The document discusses the key body systems in animals, including the digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and skeletal systems. It explains that digestion breaks down food, while respiration releases energy from food molecules using oxygen. Invertebrates often rely on diffusion for gas exchange, while vertebrates use various organs like gills and lungs. The circulatory system transports nutrients, oxygen, and wastes around the body. Animals also regulate their body temperature using different methods and have different types of skeletons that provide support and allow movement.

1. Animal SystemsScience 6Mrs. Marlene Torres

2. Animals need to obtain or ingest food from their environmentsIn order to release the energy stored in food, all animals perform:Digestion

3. RespirationDigestion is the process in which food is broken down into molecules that can be use by cells.Digestion

4. Invertebrates have simple digestive systems. They can either:Filter foodHave one opening -(to move food in and wastes out)Have 2 openings (“tube within a tube”) -one to move food in, other to move wastes outDigestion in Invertebrates

5. Digestion in InvertebratesSponges belong to phylum Porifera

6. Flatworms (Example: Planaria)Digestion in Invertebrates

7. “Tube within a tube” system – 2 openingsExample: Segmented worms-EarthwormDigestion in Invertebrates

8. Digestion in VertebratesVertebrates have complex digestive systems.They have many organs with different functions like crush, digest, absorb nutrients and water to obtain the energy from food.

9. Digestion in Vertebrates

10. Digestion in Vertebrates

11. Digestion in VertebratesFrogs

12. Digestion in Vertebrates

13. Digestion in Vertebrates

14. Excretion is the removal of wastes from the body. Wastes have no value and may be poisonous to cells.Examples of wastes produced by animals:Carbon dioxideSalt excessWastes from undigested foodUrineExcretion

15. The removal of wastes is performed by many systems (or organs):Digestive System – eliminates the undigested with wastesRespiratory system – eliminates carbon dioxideSkin – eliminates salt excess and waterExcretion

16. Excretion

17. Digestion itself, can not release the energy from the food molecules. It only brakes down large food molecules into smaller ones.Respiration is the process of releasing energy from food molecules in presence of oxygen. It occurs inside the cell.Respiration

18. BreathingBreathing is the action of moving air to the inside of the body and then, move air outside.In other words, inhale and exhale. Breathing provide the oxygen needed for respiration.

19. Respiration in Invertebrates The exchange of gases during respiration occurs by DIFFUSION.Diffusion refers to the movement of molecules from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration.

20. DiffusionIf more oxygen can be found outside of an organism, it will move to the inside of the organism, where oxygen is found in lower concentration.

21. The same situation occurs inside of the body around the cells.Respiration in Invertebrates

22. Respiration in InvertebratesRespiration occurs by diffusion.Example of some invertebrates:Flatworms and Round wormssegmented wormsSnails SlugsThis is the reason why they need to stay in moist environments.Respiration in InvertebratesInvertebrates like mollusk, crustaceans and some worms, also have gills with blood vessels near the surface.Other invertebrates have “book lungs”, a structure very similar to gills. Can be found in most arachnids.A trachea can be found in insects and most spiders to provide oxygen-rich air to the insect’s cells.

23. Flea respiratorysystem have atrachea, whichconsist ofbranching tubesthat connects to all insect’s cells.Respiration in InvertebratesFlea

24. In vertebrates we can found gills and lungs, to provide the oxygen that will enter into each cell by diffusion.Fishes have gills.Amphibians are the only vertebrates that begins their life with gills, and develop lungs as adults BUT continue to exchange gases through their skin.Respiration in Vertebrates

25. Cartilaginous fishesRespiration in Vertebrates

26. Only BIRDS, REPTILES and MAMMALS use lungs exclusively for respiration. Respiration in Vertebrates

27. Respiratory system(Example of mammals – humans)

28. Remember:The digestive andrespiratory systemswork as a team toprovide the foodmolecules andoxygen needed bythe cell to produceenergy.They can do it withthe help of the Circulatory system.

29. CirculationThe movement of important materials such as oxygen, glucose, and wastes throughout the body.REMEMBER: Glucose is the simplest form of sugar, and the “food” need by the cell to carry out respiration.

30. Circulation

31. Circulation

32. Body TemperatureCold-blooded animalsThe body temperature in cold-blooded animals changes with its environment.Examples:AmphibiansReptilesMost fishes

33. Body TemperatureWarm-blooded animalsThe body temperature in warm-blooded animals stays the same, no matter what happens with the temperature of the air. If the temperature become to hot, warm-blooded animals give off the excess heat perspiring or sweating.In cold climates, we found thick layers of blubber to keep heat from escaping the body. Ex. Whales

34. Support and MovementThere are three basic design that provide support and movement to animals:Hydrostatic skeleton (hydroskeleton) Exoskeleton Endoskeleton

35. Skeletons.