.
Charak Samhita can be dated back to 1.A.D.
- Both these samhita’s devote a complete section
“Sarira sthana”to the subject of Anatomy .
- in these sections beside gross Anatomy,
embryology and histology are also delt.

43. SUSRATA OR SUSHRUTHA (6TH century B.C.)
- renowned surgeon of ancient India
- described about 120 surgical instruments.
- 300 surgical procedures and classifies human
surgery into 8 catagories.
- He lived and taught his art on the bank of Ganga in
Varanasi . Known as father of surgery.
- The anatomical fact described him are
- 300 bones, 500 muscles (400 in limbs,66 in trunk
&34 in Head & Neck .
- Described blood vessels i.e.,Dhaminis and Siras

44. Anatomy In Modern India
• Medical education in India revived with the arrival
of the British (1600A.D)
• Medical schools were estabilished (late 19thcentury)
Madras, calcutta and bombay.
• Madras in 1835. Dr Mortimer of that school use to
teach the muscles and bones from paste board
models.
• Mortimer’s mannual precedes Cunningham’
mannual of practical anatomy
• Dr Y.G.Nadgir was the first to be appointed as

45. LETS ANSWER A FEW
Questions

46. Q 1. Which surgeon of ancient India is also
called as “Father of Surgery” ?
A. Charak
B. Sushruta
C. Atreya
D. Dhanvantri

47. Fill in the Blank
Q 2. Human beings belong
to the sub Phylum
---------------------------

48. Q 3. Name the famous Greek Physician who
is also called as the “Father Of Medicine”
A. Aristotle
B. Plato
C. Hippocrates
D. Herophilus

49. Q 4. Who is often referred to as the “Father Of
Modern Anatomy”
A. Leonardo Da Vinci
B. Andreas Vesalius
C. William Harvey
D. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek

50. Q 5. Name the arrow marked
body cavity