FDSV

1. A.Collins
JSHS
Pre-AP Biology
Lecture 20: Anatomy
Lecture 20: Anatomy

2. Section 26-1
have are carry out
with such as
What do animals do to survive?
All
Animals
Feeding Respiration Circulation Excretion Response Movement Reproduction
Eukaryotic
cells
Heterotrophs
Essential
functions
No cell walls

3. Invertebrate feeding and digestion
 Invertebrates can either have intracellular or
extracellular digestion:
 Intracellular meaning that food is digested within
each individual cell of the organism.
 Examples: Sponges
 Extracellular means that digestion occurs inside a
digestive tract or cavity, then absorbed into the
body.
 Examples: mollusks, worms, arthropods, echinoderms

4. Section 29-2
Arthropod
Annelid
Flatworm
Cnidarian
Mouth/anus
Mouth/anus
Mouth
Mouth
Gastrovascular
cavity
Gastrovascular
cavity
Pharynx
Pharynx
Pharynx
Crop
Crop
Gizzard
Intestine
Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Anus
Stomach
and
digestive glands
Invertebrate Digestive Systems

5.  The digestive systems of many vertebrates
have organs that are well adapted for
different feeding habits.
 Carnivores, such as sharks have short
digestive tracts that produce fast-acting
digestive enzymes.
 Herbivores have long intestines that have
large colonies of bacteria that help in
digesting the cellulose fibers in plant tissues.
Vertebrate Digestive Systems

6. Section 33-3
Esophagus
Stomach
Intestine
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Cloaca
Crop
Gizzard
Cecum
Rectum
Shark Salamander Lizard Pigeon Cow
The Digestive Systems of Vertebrates

7. Aquatic invertebrates
 Aquatic animals have natural moist respiratory surfaces, and some
respire through diffusion through their skin and others use gills.
 There are many different respiratory specialized organs in
terrestrial invertebrates.
 Spiders use parallel book lungs
 Insects use openings called spiracles where air enters the
body and passes through a network of tracheal tubes for gas
exchange
 Snails have a mantel cavity that is lined with moist tissue
and an extensive surface area of blood vessels.
Terrestrial Invertebrates
Respiration in animals

8. Section 29-2
Mollusk
Insect
Spider
Gill
Siphons
Movement of water
Book
lung
Airflow
Tracheal
tubes
Spiracles
Invertebrate Respiratory Systems

9. Vertebrate respiratory systems
 Chordates have one of two basic structures for
respiration:
 Gills – for aquatic chordates
 Example: tunicates, fish and amphibians
 Lungs - for terrestrial chordates
 Examples: adult amphibians, reptiles, birds, and
mammals

10. Aquatic Gills
 Water flows through the mouth then
over the gills where oxygen is removed
 Carbon dioxide and water are then
pumped out through the operculum
Section 33-3
Salamander Lizard Pigeon
Primate
Nostrils, mouth, and throat
Trachea
Lung
Air sac
Vertebrate Lungs

11. Open circulatory systems
 Blood is pumped through a system of vessels BUT is only partially contained in
these vessels. Most of the time the blood is pumped through open cavities.
 This system is beneficial to arthropods and mollusks because the blood comes into
direct contact organs and tissues.
 A closed system forces blood through vessels that extend throughout
the body of the organism. Since the system is “closed” the blood never
leaves the vessels.
 This system is beneficial to larger organisms because the blood is kept at a
higher pressure which allows for more efficient circulation within the
organism.
Closed circulatory systems
 Invertebrate circulatory system can range from a
system where cells simply do diffusion to take in
oxygen or systems with many hearts and even
systems with one heart.
Invertebrate Circulatory systems

12. Section 29-2
Insect:
Open Circulatory System
Annelid:
Closed Circulatory System
Heartlike
structures
Blood
vessels
Heartlike structure
Small vessels in tissues
Blood
vessels
Hearts
Heart
Sinuses
and organs
Invertebrate Circulatory Systems

13. Vertebrate circulatory systems
 Chordate circulatory systems range from a single loop system
(found in organisms with gills) to double loop systems.
Double-Loop Circulatory System
Single-Loop
Circulatory System
FISHES
MOST REPTILES
CROCODILIANS, BIRDS,
AND MAMMALS

14. Aquatic Invertebrate excretion
 Some aquatic invertebrates simply diffuse ammonia out their
bodies into the surrounding water where it is diluted and carried
away.
 Example: sponges, cnidarians, and some round worms.
 Other aquatic invertebrates swell up with water, dilute the wastes
and excrete the wastes through tiny pores in their skin.
Terrestrial Invertebrate excretion
 Many terrestrial invertebrates convert ammonia into urea.
 Urea is a simpler nitrogenous compound that is much less
toxic than ammonia.
 This urea is eliminated from the body in urine

15. Section 29-2
Annelid
Arthropod
Flatworm
Malpighian
tubules
Digestive tract
Nephridia
Excretory pore
Excretory tubule
Flame cell
Flame
cells
Excretory
tubules
Nephrostome
Invertebrate Excretory Systems

16. Vertebrate Excretion
 Aquatic vertebrates kidneys
and rely on gill slits to release
excretory wastes into
surrounding water for
dilution.
 Terrestrial vertebrates rely
on the kidney’s to filter out
the ammonia and change it
into urea and send it to be
released in urine.

17. Nervous system
 All animals respond to their environment
through specialized cells called nerve cells.
 In most animals nerve cells hook together to
form the nervous system.
 Nervous systems can range from fairly
simple to extremely complex.
 The arrangement of nerve cells from phylum
to phylum can be dramatically different.

18. Section 29-2
Ganglia
Ganglia
Brain
Brain
Arthropod
Mollusk
Flatworm
Invertebrate Nervous Systems Vertebrate Nervous Systems